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Latin American and Caribbean countries, affected mainly by extreme climatic events, are heterogeneous in farming practices and the relevance of critical determinants of resilience. This paper fills the knowledge gap and informs on the application of the Resilience Index Measurement and Analysis version II (RIMA-II) for Resilience on Food and Nutrition Security (RFNS) indicators in five vulnerable countries in Central America and the Caribbean: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and the Dominican Republic. Already-collected information on food consumption and social and economic dimensions, depicting key determinants or “pillars” as defined by RIMA-II methodology, is the basis for developing several models on RFNS. These findings are baselines for subnational territories and country-specific inputs for monitoring and enhancing Food and Nutrition Security (FNS) indicators. This paper fills three critical gaps in the literature on resilience. It presents cross-country data-driven evidence, highlighting consistencies and discrepancies by analyzing data on otherwise unexplored Latin American and Caribbean countries. It suggests the country-specific approach of resilience measurement for heterogeneous contexts. In addition, it provides policy indications to support the role of farm diversification in promoting household resilience.
Ricardo Sibrian; Marco D’Errico; Patricia Palma de Fulladolsa; Flavia Benedetti-Michelangeli. Household Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity in Central America and the Caribbean. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9086 .
AMA StyleRicardo Sibrian, Marco D’Errico, Patricia Palma de Fulladolsa, Flavia Benedetti-Michelangeli. Household Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity in Central America and the Caribbean. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):9086.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRicardo Sibrian; Marco D’Errico; Patricia Palma de Fulladolsa; Flavia Benedetti-Michelangeli. 2021. "Household Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity in Central America and the Caribbean." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 9086.
People living in contexts affected by conflict suffer from many forms of deprivation. Failure in the delivery of assistance can translate into the further deterioration of their conditions. This paper combines a geo-referenced household dataset collected in South Sudan in 2017 with information on conflict events from the ACLED. The collection of data in areas extensively affected by violence fills an important gap in the literature. We analyse conflict exposure and test the link with humanitarian assistance. We find that people living in high-intensity conflict areas received less assistance. We suggest social elites and marginalisation as a possible explanation.
Marco D’Errico; Oscar Ngesa; Rebecca Pietrelli. Assistance in chronic conflict areas: evidence from South Sudan. Journal of Development Effectiveness 2021, 13, 145 -165.
AMA StyleMarco D’Errico, Oscar Ngesa, Rebecca Pietrelli. Assistance in chronic conflict areas: evidence from South Sudan. Journal of Development Effectiveness. 2021; 13 (2):145-165.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarco D’Errico; Oscar Ngesa; Rebecca Pietrelli. 2021. "Assistance in chronic conflict areas: evidence from South Sudan." Journal of Development Effectiveness 13, no. 2: 145-165.
Resilience enhancing programmes are key to supporting people facing natural and man-induced shocks. International agencies, donors, NGOs, and governments adopted resilience as a framework for designing interventions. However, there is little evidence of the impact of these programs, especially in a fragile context. This paper evaluates the impact of a joint strategy in Somalia. Results show a positive and significant effect on a resilience construct. This paper contributes also to the literature of impact evaluation by using quasi-experimental (but solid) evidence, and by showing the effect of integrated assistance. This finding suggests investing in a diversified approach to enhance resilience.
Amin Malik; Marco D’Errico; Danvers Omolo; Benjamin Gichane. Building resilience in Somalia; evidence from field data collection. Journal of Development Effectiveness 2020, 12, 323 -340.
AMA StyleAmin Malik, Marco D’Errico, Danvers Omolo, Benjamin Gichane. Building resilience in Somalia; evidence from field data collection. Journal of Development Effectiveness. 2020; 12 (4):323-340.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmin Malik; Marco D’Errico; Danvers Omolo; Benjamin Gichane. 2020. "Building resilience in Somalia; evidence from field data collection." Journal of Development Effectiveness 12, no. 4: 323-340.
Social protection programmes can play a crucial role in enhancing household resilience. Although there is vast evidence on the impact of cash transfer projects on many welfare outcomes, no study examines the impact of cash transfers on a composite measure of resilience. This paper fills this important gap by employing a difference-in-difference estimator in the context of a randomised control trial in Lesotho to explore the causal effect of a Child Grant Programme on resilience capacity. Results show a positive and significant short-term impact, largely driven by the beneficial effects for less resilient households. The main transmission channels are increases in household expenditure and food security. Strong stimulus of the Programme on expenditure in education, a key resilience determinant, anticipates longer-run virtuous intergenerational dynamics in resilience building. The policy implication of this work is that social protection interventions should be embedded within the larger framework of resilience-enhancing programmes.
