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Picosecond fiber laser was subjected on surface of ductile cast iron to induce graphene-like micro-texture array and enhance the tribological properties. The size of the dimples was regulated in the range of 5 μm–110 μm. The in-situ fabrication process was carried out on the workpiece surface in parallel manner and the scanning speed can be up to 3 m/s. The formation mechanism of graphene-like structure was analyzed. The tribological properties of the textured samples were investigated using a ball-on-disk tribometer. The results showed that the laser textured samples exhibit low coefficient of friction and the anti-wear properties were improved significantly. The textured sample showed no distinct wear pit, while the non-textured sample showed typical wear pit with depth up to 15 μm. Volume wear rate was reduced by 69.6 ± 6.9%. The graphene-like micro-texture array conducted by picosecond fiber laser scanning will not change the material isotropic, and the improved tribological properties are attributed to the combined effects of the increased surface hardness, improved heat dispersion property and entrapment of wear debris.
Zhiwen Wang; Weicheng Liu; Wei Yuan; Jianchen Cong; Prakash Chander; Linda Yongling Wu; Hongyu Zheng. The effect of laser in-situ induced graphene-like micro-texture on the friction and wear properties of ductile cast iron. Journal of Materials Research and Technology 2021, 12, 2407 -2413.
AMA StyleZhiwen Wang, Weicheng Liu, Wei Yuan, Jianchen Cong, Prakash Chander, Linda Yongling Wu, Hongyu Zheng. The effect of laser in-situ induced graphene-like micro-texture on the friction and wear properties of ductile cast iron. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2021; 12 ():2407-2413.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhiwen Wang; Weicheng Liu; Wei Yuan; Jianchen Cong; Prakash Chander; Linda Yongling Wu; Hongyu Zheng. 2021. "The effect of laser in-situ induced graphene-like micro-texture on the friction and wear properties of ductile cast iron." Journal of Materials Research and Technology 12, no. : 2407-2413.
In the present research work, an effort has been made to explore the potential of using the adhesive tapes while drilling CFRPs. The input parameters, such as drill bit diameter, point angle, Scotch tape layers, spindle speed, and feed rate have been studied in response to thrust force, torque, circularity, diameter error, surface roughness, and delamination occurring during drilling. It has been found that the increase in point angle increased the delamination, while increase in Scotch tape layers reduced delamination. The surface roughness decreased with the increase in drill diameter and point angle, while it increased with the speed, feed rate, and tape layer. The best low roughness was obtained at 6 mm diameter, 130° point angle, 0.11 mm/rev feed rate, and 2250 rpm speed at three layers of Scotch tape. The circularity error initially increased with drill bit diameter and point angle, but then decreased sharply with further increase in the drill bit diameter. Further, the circularity error has non-linear behavior with the speed, feed rate, and tape layer. Low circularity error has been obtained at 4 mm diameter, 118° point angle, 0.1 mm/rev feed rate, and 2500 RPM speed at three layers of Scotch tape. The low diameter error has been obtained at 6 mm diameter, 130° point angle, 0.12 mm/rev feed rate, and 2500 rpm speed at three layer Scotch tape. From the optical micro-graphs of drilled holes, it has been found that the point angle is one of the most effective process parameters that significantly affects the delamination mechanism, followed by Scotch tape layers as compared to other parameters such as drill bit diameter, spindle speed, and feed rate.
Chander Prakash; Alokesh Pramanik; Animesh Basak; Yu Dong; Sujan Debnath; Subramaniam Shankar; Sunpreet Singh; Linda Wu; Hongyu Zheng. Investigating the Efficacy of Adhesive Tape for Drilling Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers. Materials 2021, 14, 1699 .
AMA StyleChander Prakash, Alokesh Pramanik, Animesh Basak, Yu Dong, Sujan Debnath, Subramaniam Shankar, Sunpreet Singh, Linda Wu, Hongyu Zheng. Investigating the Efficacy of Adhesive Tape for Drilling Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers. Materials. 2021; 14 (7):1699.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChander Prakash; Alokesh Pramanik; Animesh Basak; Yu Dong; Sujan Debnath; Subramaniam Shankar; Sunpreet Singh; Linda Wu; Hongyu Zheng. 2021. "Investigating the Efficacy of Adhesive Tape for Drilling Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers." Materials 14, no. 7: 1699.
