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Brian J. Johnson
College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia

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Infectious diseases
Published: 07 June 2021 in PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
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Rapid advances in biological and digital support systems are revolutionizing the population control of invasive disease vectors such as Aedes aegypti. Methods such as the sterile and incompatible insect techniques (SIT/IIT) rely on modified males to seek out and successfully mate with females, and in doing so outcompete the wild male population for mates. Currently, these interventions most frequently infer mating success through area-wide population surveillance and estimates of mating competitiveness are rare. Furthermore, little is known about male Ae. aegypti behaviour and biology in field settings. In preparation for a large, community scale IIT program, we undertook a series of mark- release-recapture experiments using rhodamine B to mark male Ae. aegypti sperm and measure mating interactions with females. We also developed a Spatial and Temporally Evolving Isotropic Kernel (STEIK) framework to assist researchers to estimate the movement of individuals through space and time. Results showed that ~40% of wild females captured daily were unmated, suggesting interventions will need to release males multiple times per week to be effective at suppressing Ae. aegypti populations. Males moved rapidly through the landscape, particularly when released during the night. Although males moved further than what is typically observed in females of the species, survival was considerably lower. These unique insights improve our understanding of mating interactions in wild Ae. aegypti populations and lay the foundation for robust suppression strategies in the future.

ACS Style

Brendan J. Trewin; Daniel E. Pagendam; Brian J. Johnson; Chris Paton; Nigel Snoad; Scott A. Ritchie; Kyran M. Staunton; Bradley J. White; Sara Mitchell; Nigel W. Beebe. Mark-release-recapture of male Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae): Use of rhodamine B to estimate movement, mating and population parameters in preparation for an incompatible male program. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2021, 15, e0009357 .

AMA Style

Brendan J. Trewin, Daniel E. Pagendam, Brian J. Johnson, Chris Paton, Nigel Snoad, Scott A. Ritchie, Kyran M. Staunton, Bradley J. White, Sara Mitchell, Nigel W. Beebe. Mark-release-recapture of male Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae): Use of rhodamine B to estimate movement, mating and population parameters in preparation for an incompatible male program. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2021; 15 (6):e0009357.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brendan J. Trewin; Daniel E. Pagendam; Brian J. Johnson; Chris Paton; Nigel Snoad; Scott A. Ritchie; Kyran M. Staunton; Bradley J. White; Sara Mitchell; Nigel W. Beebe. 2021. "Mark-release-recapture of male Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae): Use of rhodamine B to estimate movement, mating and population parameters in preparation for an incompatible male program." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 6: e0009357.

Research article
Published: 05 April 2021 in Pest Management Science
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BACKGROUND In urban environments, some of the most common control tools used against the mosquito disease vector, Aedes aegypti, are pyrethroid insecticides applied as aerosols, fogs, or residual sprays. Their efficacy is compromised by patchy deployment, aging residues and the evolution and invasion of pyrethroid‐resistant mosquitoes. A large proportion of mosquitoes in a given environment will therefore receive sublethal doses of insecticide. The potential impact of this sublethal exposure on the behaviour and biology of Ae. aegypti carrying commonly‐reported resistance alleles, is poorly documented. RESULTS In susceptible insects, sublethal exposure to permethrin resulted in reductions in egg viability (13.9%), blood avidity (16.7%) and male mating success (28.3%). It caused a 70% decrease in the lifespan of exposed susceptible females and a 66% decrease in the insecticide‐resistant females from the parental strain. Exposure to the same dose of insecticide in the presence of the isolated kdr genotype resulted in a smaller impact on female longevity (a 58% decrease) but a 26% increase in eggs per female and a 37% increase in male mating success. Sublethal permethrin exposure reduced host location success by 20–30% in all strains. CONCLUSION The detrimental effects of exposure on susceptible insects were expected, but resistant insects demonstrated a less predictable range of responses including negative effects on longevity and host location but increases in fecundity and mating competitiveness. Overall, sublethal insecticide exposure is expected to increase the competitiveness of resistant phenotypes, acting as a selection pressure for the evolution of permethrin resistance.