Marco D’Errico; Alessandra Garbero; Marco Letta; Paul Winters. Evaluating Program Impact on Resilience: Evidence from Lesotho’s Child Grants Programme. The Journal of Development Studies 2020, 56, 2212 -2234.
AMA StyleMarco D’Errico, Alessandra Garbero, Marco Letta, Paul Winters. Evaluating Program Impact on Resilience: Evidence from Lesotho’s Child Grants Programme. The Journal of Development Studies. 2020; 56 (12):2212-2234.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarco D’Errico; Alessandra Garbero; Marco Letta; Paul Winters. 2020. "Evaluating Program Impact on Resilience: Evidence from Lesotho’s Child Grants Programme." The Journal of Development Studies 56, no. 12: 2212-2234.
As resilience continues its rise to top of the international policy agenda, development funders and practitioners are under mounting pressure to ensure that investments in resilience-building are effective and targeted at those most in need. It is here that robust resilience measurement can make valuable contributions: identifying hotspots; understanding drivers; and inferring impact. To date, resilience measurement has been dominated by objectively-oriented approaches. These rely on external definitions of resilience (often informed by outside ‘experts’, literature reviews or resilience practitioners) and measured through observation or external verification. More recently, the potential for subjective approaches has been proposed. These take a contrasting approach, soliciting people’s judgements of what resilience means to them, and getting them to self-evaluate their own resilience. While both approaches have their strength and weaknesses, little is known about how objective and subjective modes of resilience measurement compare. To shed light on this relationship, we provide like-for-like comparisons of these two approaches using a regionally representative household survey of 2308 households in Northern Uganda. In so doing, we introduce a new measurement approach named the Subjective self-Evaluated Resilience Score (SERS). Outcomes from SERS are directly compared with an objectively-evaluated approach, the Resilience Index Measurement Analysis (RIMA), widely used by resilience practitioners. Findings from the survey suggest a moderate correlation between objectively- and subjectively-evaluated resilience modules. More importantly, both approaches share similar associations with many key socio-economic drivers of resilience. However, there are notable differences between the two. In some case, the approaches differ entirely regarding contributions of important traits, including coping strategies, levels of education and exposure to prior shocks. Our results highlight the need for resilience evaluators to consider a diversity of knowledge sources and seek greater use of evidence in indicator selection. We also investigate the properties of the SERS module itself. We find that characterisations of resilience that mimic various commonly-used frameworks produce similar resilience outcomes, suggesting that debates over the exact composition of resilience-characteristics may matter little. In addition, shorter SERS modules match the performance of the full set of SERS questions, allowing for quicker administration and reduced survey burden. Lastly, we call for evaluators to consider the strengths and weaknesses of subjective and objective measurement approaches, including options for combining both formats.
Lindsey Jones; Marco D'Errico. Whose resilience matters? Like-for-like comparison of objective and subjective evaluations of resilience. World Development 2019, 124, 104632 .
AMA StyleLindsey Jones, Marco D'Errico. Whose resilience matters? Like-for-like comparison of objective and subjective evaluations of resilience. World Development. 2019; 124 ():104632.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLindsey Jones; Marco D'Errico. 2019. "Whose resilience matters? Like-for-like comparison of objective and subjective evaluations of resilience." World Development 124, no. : 104632.
The existence of thresholds constitutes an important frontier topic for resilience analysis and measurement. This paper contributes to the literature by identifying critical resilience thresholds below which rural Tanzanian households are unable to absorb the negative effects of temperature anomalies on long-run growth. To make up for the lack of long micro panels, we generate a synthetic panel covering the time span 2000–2013. We show that 25%–47% of households in our sample lie below the estimated thresholds. The evidence of resilience-driven regime shifts and non-linear dynamics has important implications for adaptation to climate change in developing countries and is of significant interest for policy interventions.
Marco D'Errico; Marco Letta; Pierluigi Montalbano; Rebecca Pietrelli. Resilience Thresholds to Temperature Anomalies: A Long-run Test for Rural Tanzania. Ecological Economics 2019, 164, 106365 .
AMA StyleMarco D'Errico, Marco Letta, Pierluigi Montalbano, Rebecca Pietrelli. Resilience Thresholds to Temperature Anomalies: A Long-run Test for Rural Tanzania. Ecological Economics. 2019; 164 ():106365.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarco D'Errico; Marco Letta; Pierluigi Montalbano; Rebecca Pietrelli. 2019. "Resilience Thresholds to Temperature Anomalies: A Long-run Test for Rural Tanzania." Ecological Economics 164, no. : 106365.