The present study investigated a hybrid electrical discharge machining (h-EDM) process for producing functionally graded titanium surface. Herein, a stream of hydroxyapatite/titanium oxide abrasive slurry jet has been supplied, through a specially designed tool, to the ionized zone created by the EDM process, and the abrasive particles were finally directed towards the melted region of titanium through ultrasonically produced kinetic energy. The finally produced functionally graded surfaces have been characterized through microscopic analysis to assess the efficacy of the as-produced surfaces. The results highlighted that the abrasive particles have been successfully embedded into the surfaces. The proposed hybrid technology could be used for various engineering applications, including automotive and biomedical sectors.
Chander Prakash; Sunpreet Singh; Linda Yongling Wu; H. Y. Zheng; Grzegorz Królczyk. Functional grading of surfaces through hybrid ultrasonic, abrasive water jet, and electric discharge machining processing. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering 2021, 43, 1 -8.
AMA StyleChander Prakash, Sunpreet Singh, Linda Yongling Wu, H. Y. Zheng, Grzegorz Królczyk. Functional grading of surfaces through hybrid ultrasonic, abrasive water jet, and electric discharge machining processing. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering. 2021; 43 (4):1-8.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChander Prakash; Sunpreet Singh; Linda Yongling Wu; H. Y. Zheng; Grzegorz Królczyk. 2021. "Functional grading of surfaces through hybrid ultrasonic, abrasive water jet, and electric discharge machining processing." Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering 43, no. 4: 1-8.
Investigation of the selective laser melting (SLM) process, using finite element method, to understand the influences of laser power and scanning speed on the heat flow and melt-pool dimensions is a challenging task. Most of the existing studies are focused on the study of thin layer thickness and comparative study of same materials under different manufacturing conditions. The present work is focused on comparative analysis of thermal cycles and complex melt-pool behavior of a high layer thickness multi-layer laser additive manufacturing (LAM) of pure Titanium (Ti) and Inconel 718. A transient 3D finite-element model is developed to perform a quantitative comparative study on two materials to examine the temperature distribution and disparities in melt-pool behaviours under similar processing conditions. It is observed that the layers are properly melted and sintered for the considered process parameters. The temperature and melt-pool increases as laser power move in the same layer and when new layers are added. The same is observed when the laser power increases, and opposite is observed for increasing scanning speed while keeping other parameters constant. It is also found that Inconel 718 alloy has a higher maximum temperature than Ti material for the same process parameter and hence higher melt-pool dimensions.
Sapam Ningthemba Singh; Sohini Chowdhury; Yadaiah Nirsanametla; Anil Kumar Deepati; Chander Prakash; Sunpreet Singh; Linda Yongling Wu; Hongyu Y. Zheng; Catalin Pruncu. A Comparative Analysis of Laser Additive Manufacturing of High Layer Thickness Pure Ti and Inconel 718 Alloy Materials Using Finite Element Method. Materials 2021, 14, 876 .
AMA StyleSapam Ningthemba Singh, Sohini Chowdhury, Yadaiah Nirsanametla, Anil Kumar Deepati, Chander Prakash, Sunpreet Singh, Linda Yongling Wu, Hongyu Y. Zheng, Catalin Pruncu. A Comparative Analysis of Laser Additive Manufacturing of High Layer Thickness Pure Ti and Inconel 718 Alloy Materials Using Finite Element Method. Materials. 2021; 14 (4):876.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSapam Ningthemba Singh; Sohini Chowdhury; Yadaiah Nirsanametla; Anil Kumar Deepati; Chander Prakash; Sunpreet Singh; Linda Yongling Wu; Hongyu Y. Zheng; Catalin Pruncu. 2021. "A Comparative Analysis of Laser Additive Manufacturing of High Layer Thickness Pure Ti and Inconel 718 Alloy Materials Using Finite Element Method." Materials 14, no. 4: 876.
