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Two main aspects of the transportation industry are pollution to the environment and depletion of fossil fuels. In the transportation industry, the pollution to the environment can be reduced with the use of cleaner fuel, such as gas-to-liquid fuel, to reduce the exhaust emissions from engines. However, the depletion of fossil fuels is still significant. Biodiesel is a non-toxic, renewable, and biodegradable fuel that is considered an alternative resource to conventional diesel fuel. Even though biodiesel shows advantages as a renewable source, there are still minor drawbacks while operating in diesel engines. Modern vehicle engines are designed to be powered by conventional diesel fuel or gasoline fuel. In this review, the performance, emissions, combustion, and endurance characteristics of different types of diesel engines with various conditions are assessed with biodiesel and blended fuel as well as the effect of biodiesel on the diesel engines. The results show that biodiesel and blended fuel had fewer emissions of CO, HC, and PM but higher NOx emissions than the diesel-fuelled engine. In the endurance test, biodiesel and blended fuel showed less wear and carbon deposits. A high concentration of wear debris was found inside the lubricating oil while the engine operated with biodiesel and blends. The performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics of biodiesel and its blends showed that it can be used in a diesel engine. However, further research on long-term endurance tests is required to obtain a better understanding of endurance characteristics about engine wear of the diesel engine using biodiesel and its blends.
Dong Lin Loo; Yew Heng Teoh; Heoy Geok How; Jun Sheng Teh; Liviu Catalin Andrei; Slađana Starčević; Farooq Sher. Applications Characteristics of Different Biodiesel Blends in Modern Vehicles Engines: A Review. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9677 .
AMA StyleDong Lin Loo, Yew Heng Teoh, Heoy Geok How, Jun Sheng Teh, Liviu Catalin Andrei, Slađana Starčević, Farooq Sher. Applications Characteristics of Different Biodiesel Blends in Modern Vehicles Engines: A Review. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (17):9677.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDong Lin Loo; Yew Heng Teoh; Heoy Geok How; Jun Sheng Teh; Liviu Catalin Andrei; Slađana Starčević; Farooq Sher. 2021. "Applications Characteristics of Different Biodiesel Blends in Modern Vehicles Engines: A Review." Sustainability 13, no. 17: 9677.
This study investigated the tribological behaviour of Pongamia oil (PO) and 15W–40 mineral engine oil (MO) with and without the addition of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs). The friction and wear characteristics were evaluated in four-ball anti-wear tests according to the ASTM D4172 standard. The morphology of worn surfaces and the lubrication mechanism of GNPs were investigated via SEM and EDS. This study also focuses on the tribological effect of GNP concentration at various concentrations. The addition of 0.05 wt % GNPs in PO and MO exhibits the lowest friction and wear with 17.5% and 12.24% friction reduction, respectively, and 11.96% and 5.14% wear reduction, respectively. Through SEM and EDS surface analysis, the surface enhancement on the worn surface by the polishing effect of GNPs was confirmed. The deposition of GNPs on the friction surface and the formation of a protective film prevent the interacting surfaces from rubbing, resulting in friction and wear reduction.
Yeoh Jason; Heoy How; Yew Teoh; Farooq Sher; Hun Chuah; Jun Teh. Tribological Behaviour of Graphene Nanoplatelets as Additive in Pongamia Oil. Coatings 2021, 11, 732 .
AMA StyleYeoh Jason, Heoy How, Yew Teoh, Farooq Sher, Hun Chuah, Jun Teh. Tribological Behaviour of Graphene Nanoplatelets as Additive in Pongamia Oil. Coatings. 2021; 11 (6):732.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYeoh Jason; Heoy How; Yew Teoh; Farooq Sher; Hun Chuah; Jun Teh. 2021. "Tribological Behaviour of Graphene Nanoplatelets as Additive in Pongamia Oil." Coatings 11, no. 6: 732.
It has been widely accepted worldwide, that the greenhouse effect is by far the most challenging threat in the new century. Renewable energy has been adopted to prevent excessive greenhouse effects, and to enhance sustainable development. Malaysia has a large amount of biomass residue, which provides the country with the much needed support the foreseeable future. This investigation aims to analyze potentials biomass gases from major biomass residues in Malaysia. The potential biomass gasses can be obtained using biomass conversion technologies, including biological and thermo-chemical technologies. The thermo-chemical conversion technology includes four major biomass conversion technologies such as gasification, combustion, pyrolysis, and liquefaction. Biomass wastes can be attained through solid biomass technologies to obtain syngas which includes carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. The formation of tar occurs during the main of biomass conversion reaction such as gasification and pyrolysis. The formation of tar hinders equipment or infrastructure from catalytic aspects, which will be applied to prevent the formation of tar. The emission, combustion, and produced gas reactions were investigated. It will help to contribute the potential challenges and strategies, due to sustainable biomass, to harness resources management systems in Malaysia to reduce the problem of biomass residues and waste.
Jun Teh; Yew Teoh; Heoy How; Thanh Le; Yeoh Jason; Huu Nguyen; Dong Loo. The Potential of Sustainable Biomass Producer Gas as a Waste-to-Energy Alternative in Malaysia. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3877 .
AMA StyleJun Teh, Yew Teoh, Heoy How, Thanh Le, Yeoh Jason, Huu Nguyen, Dong Loo. The Potential of Sustainable Biomass Producer Gas as a Waste-to-Energy Alternative in Malaysia. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (7):3877.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJun Teh; Yew Teoh; Heoy How; Thanh Le; Yeoh Jason; Huu Nguyen; Dong Loo. 2021. "The Potential of Sustainable Biomass Producer Gas as a Waste-to-Energy Alternative in Malaysia." Sustainability 13, no. 7: 3877.