This paper studies how conflict affects household resilience capacity and food security, drawing on panel data collected from households in Palestine before and after the 2014 Gaza conflict. During this escalation of violence, the majority of the damages in the Gaza Strip were concentrated close to the Israeli border. Using the distance to the Israeli border to identify the effect of the conflict at the household level through an instrumental variable approach, we find that the food security of households in the Gaza Strip was not directly affected by the conflict. However, household resilience capacity that is necessary to resist food insecurity declined among Gazan households as a result of the conflict. This was mainly due to a reduction of adaptive capacity, driven by the deterioration of income stability and income diversification. However, the conflict actually increased the use of social safety nets (expressed in the form of cash, in-kind or other transfers that were received by the households) and access to basic services (mainly access to sanitation) for the households exposed to the conflict. This finding may be related to the support provided to households in the Gaza Strip by national and international organizations after the end of the conflict. From a policy perspective, the case of the conflict in the Gaza Strip demonstrates that immediate and significant support to victims of conflict can indeed help restore resilience capacity.
Tilman Brück; Marco D’Errico; Rebecca Pietrelli. The effects of violent conflict on household resilience and food security: Evidence from the 2014 Gaza conflict. World Development 2019, 119, 203 -223.
AMA StyleTilman Brück, Marco D’Errico, Rebecca Pietrelli. The effects of violent conflict on household resilience and food security: Evidence from the 2014 Gaza conflict. World Development. 2019; 119 ():203-223.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTilman Brück; Marco D’Errico; Rebecca Pietrelli. 2019. "The effects of violent conflict on household resilience and food security: Evidence from the 2014 Gaza conflict." World Development 119, no. : 203-223.
We review briefly recent trends in food security and violent conflict and the quantitative literature discussing their interactions, as reflected by the papers in this special issue. We find a large diversity in experiences of food security and conflict, posing a challenge for causal identification which can be resolved by spatially disaggregated, high frequency micro-level data on both food security and conflict. We identify examples of strong individual and institutional capacities to cope with conflict, maintaining food security against the odds across very diverse settings, stressing the importance in accounting for the type of conflict at the micro-level. We also discuss how the concept of resilience is a useful lens for understanding household food security in conflict settings and we outline how food insecurity and conflict can lead to protracted crises. Finally, we identify future research topics in this field. Overall, the special issue contributes to the literature on food security and violent conflict by highlighting three insights: First, the need for adequate data to advance the analytical and policy agendas; second, the diversity of experiences of conflict and food security; and, third, the decisive role played by specific practices and policies in smoothing the negative effects of conflicts for food security.
Tilman Brück; Marco D'errico. Reprint of: Food security and violent conflict: Introduction to the special issue. World Development 2019, 119, 145 -149.
AMA StyleTilman Brück, Marco D'errico. Reprint of: Food security and violent conflict: Introduction to the special issue. World Development. 2019; 119 ():145-149.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTilman Brück; Marco D'errico. 2019. "Reprint of: Food security and violent conflict: Introduction to the special issue." World Development 119, no. : 145-149.
We review briefly recent trends in food security and violent conflict and the quantitative literature discussing their interactions, as reflected by the papers in this special issue. We find a large diversity in experiences of food security and conflict, posing a challenge for causal identification which can be resolved by spatially disaggregated, high frequency micro-level data on both food security and conflict. We identify examples of strong individual and institutional capacities to cope with conflict, maintaining food security against the odds across very diverse settings, stressing the importance in accounting for the type of conflict at the micro-level. We also discuss how the concept of resilience is a useful lens for understanding household food security in conflict settings and we outline how food insecurity and conflict can lead to protracted crises. Finally, we identify future research topics in this field. Overall, the special issue contributes to the literature on food security and violent conflict by highlighting three insights: First, the need for adequate data to advance the analytical and policy agendas; second, the diversity of experiences of conflict and food security; and, third, the decisive role played by specific practices and policies in smoothing the negative effects of conflicts for food security.
Tilman Brück; Marco D'Errico. Food security and violent conflict: Introduction to the special issue. World Development 2019, 117, 167 -171.
AMA StyleTilman Brück, Marco D'Errico. Food security and violent conflict: Introduction to the special issue. World Development. 2019; 117 ():167-171.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTilman Brück; Marco D'Errico. 2019. "Food security and violent conflict: Introduction to the special issue." World Development 117, no. : 167-171.