The self-assembled plasmonic nano-enabled photonic crystals (PCs)have been studied as promising platforms to develop next-generation photonic and opto-electronic devices. In this review, we attempt to describe the fundamentals of self-assembled colloidal plasmonic nanostructures and various applications of such devices. Different important aspects, such as interaction between metal NPs (MNPs) and non-metal 3-D crystals, effect of NPs on the spectral properties of materials, the mechanism of plasmonic based PCs, and related challenges and their possible solutions have been demonstrated crucially. The advancements in the self-assembly based plasmonic PCs and their applications are discussed carefully. We believe that nano-enabled self-assembled plasmonic crystals are better candidates of nanostructures to advance photonic technologies with reduced form factor and high performance.
Ashish Yadav; Burak Gerislioglu; Arash Ahmadivand; Ajeet Kaushik; Gary J. Cheng; Zhengbiao Ouyang; Qing Wang; Vikram Singh Yadav; Yogendra Kumar Mishra; Yongling Wu; Yanjun Liu; Seeram RamaKrishna. Controlled self-assembly of plasmon-based photonic nanocrystals for high performance photonic technologies. Nano Today 2021, 37, 101072 .
AMA StyleAshish Yadav, Burak Gerislioglu, Arash Ahmadivand, Ajeet Kaushik, Gary J. Cheng, Zhengbiao Ouyang, Qing Wang, Vikram Singh Yadav, Yogendra Kumar Mishra, Yongling Wu, Yanjun Liu, Seeram RamaKrishna. Controlled self-assembly of plasmon-based photonic nanocrystals for high performance photonic technologies. Nano Today. 2021; 37 ():101072.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAshish Yadav; Burak Gerislioglu; Arash Ahmadivand; Ajeet Kaushik; Gary J. Cheng; Zhengbiao Ouyang; Qing Wang; Vikram Singh Yadav; Yogendra Kumar Mishra; Yongling Wu; Yanjun Liu; Seeram RamaKrishna. 2021. "Controlled self-assembly of plasmon-based photonic nanocrystals for high performance photonic technologies." Nano Today 37, no. : 101072.
Corrosion protection coatings need frequent developments to cater to different challenges arising from users. In addition to a long lasting corrosion protection, aesthetic requirements and multi-functional properties by the same coating system are prominent demands to be considered. Productivity is another vital factor to be considered, as there is a thriving demand from users to have more productive coating systems, such as a smaller number of layers in a system. Thus, attention to using different coating technologies is an essential step to fulfil these demands. This work investigates the use of sol-gel technology as a topcoat on a zinc rich primer to form a two-coat system. A colored sol-gel topcoat on a zinc primer was developed as a two-coat system to replace the current three or multi-coat systems to improve productivity while maintaining the sacrificial protective capability. The overall corrosion protection performance together with the color retaining capability was evaluated in this development. As another step forward, the development of sol-gel technology as a topcoat with additional inhibitive corrosion protection was investigated. Two corrosion inhibitors, namely molybdate and cerium(III), were loaded onto suitable inorganic oxide carriers and then incorporated into sol-gel coatings to provide an inhibitive protection other than the barrier protection. The corrosion performance of the coatings was evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Sol-gel coating with a cerium(III) system attained the highest impedance and proved to be the best candidate. The mechanical and physical properties of the coating systems are tested using international standard methods.
Wenjin Yan; Wee Kit Ong; Linda Yongling Wu; Sudesh L. Wijesinghe. Investigation of Using Sol-Gel Technology for Corrosion Protection Coating Systems Incorporating Colours and Inhibitors. Coatings 2019, 9, 52 .
AMA StyleWenjin Yan, Wee Kit Ong, Linda Yongling Wu, Sudesh L. Wijesinghe. Investigation of Using Sol-Gel Technology for Corrosion Protection Coating Systems Incorporating Colours and Inhibitors. Coatings. 2019; 9 (1):52.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWenjin Yan; Wee Kit Ong; Linda Yongling Wu; Sudesh L. Wijesinghe. 2019. "Investigation of Using Sol-Gel Technology for Corrosion Protection Coating Systems Incorporating Colours and Inhibitors." Coatings 9, no. 1: 52.
