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A possible impact of sample preparation on the chemical fractionation results is generally underestimated in studies of forms of occurrence of heavy metals in river sediments. Our analysis of the recently published results of sequential extraction of chromium has revealed the effect of sample grinding on the result of determination of mobile chromium fractions in river sediments. This observation has been experimentally verified along with the analysation of potential effect of river sediment drying conditions on chromium distribution pattern. The studies were carried out on river sediments polluted with tannery effluents (Cr, 29.2–233 mg/kg). The determined content of chromium bound to carbonates in powdered samples was 2 to 7 times higher than those in raw river sediment samples. It was shown that the main reason was the different kinetic characteristics of chromium leaching in these sediments. Using the shrinking core model, it was found that diffusion through the “ash layer” was the rate-controlling step during the extraction of the carbonate fraction of chromium. It has been additionally confirmed that common air drying of sediment samples does not affect the results of chemical fractionation of chromium. The results of our studies are also vital for the assessment of environmental risk posed by river sediments polluted with heavy metals. In the case of sediment samples used in this study, powdering changed the risk category (RAC) from low risk to high risk. Hence, in order to achieve a realistic assessment of chromium mobility and environmental risk, it is advisable to use raw samples, despite their poorer homogeneity, and thus, lower precision of chemical fractionation results.
Marzena Trojanowska; Ryszard Świetlik. The importance of drying and grinding samples for determining mobile chromium fractions in polluted river sediments. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2019, 191, 1 -15.
AMA StyleMarzena Trojanowska, Ryszard Świetlik. The importance of drying and grinding samples for determining mobile chromium fractions in polluted river sediments. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2019; 191 (9):1-15.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarzena Trojanowska; Ryszard Świetlik. 2019. "The importance of drying and grinding samples for determining mobile chromium fractions in polluted river sediments." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 191, no. 9: 1-15.
This work investigated the ecological and health hazards caused by heavy metals present in urban street dust of Radom (Poland). The objectives of this study were to improve the estimation of exposure doses of toxic metals based on their distribution patterns in street dusts and to assess the noncarcinogenic health risk for the residents. Zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and lead (Pb) were mainly associated with the reducible fraction, copper (Cu) with the oxidizable fraction, and iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), and chromium (Cr) with the residual fraction. The contents of short-term and long-term labile fractions of the metals were used to assess a direct health risk, a potential health risk and an overall human health risk. The level of the overall risk quantified by the cumulative total labile fraction-HI (tlf-HIc): 3.91E-01 (children) and 3.85E-02 (adults) was lower than the safety limit of unity. The metal that contributed the most to the overall health risk was Pb: 34% (children) and 31% (adults), while Zn and Ni had the least contribution (3% and 2% for both children and adults). It was shown that the risk assessment based on the pseudo-total content of metals can overestimate the health risk by nearly two times when compared to the assessments based on the total content of labile fractions.
Marzena Trojanowska; Ryszard Świetlik. Investigations of the chemical distribution of heavy metals in street dust and its impact on risk assessment for human health, case study of Radom (Poland). Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 2019, 26, 1907 -1926.
AMA StyleMarzena Trojanowska, Ryszard Świetlik. Investigations of the chemical distribution of heavy metals in street dust and its impact on risk assessment for human health, case study of Radom (Poland). Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal. 2019; 26 (7):1907-1926.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarzena Trojanowska; Ryszard Świetlik. 2019. "Investigations of the chemical distribution of heavy metals in street dust and its impact on risk assessment for human health, case study of Radom (Poland)." Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 26, no. 7: 1907-1926.