ACS Style

Lisa M Rigby; Brian J Johnson; Christopher L Peatey; Nigel W Beebe; Gregor J Devine. The impact of sublethal permethrin exposure on susceptible and resistant genotypes of the urban disease vector Aedes aegypti. Pest Management Science 2021, 77, 3450 -3457.

AMA Style

Lisa M Rigby, Brian J Johnson, Christopher L Peatey, Nigel W Beebe, Gregor J Devine. The impact of sublethal permethrin exposure on susceptible and resistant genotypes of the urban disease vector Aedes aegypti. Pest Management Science. 2021; 77 (7):3450-3457.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lisa M Rigby; Brian J Johnson; Christopher L Peatey; Nigel W Beebe; Gregor J Devine. 2021. "The impact of sublethal permethrin exposure on susceptible and resistant genotypes of the urban disease vector Aedes aegypti." Pest Management Science 77, no. 7: 3450-3457.

Journal article
Published: 24 February 2021 in Scientific Reports
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Koala populations in many areas of Australia have declined sharply in response to habitat loss, disease and the effects of climate change. Koalas may face further morbidity from endemic mosquito-borne viruses, but the impact of such viruses is currently unknown. Few seroprevalence studies in the wild exist and little is known of the determinants of exposure. Here, we exploited a large, spatially and temporally explicit koala survey to define the intensity of Ross River Virus (RRV) exposure in koalas residing in urban coastal environments in southeast Queensland, Australia. We demonstrate that RRV exposure in koalas is much higher (> 80%) than reported in other sero-surveys and that exposure is uniform across the urban coastal landscape. Uniformity in exposure is related to the presence of the major RRV mosquito vector, Culex annulirostris, and similarities in animal movement, tree use, and age-dependent increases in exposure risk. Elevated exposure ultimately appears to result from the confinement of remaining coastal koala habitat to the edges of permanent wetlands unsuitable for urban development and which produce large numbers of competent mosquito vectors. The results further illustrate that koalas and other RRV-susceptible vertebrates may serve as useful sentinels of human urban exposure in endemic areas.

ACS Style

Brian J. Johnson; Amy Robbins; Narayan Gyawali; Oselyne Ong; Joanne Loader; Amanda K. Murphy; Jon Hanger; Gregor J. Devine. The environmental and ecological determinants of elevated Ross River Virus exposure in koalas residing in urban coastal landscapes. Scientific Reports 2021, 11, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Brian J. Johnson, Amy Robbins, Narayan Gyawali, Oselyne Ong, Joanne Loader, Amanda K. Murphy, Jon Hanger, Gregor J. Devine. The environmental and ecological determinants of elevated Ross River Virus exposure in koalas residing in urban coastal landscapes. Scientific Reports. 2021; 11 (1):1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brian J. Johnson; Amy Robbins; Narayan Gyawali; Oselyne Ong; Joanne Loader; Amanda K. Murphy; Jon Hanger; Gregor J. Devine. 2021. "The environmental and ecological determinants of elevated Ross River Virus exposure in koalas residing in urban coastal landscapes." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1: 1-11.

Review
Published: 09 February 2021 in Viruses
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Mosquito-borne viruses are well recognized as a global public health burden amongst humans, but the effects on non-human vertebrates is rarely reported. Australia, houses a number of endemic mosquito-borne viruses, such as Ross River virus, Barmah Forest virus, and Murray Valley encephalitis virus. In this review, we synthesize the current state of mosquito-borne viruses impacting non-human vertebrates in Australia, including diseases that could be introduced due to local mosquito distribution. Given the unique island biogeography of Australia and the endemism of vertebrate species (including macropods and monotremes), Australia is highly susceptible to foreign mosquito species becoming established, and mosquito-borne viruses becoming endemic alongside novel reservoirs. For each virus, we summarize the known geographic distribution, mosquito vectors, vertebrate hosts, clinical signs and treatments, and highlight the importance of including non-human vertebrates in the assessment of future disease outbreaks. The mosquito-borne viruses discussed can impact wildlife, livestock, and companion animals, causing significant changes to Australian ecology and economy. The complex nature of mosquito-borne disease, and challenges in assessing the impacts to non-human vertebrate species, makes this an important topic to periodically review.