Resilience—the capacity that ensures adverse stressors and shocks do not have long-lasting adverse consequences—has become a key topic in both scholarly and policy debates. More recently some international organizations have proposed the use of resilience to analyze food and nutrition security. The objective of the paper is twofold: (i) analyze what the determinants of household resilience to food insecurity are and (ii) assess the role played by household resilience capacity on food security outcomes. The dataset employed in the analysis is a panel of three waves of household surveys recently collected in Tanzania and Uganda. First, we estimated the FAO’s Resilience Capacity Index (RCI), combining factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Then probit models were estimated to test whether the resilience is positively related to future food security outcomes and recovery capacity after a shock occurs. In both countries, the most important dimension contributing to household resilience was adaptive capacity, which in turn depended on the level of education and on the proportion of income earners to total household members. Furthermore, household resilience was significantly and positively related to future household food security status. Finally, households featuring a higher resilience capacity index were better equipped to absorb and adapt to shocks.
Marco D’Errico; Donato Romano; Rebecca Pietrelli. Household resilience to food insecurity: evidence from Tanzania and Uganda. Food Security 2018, 10, 1033 -1054.
AMA StyleMarco D’Errico, Donato Romano, Rebecca Pietrelli. Household resilience to food insecurity: evidence from Tanzania and Uganda. Food Security. 2018; 10 (4):1033-1054.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarco D’Errico; Donato Romano; Rebecca Pietrelli. 2018. "Household resilience to food insecurity: evidence from Tanzania and Uganda." Food Security 10, no. 4: 1033-1054.
Resilience, commonly perceived as an unobservable household characteristic, has been defined differently according to each measurement approach utilized. This paper contributes to the literature, both conceptually, by reviewing the link between resilience, subjective well-being and social inclusion; and analytically, by providing statistical evidence of whether subjective measures of well-being are associated with higher household resilience. The paper shows that those who perceive themselves and their community to be involved in the decision-making process related to policies and service provision are associated with greater resilience capacity. The empirical evidence is based on two household surveys in Senegal and Mauritania. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Marco D'errico; Francesca Grazioli; Rebecca Pietrelli. Cross-country Evidence of the Relationship Between Resilience and the Subjective Perception of Well-being and Social Inclusion: Evidence from the Regions of Matam (Senegal) and the Triangle of Hope (Mauritania). Journal of International Development 2017, 30, 1339 -1368.
AMA StyleMarco D'errico, Francesca Grazioli, Rebecca Pietrelli. Cross-country Evidence of the Relationship Between Resilience and the Subjective Perception of Well-being and Social Inclusion: Evidence from the Regions of Matam (Senegal) and the Triangle of Hope (Mauritania). Journal of International Development. 2017; 30 (8):1339-1368.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarco D'errico; Francesca Grazioli; Rebecca Pietrelli. 2017. "Cross-country Evidence of the Relationship Between Resilience and the Subjective Perception of Well-being and Social Inclusion: Evidence from the Regions of Matam (Senegal) and the Triangle of Hope (Mauritania)." Journal of International Development 30, no. 8: 1339-1368.
Despite increasing attention to resilience, the link between resilience and child malnutrition in Africa has so far never been empirically explored. Using detailed survey data from Mali, this paper examines whether the resilience capacity of households is a determinant of child malnutrition. After estimating the Resilience Capacity Index (RCI) by using a Structural Equation Model, an instrumental variable approach was followed. The impact of resilience capacity on child malnutrition was estimated by using the institutional presence of the state as an instrument for the RCI. Furthermore, the analysis captures differences in the relationship between resilience and the institutional presence of the state across regions. The empirical evidence presented here demonstrates that higher resilience capacity is associated with both lower probability of having malnourished children and a lower number of malnourished children in the household.
Marco D’Errico; Rebecca Pietrelli. Resilience and child malnutrition in Mali. Food Security 2017, 9, 355 -370.
AMA StyleMarco D’Errico, Rebecca Pietrelli. Resilience and child malnutrition in Mali. Food Security. 2017; 9 (2):355-370.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarco D’Errico; Rebecca Pietrelli. 2017. "Resilience and child malnutrition in Mali." Food Security 9, no. 2: 355-370.
Resilience has become one of the keywords in the recent scholarly and policy debates on food security. However, household resilience to food insecurity is unobservable ex ante. Therefore, the two key issues in empirical research and program implementation are how to estimate a proxy index of household resilience on the basis of observable variables and assess whether this index is a good indicator of the construct it intends to measure, i.e. household resilience. This paper contributes to this literature providing evidence based on two case studies: Tanzania and Uganda. Specifically, the paper: (i) proposes a method to estimate a resilience index and analyses what are the most important components of household resilience, (ii) tests whether the household resilience index is a good predictor of future food security status and food security recovery capacity after a shock, and (iii) explores how idiosyncratic and covariate shocks affects resilience and household food security. The analysis shows that: (i) in both countries adaptive capacity is the most important dimension contributing to household resilience, (ii) the resilience index positively influences future household food security status, decreases the probability of suffering a food security loss should a shock occur and speeds up the recovery after the loss occurrence, and (iii) shocks have a negative effect on food security and resilience contributes to reduce the negative impacts of these shocks, though this is not proven for self-reported and idiosyncratic shocks.