Transparent photochromic (PC) films can be used for smart window applications to partially block the sunlight and provide comfort vision. However, for large area applications, the high cost and delicate manufacturing processes are the major challenges faced by the prior-art technologies. This paper reports a development of cost effective PC coatings with effective reduction of visible light transmission and total energy transmittance at tinted states. The coating material was prepared by embedding organic PC dyes, 1,2-b Naphthopyran, in sol-gel based organic-inorganic mesoporous coating matrix. The degree of crosslinking of coating matrix and types of organic groups can effectively influence the visible light transmittance and bleaching speed. Visible light transmission reduction at tinted state can be tuned from 30% to 60% by varying the dye concentration in coating and coating thickness. The thermal properties of the PC coatings are evaluated by UV–Vis-NIR and FTIR measurements and further calculation to obtain solar heat gain coefficient (G value) and thermal transmittance (U value). For a glass in thickness of 3 mm coated with a PC layer in thickness of 12 μm, the G value at tinted state was reduced to 0.78 as compared with a G value of 0.87 for an uncoated glass. A double glazed smart window prototype consisting of a commercial low-E glass and a PC coated glass showed G value of 0.26, and U value of 1.58 as compared to the G value of 0.87 and U value of 5.2 of a single uncoated glass. This demonstrates a significant reduction of energy transmittance through the smart window resulting in high potential energy saving for end users especially in tropical climate.
Linda Y.L. Wu; Q. Zhao; H. Huang; R.J. Lim. Sol-gel based photochromic coating for solar responsive smart window. Surface and Coatings Technology 2016, 320, 601 -607.
AMA StyleLinda Y.L. Wu, Q. Zhao, H. Huang, R.J. Lim. Sol-gel based photochromic coating for solar responsive smart window. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2016; 320 ():601-607.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLinda Y.L. Wu; Q. Zhao; H. Huang; R.J. Lim. 2016. "Sol-gel based photochromic coating for solar responsive smart window." Surface and Coatings Technology 320, no. : 601-607.
We propose a self-assembled and anisotropically metal loaded large area PS-b-P4VP diblock copolymer film as a medium with hyperbolic dispersion for application in superlensing and nanolithography. We obtained domain sizes from 30 to 100 nm with successful demonstration of metal loading inside the nano-templates. The separation between the individual nanorods and their radius was effectively controlled by varying the molecular weights and compositions of the polymers. We apply Maxwell–Garnett homogenization and FDTD simulations to show the sub-wavelength imaging and lithography potential of these hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs). A proof of principle nanolithography result demonstrates sub-wavelength imaging and lithography using the proposed HMMs.
Linda Y. L. Wu; B. Leng; A. Bisht. Metal–polymer nano-composite films with ordered vertically aligned metal cylinders for sub-wavelength imaging. Applied Physics A 2014, 116, 893 -900.
AMA StyleLinda Y. L. Wu, B. Leng, A. Bisht. Metal–polymer nano-composite films with ordered vertically aligned metal cylinders for sub-wavelength imaging. Applied Physics A. 2014; 116 (3):893-900.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLinda Y. L. Wu; B. Leng; A. Bisht. 2014. "Metal–polymer nano-composite films with ordered vertically aligned metal cylinders for sub-wavelength imaging." Applied Physics A 116, no. 3: 893-900.
An artificial fingerprint liquid is formulated from artificial sweat, hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane and a solvent for direct determination of anti-fingerprint property of a coated surface. A range of smooth and rough surfaces with different anti-fingerprint (AF) properties were fabricated by sol–gel technology, on which the AF liquid contact angles, artificial fingerprint and real human fingerprints (HF) were verified and correlated. It is proved that a surface with AF contact angle above 87° is fingerprint free. This provides an objective and quantitative test method to determine anti-fingerprint property of coated surfaces. It is also concluded that AF property can be achieved on smooth and optically clear surfaces. Deep porous structures are more favorable than bumpy structure for oleophobic and AF properties.
Linda Y.L. Wu; S.K. Ngian; Zhong Chen; D.T.T. Xuan. Quantitative test method for evaluation of anti-fingerprint property of coated surfaces. Applied Surface Science 2011, 257, 2965 -2969.