ACS Style

Oselyne Ong; Eloise Skinner; Brian Johnson; Julie Old. Mosquito-Borne Viruses and Non-Human Vertebrates in Australia: A Review. Viruses 2021, 13, 265 .

AMA Style

Oselyne Ong, Eloise Skinner, Brian Johnson, Julie Old. Mosquito-Borne Viruses and Non-Human Vertebrates in Australia: A Review. Viruses. 2021; 13 (2):265.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Oselyne Ong; Eloise Skinner; Brian Johnson; Julie Old. 2021. "Mosquito-Borne Viruses and Non-Human Vertebrates in Australia: A Review." Viruses 13, no. 2: 265.

Research article
Published: 30 May 2020 in Pest Management Science
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BACKGROUND In the Australian southeast, the saltmarsh mosquito Aedes vigilax (Skuse) is the focus of area‐wide larviciding campaigns employing the biological agent Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti ). Although generally effective, frequent inundating tides and considerable mangrove cover can make control challenging. Here, we describe the efficacy and persistence of an aqueous Bti suspension (potency: 1200 International Toxic Units; strain AM65‐52) within a mixed saltmarsh‐mangrove system and the use of affordable unmanned aerial systems (UAS) to identify and map problematic levels of mangrove canopy cover. RESULTS High mangrove canopy density (>40% cover) reduced product deposition by 75.2% (0.01 ± 0.002 μL/cm2 vs. 0.05 ± 0.006 μL/cm2), larval mortality by 27.7% (60.7 ± 4.1% vs. 84.0 ± 2.4%), and ground level Bti concentrations by 32.03% (1144 ± 462.6 vs. 1683 ± 447.8 spores ml−1) relative to open saltmarsh. Persistence of product post‐application was found to be low (80.6% loss at 6 h) resulting in negligible additional losses to tidal inundation 24 h post‐application. UAS surveys accurately identified areas of high mangrove cover using both standard and multispectral imagery, although derived index values for this vegetation class were only moderately correlated with ground measurements (R 2 = 0.17–0.38) at their most informative scales. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the complex operational challenges that affect coastal mosquito control in heterogeneous environments. The problem is exacerbated by continued mangrove transgression into saltmarsh habitat in the region. Emerging UAS technology can help operators optimize treatments by accurately identifying and mapping challenging canopy cover using both standard and multispectral imaging.

ACS Style

Brian J. Johnson; Russell Manby; Gregor Devine. Performance of an aerially applied liquid Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis formulation (strain AM65 ‐52) against mosquitoes in mixed saltmarsh–mangrove systems and fine‐scale mapping of mangrove canopy cover using affordable drone‐based imagery. Pest Management Science 2020, 76, 3822 -3831.

AMA Style

Brian J. Johnson, Russell Manby, Gregor Devine. Performance of an aerially applied liquid Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis formulation (strain AM65 ‐52) against mosquitoes in mixed saltmarsh–mangrove systems and fine‐scale mapping of mangrove canopy cover using affordable drone‐based imagery. Pest Management Science. 2020; 76 (11):3822-3831.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brian J. Johnson; Russell Manby; Gregor Devine. 2020. "Performance of an aerially applied liquid Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis formulation (strain AM65 ‐52) against mosquitoes in mixed saltmarsh–mangrove systems and fine‐scale mapping of mangrove canopy cover using affordable drone‐based imagery." Pest Management Science 76, no. 11: 3822-3831.

