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University College Dublin - School of Architecture, Planning and Environmental Policy - Spatial Dynamics Lab. Project: H2020 Connecting Nature. Research on defining the types of organisations delivering nature-based solutions / nature-based enterprise. University of Amsterdam - Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED). Project: Women Food Entrepreneurship in the City Slums of Ouagadougou and Kisumu. Research on women's agricultural management practices and knowledge sharing, and the effects on soil nutrient content in the Nyalenda urban gardens of Kisumu, Kenya.
Nature-based solutions (NBS) to address societal challenges have been widely recognised and adopted by governments in climate change and biodiversity strategies. Nevertheless, significant barriers exist for the necessary large-scale implementation of NBS and market development is still in its infancy. This study presents findings from a systematic review of literature and a survey on private sector agents in the planning and implementation of NBS, with the aim to identify them. In this study, we propose a typology for organisations delivering NBS and a categorisation of their economic activities. The most common organisation type found is nature-based enterprise which offers products or services where nature is a core element and used sustainably and engages in economic activity. Moreover, eleven categories of economic activities were identified, ranging from ecosystem restoration, living green roofs, and eco-tourism to smart technologies and community engagement for NBS. Nature-based enterprises contribute to a diverse range of sustainable economic activities, that standard industry classification systems do not adequately account for. The recognition of the value created by these activities is essential for designing effective policy support measures, and for market development of the sector and its potential to facilitate the wider adoption of NBS.
Esmee Kooijman; Siobhan McQuaid; Mary-Lee Rhodes; Marcus Collier; Francesco Pilla. Innovating with Nature: From Nature-Based Solutions to Nature-Based Enterprises. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1263 .
AMA StyleEsmee Kooijman, Siobhan McQuaid, Mary-Lee Rhodes, Marcus Collier, Francesco Pilla. Innovating with Nature: From Nature-Based Solutions to Nature-Based Enterprises. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (3):1263.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEsmee Kooijman; Siobhan McQuaid; Mary-Lee Rhodes; Marcus Collier; Francesco Pilla. 2021. "Innovating with Nature: From Nature-Based Solutions to Nature-Based Enterprises." Sustainability 13, no. 3: 1263.
In Kisumu up to 60 % of the inhabitants practice some form of urban agriculture, with just under 50 % of the workers being female. On average, women spend more hours a day in the gardens than men. Therefore women's knowledge is pivotal for effective agricultural management. To enhance and better use women's knowledge, gender-related sociocultural obstacles linked to land ownership, investment, and farm inputs have to be taken into account. We aimed to determine how the agricultural knowledge and motivations of female farmers working in the Nyalenda urban gardens in Kisumu (Kenya) influence the soil nutrient status as reflected by the total soil C and N; available soil N and P; and exchangeable soil Na, K, Mg, and Ca. Two prevailing practices were compared to determine how the agricultural management practice influences soil nutrient content: (1) applying manure only and (2) applying manure while intercropping with cowpeas. Interviews and focus group discussions were held to explore the agricultural knowledge and motivations of the women working in Nyalenda. Soil analysis showed that the soil in Nyalenda was rich in nutrients overall but that the intercropped fields contained significantly lower total soil nutrients than fields where only manure was applied. While theoretically intercropping with a legume such as cowpeas should increase soil N content, due to socioeconomic factors, such as poverty, intercropping was applied in a way that did not increase soil nutrient contents; rather it diversified revenue. The knowledge of the female farmers was found to be limited to practical and sensory knowledge. This shows that when aiming to improve soil nutrient status and agricultural yields through agricultural training, socioeconomic conditions, cultural context, and gendered knowledge differentiation have to be acknowledged.
Nicolette Tamara Regina Johanna Maria Jonkman; Esmee Kooijman; Karsten Kalbitz; Nicky Rosa Maria Pouw; Boris Jansen. Women's agricultural practices and their effects on soil nutrient content in the Nyalenda urban gardens of Kisumu, Kenya. SOIL 2019, 5, 303 -313.