AMA StyleLinda Y.L. Wu, S.K. Ngian, Zhong Chen, D.T.T. Xuan. Quantitative test method for evaluation of anti-fingerprint property of coated surfaces. Applied Surface Science. 2011; 257 (7):2965-2969.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLinda Y.L. Wu; S.K. Ngian; Zhong Chen; D.T.T. Xuan. 2011. "Quantitative test method for evaluation of anti-fingerprint property of coated surfaces." Applied Surface Science 257, no. 7: 2965-2969.
We report the synthesis and surface modification of bio-friendly ZnO based colloids, which have been used for cancer cell detection providing significant advantages on quantum confinement effects, high emission brightness in UV to blue-violate range, non-toxicity and a unique dual color imaging feature. The ZnO nanoparticles were single crystal nanoparticles having spherical shape in size of 1-2 or 4-5 nm depending on the surface capping agents. All the colloidal solutions were stable for 30-45 days. The surface capping is a more effective technique in controlling the nanoparticle size, while dopants are effective in modifying the bandgap and optical properties. Unique dual colour images with blue colour in nucleus and turquoise colour in cytoplasm were obtained using either pure ZnO or Co doped ZnO colloids on human osteosarcoma (Mg-63) cells. The dual colour function is the combined effects of quantum confinement and the bio-compatible surface capping groups. The cytotoxicity study proved no cell proliferation by the nanoparticles up to the concentration of 1000 μg/mL, which is the highest concentration reported so far. Since a dosage of only 50-100μM is enough for the in vivo detection on rate, these ZnO colloids have high potential for use as the detection media for Lab-on-a-Chip devices.
Linda Y.L. Wu; June Loh; Sheng Fu; Alfred I.Y. Tok; Xianting Zeng; Leong Chuan Kwek; Freddy Y.C. Boey. Doped ZnO Colloids for Cancer Detection - Bio-Imaging and Cytotoxicity Study. MRS Proceedings 2009, 1191, 1 .
AMA StyleLinda Y.L. Wu, June Loh, Sheng Fu, Alfred I.Y. Tok, Xianting Zeng, Leong Chuan Kwek, Freddy Y.C. Boey. Doped ZnO Colloids for Cancer Detection - Bio-Imaging and Cytotoxicity Study. MRS Proceedings. 2009; 1191 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLinda Y.L. Wu; June Loh; Sheng Fu; Alfred I.Y. Tok; Xianting Zeng; Leong Chuan Kwek; Freddy Y.C. Boey. 2009. "Doped ZnO Colloids for Cancer Detection - Bio-Imaging and Cytotoxicity Study." MRS Proceedings 1191, no. : 1.
Scratch-resistant coatings based on 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane and tetraethylorthosilicate with a cross-linking agent and different amounts of colloidal silica are prepared on polycarbonate substrates by sol–gel technique. The failure mode of this type of coating on soft plastic substrate under pencil scratch test is studied. It is found that the pencil scratch failure contains a gouge failure under the static pressure and a film cracking failure under the sliding of the pencil tip. The gouge failure is due to the early plastic deformation in the substrate, while the film cracking is due to the tensile stress in the film induced by the sliding and friction of the pencil tip. Factors influencing the static gouge failure and sliding cracking failure are investigated. It is found that the cross-linking agent and colloidal silica filler increase the intrinsic cross-linking, hardness, elastic modulus and fracture toughness of the coating material, therefore, reduce the film cracking tendency; whereas the increased layer thickness and multi-layer coating improve the pencil scratch resistance significantly via delayed plastic deformation in the substrate. Based on these analyses, we conclude that the main factors towards improved pencil scratch resistance are: layer thickness, elastic modulus, fracture toughness and intrinsic hardness of the coating material. Pencil hardness is increased from grade 2B to 5H by adjusting these parameters.
Linda Y.L. Wu; Edmund Chwa; Zhong Chen; X.T. Zeng. A study towards improving mechanical properties of sol–gel coatings for polycarbonate. Thin Solid Films 2007, 516, 1056 -1062.