Marco D'errico; Rebecca Pietrelli; Donato Romano. Household resilience to food insecurity: evidence from Tanzania and Uganda. 2016, 1 .
AMA StyleMarco D'errico, Rebecca Pietrelli, Donato Romano. Household resilience to food insecurity: evidence from Tanzania and Uganda. . 2016; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarco D'errico; Rebecca Pietrelli; Donato Romano. 2016. "Household resilience to food insecurity: evidence from Tanzania and Uganda." , no. : 1.
Resilience has become one of the keywords in the recent scholarly and policy debates on food security. However, household resilience to food insecurity is unobservable. Therefore, the two key issues in empirical research are (i) estimating a proxy index of household resilience on the basis of observable variables and (ii) assessing whether this index is a good indicator of the construct it intends to measure, i.e. household resilience. This paper contributes to this literature providing evidence based on two case studies: Tanzania and Uganda. Specifically, the paper: (i) proposes a method to estimate a resilience index and analyses what are the most important components of household resilience, (ii) tests whether the household resilience index is a good predictor of future food security status and food security recovery capacity after a shock, and (iii) explores how idiosyncratic and covariate shocks affects resilience and household food security. The analysis shows that: (i) in both countries adaptive capacity is the most important dimension contributing to household resilience, (ii) the resilience index positively influences future household food security status, decreases the probability of suffering a food security loss should a shock occur and speeds up the recovery after the loss occurrence, and (iii) shocks do not seem to have any statistically significant impact, though this likely reflects the poor quality of data on idiosyncratic and systemic shocks.
Marco D'errico; Rebecca Pietrelli; Donato Romano. Household resilience to food insecurity: evidence from Tanzania and Uganda. 2016, 1 .
AMA StyleMarco D'errico, Rebecca Pietrelli, Donato Romano. Household resilience to food insecurity: evidence from Tanzania and Uganda. . 2016; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarco D'errico; Rebecca Pietrelli; Donato Romano. 2016. "Household resilience to food insecurity: evidence from Tanzania and Uganda." , no. : 1.
Bousquet, F., A. Botta, L. Alinovi, O. Barreteau, D. Bossio, K. Brown, P. Caron, M. D'Errico, F. DeClerck, H. Dessard, E. Enfors Kautsky, C. Fabricius, C. Folke, L. Fortmann, B. Hubert, D. Magda, R. Mathevet, R. B. Norgaard, A. Quinlan, and C. Staver. 2016. Resilience and development: mobilizing for transformation. Ecology and Society 21(3):40.http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-08754-210340
Francois Bousquet; Aurélie Botta; Luca Alinovi; Olivier Barreteau; Deborah Bossio; Katrina Brown; Patrick Caron; Philippe Cury; Marco D'errico; Fabrice Declerck; Hélène Dessard; Elin Enfors Kautsky; Christo Fabricius; Carl Folke; Louise Fortmann; Bernard Hubert; Danièle Magda; Raphael Mathevet; Richard B. Norgaard; Allyson Quinlan; Charles Staver. Resilience and development: mobilizing for transformation. Ecology and Society 2016, 21, 1 .
AMA StyleFrancois Bousquet, Aurélie Botta, Luca Alinovi, Olivier Barreteau, Deborah Bossio, Katrina Brown, Patrick Caron, Philippe Cury, Marco D'errico, Fabrice Declerck, Hélène Dessard, Elin Enfors Kautsky, Christo Fabricius, Carl Folke, Louise Fortmann, Bernard Hubert, Danièle Magda, Raphael Mathevet, Richard B. Norgaard, Allyson Quinlan, Charles Staver. Resilience and development: mobilizing for transformation. Ecology and Society. 2016; 21 (3):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancois Bousquet; Aurélie Botta; Luca Alinovi; Olivier Barreteau; Deborah Bossio; Katrina Brown; Patrick Caron; Philippe Cury; Marco D'errico; Fabrice Declerck; Hélène Dessard; Elin Enfors Kautsky; Christo Fabricius; Carl Folke; Louise Fortmann; Bernard Hubert; Danièle Magda; Raphael Mathevet; Richard B. Norgaard; Allyson Quinlan; Charles Staver. 2016. "Resilience and development: mobilizing for transformation." Ecology and Society 21, no. 3: 1.