AMA StyleNicolette Tamara Regina Johanna Maria Jonkman, Esmee Kooijman, Karsten Kalbitz, Nicky Rosa Maria Pouw, Boris Jansen. Women's agricultural practices and their effects on soil nutrient content in the Nyalenda urban gardens of Kisumu, Kenya. SOIL. 2019; 5 (2):303-313.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicolette Tamara Regina Johanna Maria Jonkman; Esmee Kooijman; Karsten Kalbitz; Nicky Rosa Maria Pouw; Boris Jansen. 2019. "Women's agricultural practices and their effects on soil nutrient content in the Nyalenda urban gardens of Kisumu, Kenya." SOIL 5, no. 2: 303-313.
Agricultural production in Kenya has been declining since the 1980s, either because soils are mismanaged or because they lack nutrients. In Kisumu, just under 50 % of the workers in the urban gardens are female. On average, women spend more hours a day in the gardens than men. To increase yields, women’s knowledge has to be considered in agricultural management. However, women face greater obstacles in land ownership, investment, and farm inputs due to social and cultural constraints as consequence of their gender. This case study aimed to determine the nutrient content in soils of the urban gardens of Kisumu, the agricultural knowledge of the women farmers and how their knowledge influences soil nutrient content through their management. Soils were sampled in Nyalenda, one of Kisumu's informal settlements where urban gardening is practised, to determine soil nutrient content. To determine how agricultural management practices influences total C and N, available N and P, and exchangeable K, Mg and Ca in the soil, two prevailing practices were compared: (1) applying manure only, and: (2) applying manure while intercropping with cowpeas. Interviews and focus group discussions were organised to determine what knowledge the female vegetable farmers possess, and where they acquired their knowledge. Soil analysis showed that agricultural management had significant effects on nutrient presence and availability. Intercropping led to significantly lower total soil nutrient contents than when only manure was applied. However, due to socio-economic factors, such as poverty, intercropping was applied in a way that did not increase soil nutrients but diversified revenue. The knowledge of the female vegetable growers was found to be limited to practical and sensory knowledge. This shows that in addition to socio-economic and cultural context, gendered knowledge differentiation has to be acknowledged and used in agricultural training when aiming to improve soil nutrient status and agricultural yields.
Nicolette Tamara R. J. M. Jonkman; Esmee Kooijman; Boris Jansen; Nicky R. M. Pouw; Karsten Kalbitz. Soil nutrient content in relation to women's agricultural knowledge in the urban gardens of Kisumu, Kenya. 2018, 2018, 1 -12.
AMA StyleNicolette Tamara R. J. M. Jonkman, Esmee Kooijman, Boris Jansen, Nicky R. M. Pouw, Karsten Kalbitz. Soil nutrient content in relation to women's agricultural knowledge in the urban gardens of Kisumu, Kenya. . 2018; 2018 ():1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicolette Tamara R. J. M. Jonkman; Esmee Kooijman; Boris Jansen; Nicky R. M. Pouw; Karsten Kalbitz. 2018. "Soil nutrient content in relation to women's agricultural knowledge in the urban gardens of Kisumu, Kenya." 2018, no. : 1-12.
Nicolette Tamara R. J. M. Jonkman; Esmee Kooijman; Boris Jansen; Nicky R. M. Pouw; Karsten Kalbitz. Supplementary material to "Soil nutrient content in relation to women's agricultural knowledge in the urban gardens of Kisumu, Kenya". 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleNicolette Tamara R. J. M. Jonkman, Esmee Kooijman, Boris Jansen, Nicky R. M. Pouw, Karsten Kalbitz. Supplementary material to "Soil nutrient content in relation to women's agricultural knowledge in the urban gardens of Kisumu, Kenya". . 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicolette Tamara R. J. M. Jonkman; Esmee Kooijman; Boris Jansen; Nicky R. M. Pouw; Karsten Kalbitz. 2018. "Supplementary material to "Soil nutrient content in relation to women's agricultural knowledge in the urban gardens of Kisumu, Kenya"." , no. : 1.