Preprint content
Published: 10 May 2020
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BACKGROUNDIn the Australian southeast, the saltmarsh mosquito Aedes vigilax (Skuse) is the focus of area-wide larviciding campaigns employing the biological agent Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti). Although generally effective, frequent inundating tides and considerable mangrove cover can make control challenging. Here, we describe the efficacy and persistence of an aqueous Bti suspension (potency: 1200 International Toxic Units; strain AM65-52) within a mixed saltmarsh-mangrove system and the use of affordable unmanned aerial systems (UAS) to identify and map problematic levels of mangrove canopy cover.RESULTSHigh mangrove canopy density (>40% cover) reduced product deposition by 74.5% (0.013± 0.002 μl/cm2 vs. 0.051± 0.006 μl/cm2), larval mortality by 27.7% (60.7± 4.1% vs. 84.0± 2.4%), and ground level Bti concentrations by 32.03% (1144 ± 462.6 vs. 1683 ± 447.8 spores ml−1) relative to open saltmarsh. Persistence of product post-application was found to be low (80.6% loss at 6 h) resulting in negligible additional losses to tidal inundation 24 h post-application. UAS surveys accurately identified areas of high mangrove cover using both standard and multispectral imagery, although derived index values for this vegetation class were only moderately correlated with ground measurements (R2=0.17-0.38) at their most informative scales.CONCLUSIONThese findings highlight the complex operational challenges that affect coastal mosquito control in heterogeneous environments. The problem is exacerbated by continued mangrove transgression into saltmarsh habitat in the region. Emerging UAS technology can help operators optimize treatments by accurately identifying and mapping challenging canopy cover using both standard and multispectral imaging.

ACS Style

Brian J. Johnson; Russell Manby; Gregor J. Devine. Performance of aerial Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis applications in mixed saltmarsh-mangrove systems and use of affordable unmanned aerial systems to identify problematic levels of canopy cover. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Brian J. Johnson, Russell Manby, Gregor J. Devine. Performance of aerial Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis applications in mixed saltmarsh-mangrove systems and use of affordable unmanned aerial systems to identify problematic levels of canopy cover. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brian J. Johnson; Russell Manby; Gregor J. Devine. 2020. "Performance of aerial Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis applications in mixed saltmarsh-mangrove systems and use of affordable unmanned aerial systems to identify problematic levels of canopy cover." , no. : 1.

Article
Published: 08 May 2020 in Urban Ecosystems
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Coastal development is expanding globally in response to mass human migration, yet urban planning guidelines often overlook the problems that human encroachment on or near coastal mosquito habitat may cause. This study aimed at elucidating the frequency and magnitude of dispersal of highly vagile saltmarsh mosquitoes from productive off-shore bay islands to adjacent coastal human developments. Inter-population dynamics and daily host-seeking activity of saltmarsh mosquitoes were monitored daily at 15-min intervals within a productive bay island and adjacent coastal development in southeast Queensland, Australia, using emerging smart trap technology over a 2-month period of high mosquito activity. The regulation of mosquito dispersal and host-seeking activity by local environmental factors, e.g. temperature, relative humidity and hourly wind patterns, were also investigated. The data show that the primary saltmarsh mosquitoes Aedes vigilax (Skuse) and Culex sitiens (Wiedemann) disperse from offshore breeding sites to neighboring mainland areas in high numbers and in highly synchronized waves despite unfavorable wind patterns and the need to traverse a considerable expanse (ca. 1.4 km) of open water. Patterns of host-seeking activity within each site were also remarkably similar despite notable differences in the local environment demonstrating a consistency in host-seeking activity across disparate habitats. These findings demonstrate that distant saltmarsh habitats, including offshore breeding sites, are likely to be primary sources of mosquito nuisance for coastal housing developments. This observation highlights the need to develop new planning and regulatory guidelines that alert urban planners to the risks of encroaching on habitats close to sources of highly vagile mosquito species.

ACS Style

Brian J. Johnson; Russell Manby; Gregor J. Devine. What Happens on Islands, doesn’t Stay on Islands: Patterns of Synchronicity in Mosquito Nuisance and Host-Seeking Activity between a Mangrove Island and Adjacent Coastal Development. Urban Ecosystems 2020, 23, 1321 -1333.