AMA StyleLinda Y.L. Wu, Edmund Chwa, Zhong Chen, X.T. Zeng. A study towards improving mechanical properties of sol–gel coatings for polycarbonate. Thin Solid Films. 2007; 516 (6):1056-1062.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLinda Y.L. Wu; Edmund Chwa; Zhong Chen; X.T. Zeng. 2007. "A study towards improving mechanical properties of sol–gel coatings for polycarbonate." Thin Solid Films 516, no. 6: 1056-1062.
Nano-crystalline ZnO particles were synthesized using alcoholic solutions of zinc acetate dihydrate through a colloidal process. Five types of capping agents: 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (Am), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), mercaptosuccinic acid (Ms), 3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane (Mp) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (Pv) were added at the first ZnO precipitation time (first PPT) to limit the particle growth. The first three capping agents effectively capped the ZnO nanoparticles and limited the growth of the particles, while the last two capping agents caused agglomeration or larger clusters in the solutions. Particles synthesized were in the size range of 10–30 nm after capping, and grew to 60 and 100 nm in 3 and 6 weeks, respectively, during storage at ambient conditions. Refluxing time was found to only affect the first PPT time. Washing by ethanol and slow drying were very important in converting Zn(OH)2 into ZnO. XRD analyses revealed single phase ZnO Wurtzite crystal structure. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra showed high-intensity in UV emission and very low intensity in the visible emission, which indicates a good surface morphology of the ZnO nanoparticles with little surface defects. Optical absorption spectra showed a blue shift by the capped ZnO due to the quantum confinement effect by the single crystal size of 5–6 nm as analysed by TEM. Capping effectiveness of each agent is discussed through possible capping mechanism and chemical reaction of each capping agent. This synthesis process is a low cost, high purity, easy to control method using only bio-compatible materials.
Y.L. Wu; A.I.Y. Tok; F.Y.C. Boey; X.T. Zeng; X.H. Zhang. Surface modification of ZnO nanocrystals. Applied Surface Science 2007, 253, 5473 -5479.
AMA StyleY.L. Wu, A.I.Y. Tok, F.Y.C. Boey, X.T. Zeng, X.H. Zhang. Surface modification of ZnO nanocrystals. Applied Surface Science. 2007; 253 (12):5473-5479.
Chicago/Turabian StyleY.L. Wu; A.I.Y. Tok; F.Y.C. Boey; X.T. Zeng; X.H. Zhang. 2007. "Surface modification of ZnO nanocrystals." Applied Surface Science 253, no. 12: 5473-5479.
It is challenging to make a transparent hydrophobic hard coating when soft hydrophobic additives are added into the coating system. Material non-homogeneity due to phase separation, non-durable hydrophobicity and deteriorated transparency are the main issues. In this paper, we describe a chemical formulation, which contains a pre-linked hydrophobic cluster and a silica hard matrix with silica hard fillers so that the hydrophobic property and hardness can be tuned separately and optimized. The transparency of the coating is found to be related to the effective modification of the reactive titanium tetraisopropoxide (TIP) precursor by ethyl acetoacetate (EacAc) and the right ratio between TIP and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) (≤0.5). The water contact angle is increased to a maximum of 133° when 50 Vol% of PDMS is added into the silica matrix. The hardness of coating is proportional to silica filler content and curing temperature, and inversely proportional to PDMS Vol%. 30 Vol% silica filler in silica matrix and curing temperature at 300°C result in the best hardness in this study. Hardness at 50 Vol% PDMS dropped to 0.2 GPa from 0.85 GPa of pure silica coating. The Vol% of PDMS and silica filler will be further optimized in our next stage experiments.
Linda Y. L. Wu; G. H. Tan; X. T. Zeng; T. H. Li; Zhong Chen. Synthesis and Characterization of Transparent Hydrophobic Sol-Gel Hard Coatings. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 2006, 38, 85 -89.
AMA StyleLinda Y. L. Wu, G. H. Tan, X. T. Zeng, T. H. Li, Zhong Chen. Synthesis and Characterization of Transparent Hydrophobic Sol-Gel Hard Coatings. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology. 2006; 38 (1):85-89.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLinda Y. L. Wu; G. H. Tan; X. T. Zeng; T. H. Li; Zhong Chen. 2006. "Synthesis and Characterization of Transparent Hydrophobic Sol-Gel Hard Coatings." Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 38, no. 1: 85-89.