AMA Style

Brian J. Johnson, Russell Manby, Gregor J. Devine. What Happens on Islands, doesn’t Stay on Islands: Patterns of Synchronicity in Mosquito Nuisance and Host-Seeking Activity between a Mangrove Island and Adjacent Coastal Development. Urban Ecosystems. 2020; 23 (6):1321-1333.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brian J. Johnson; Russell Manby; Gregor J. Devine. 2020. "What Happens on Islands, doesn’t Stay on Islands: Patterns of Synchronicity in Mosquito Nuisance and Host-Seeking Activity between a Mangrove Island and Adjacent Coastal Development." Urban Ecosystems 23, no. 6: 1321-1333.

Preprint content
Published: 23 April 2020
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Coastal development is expanding globally in response to mass human migration, yet urban planning guidelines often overlook the problems that human encroachment on or near coastal mosquito habitat may cause. This study aimed at elucidating the frequency and magnitude of dispersal of highly vagile saltmarsh mosquitoes from productive off-shore bay islands to adjacent coastal human developments. Inter-population dynamics and daily host-seeking activity of saltmarsh mosquitoes were monitored daily at 15-minute intervals within a productive bay island and adjacent coastal development in southeast Queensland, Australia, using emerging smart trap technology over a 2-month period of high mosquito activity. The regulation of mosquito dispersal and host-seeking activity by local environmental factors, e.g. temperature, relative humidity and hourly wind patterns, were also investigated. The data show that the primary saltmarsh mosquitoes Aedes vigilax (Skuse) and Culex sitiens (Wiedemann) disperse from offshore breeding sites to neighboring mainland areas in high numbers and in highly synchronized waves despite unfavorable wind patterns and the need to traverse a considerable expanse (ca. 1.4 km) of open water. Patterns of host-seeking activity within each site were also remarkably similar despite notable differences in the local environment demonstrating a consistency in host-seeking activity across disparate habitats. These findings demonstrate that distant saltmarsh habitats, including offshore breeding sites, are likely to be primary sources of mosquito nuisance for coastal housing developments. This observation highlights the need to develop new planning and regulatory guidelines that alert urban planners to the risks of encroaching on habitats close to the sources of highly vagile mosquito species.

ACS Style

Brian J. Johnson; Russell Manby; Gregor J. Devine. What happens on islands, doesn’t stay on islands: Patterns of synchronicity in mosquito nuisance and host-seeking activity between a mangrove island and adjacent coastal development. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Brian J. Johnson, Russell Manby, Gregor J. Devine. What happens on islands, doesn’t stay on islands: Patterns of synchronicity in mosquito nuisance and host-seeking activity between a mangrove island and adjacent coastal development. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brian J. Johnson; Russell Manby; Gregor J. Devine. 2020. "What happens on islands, doesn’t stay on islands: Patterns of synchronicity in mosquito nuisance and host-seeking activity between a mangrove island and adjacent coastal development." , no. : 1.

Research article
Published: 02 August 2018 in PLOS ONE
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The Aedes aegypti mosquito is a primary vector of several serious arboviruses throughout the world and is therefore of great concern to many public health organizations. With vector control methodology pivoting towards rearing and releasing large numbers of genetically modified, sterilized, or Wolbachia-infected male mosquitoes to control vector populations, economical surveillance methods for release tracking becomes increasingly necessary. Previous work has identified that male Ae. aegypti are attracted to female wingbeat frequencies and can be captured through artificial playback of these frequencies, but the tested systems are cost-prohibitive for wide-scale monitoring. Thus, we have developed a simple, low-cost, battery-powered, microcontroller-based sound lure which mimics the wingbeat frequency of female Ae. aegypti, thereby attracting males. We then tested the efficacy of this lure in combination with a passive (non-powered) gravid Aedes trap (GAT) against the current gold-standard, the Biogents Sentinel (BGS) trap, which requires main power (household power) and costs several times what the GAT does. Capture rates of male Ae. aegypti in sound-baited GATs (Sound-GATs) in these field tests were comparable to that of the BGS with no inhibitory effects of sound playback on female capture. We conclude that the Sound-GAT is an effective replacement of the costly BGS for surveillance of male Ae. aegypti mosquitoes, particularly in the developing countries where funding is limited, and has the potential to be adapted to target males of other medically important species.

ACS Style

Brian J. Johnson; Barukh B. Rohde; Nicholas Zeak; Kyran M. Staunton; Tim Prachar; Scott A. Ritchie. A low-cost, battery-powered acoustic trap for surveilling male Aedes aegypti during rear-and-release operations. PLOS ONE 2018, 13, e0201709 .

AMA Style

Brian J. Johnson, Barukh B. Rohde, Nicholas Zeak, Kyran M. Staunton, Tim Prachar, Scott A. Ritchie. A low-cost, battery-powered acoustic trap for surveilling male Aedes aegypti during rear-and-release operations. PLOS ONE. 2018; 13 (8):e0201709.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brian J. Johnson; Barukh B. Rohde; Nicholas Zeak; Kyran M. Staunton; Tim Prachar; Scott A. Ritchie. 2018. "A low-cost, battery-powered acoustic trap for surveilling male Aedes aegypti during rear-and-release operations." PLOS ONE 13, no. 8: e0201709.

Research article
Published: 28 September 2017 in PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
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Recent interest in male-based sterile insect technique (SIT) and incompatible insect technique (IIT) to control Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus populations has revealed the need for an economical, rapid diagnostic tool for determining dispersion and mating success of sterilized males in the wild. Previous reports from other insects indicated rhodamine B, a thiol-reactive fluorescent dye, administered via sugar-feeding can be used to stain the body tissue and seminal fluid of insects. Here, we report on the adaptation of this technique for male Ae. aegypti to allow for rapid assessment of competitiveness (mating success) during field releases. Marking was achieved by feeding males on 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 or 0.8% rhodamine B (w/v) in 50% honey solutions during free flight. All concentrations produced >95% transfer to females and successful body marking after 4 days of feeding, with 0.4 and 0.8% solutions producing the longest-lasting body marking. Importantly, rhodamine B marking had no effect on male mating competitiveness and proof-of-principle field releases demonstrated successful transfer of marked seminal fluid to females under field conditions and recapture of marked males. These results reveal rhodamine B to be a potentially useful evaluation method for male-based SIT/IIT control strategies as well as a viable body marking technique for male-based mark-release-recapture experiments without the negative side-effects of traditional marking methods. As a standalone method for use in mating competitiveness assays, rhodamine B marking is less expensive than PCR (e.g. paternity analysis) and stable isotope semen labelling methods and less time-consuming than female fertility assays used to assess competitiveness of sterilised males.

ACS Style

Brian J. Johnson; Sara N. Mitchell; Christopher J. Paton; Jessica Stevenson; Kyran M. Staunton; Nigel Snoad; Nigel Beebe; Bradley J. White; Scott A. Ritchie. Use of rhodamine B to mark the body and seminal fluid of male Aedes aegypti for mark-release-recapture experiments and estimating efficacy of sterile male releases. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2017, 11, e0005902 .

AMA Style

Brian J. Johnson, Sara N. Mitchell, Christopher J. Paton, Jessica Stevenson, Kyran M. Staunton, Nigel Snoad, Nigel Beebe, Bradley J. White, Scott A. Ritchie. Use of rhodamine B to mark the body and seminal fluid of male Aedes aegypti for mark-release-recapture experiments and estimating efficacy of sterile male releases. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2017; 11 (9):e0005902.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brian J. Johnson; Sara N. Mitchell; Christopher J. Paton; Jessica Stevenson; Kyran M. Staunton; Nigel Snoad; Nigel Beebe; Bradley J. White; Scott A. Ritchie. 2017. "Use of rhodamine B to mark the body and seminal fluid of male Aedes aegypti for mark-release-recapture experiments and estimating efficacy of sterile male releases." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 11, no. 9: e0005902.