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Dr. José Luis Vázquez Avila works at Universidad Autónoma del Carmen
Current computing platforms encourage the integration of thousands of processing cores, and their interconnections, into a single chip. Mobile smartphones, IoT, embedded devices, desktops, and data centers use Many-Core Systems-on-Chip (SoCs) to exploit their compute power and parallelism to meet the dynamic workload requirements. Networks-on-Chip (NoCs) lead to scalable connectivity for diverse applications with distinct traffic patterns and data dependencies. However, when the system executes various applications in traditional NoCs—optimized and fixed at synthesis time—the interconnection nonconformity with the different applications’ requirements generates limitations in the performance. In the literature, NoC designs embraced the Software-Defined Networking (SDN) strategy to evolve into an adaptable interconnection solution for future chips. However, the works surveyed implement a partial Software-Defined Network-on-Chip (SDNoC) approach, leaving aside the SDN layered architecture that brings interoperability in conventional networking. This paper explores the SDNoC literature and classifies it regarding the desired SDN features that each work presents. Then, we described the challenges and opportunities detected from the literature survey. Moreover, we explain the motivation for an SDNoC approach, and we expose both SDN and SDNoC concepts and architectures. We observe that works in the literature employed an uncomplete layered SDNoC approach. This fact creates various fertile areas in the SDNoC architecture where researchers may contribute to Many-Core SoCs designs.
Jose Gomez-Rodriguez; Remberto Sandoval-Arechiga; Salvador Ibarra-Delgado; Viktor Rodriguez-Abdala; Jose Vazquez-Avila; Ramon Parra-Michel. A Survey of Software-Defined Networks-on-Chip: Motivations, Challenges and Opportunities. Micromachines 2021, 12, 183 .
AMA StyleJose Gomez-Rodriguez, Remberto Sandoval-Arechiga, Salvador Ibarra-Delgado, Viktor Rodriguez-Abdala, Jose Vazquez-Avila, Ramon Parra-Michel. A Survey of Software-Defined Networks-on-Chip: Motivations, Challenges and Opportunities. Micromachines. 2021; 12 (2):183.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJose Gomez-Rodriguez; Remberto Sandoval-Arechiga; Salvador Ibarra-Delgado; Viktor Rodriguez-Abdala; Jose Vazquez-Avila; Ramon Parra-Michel. 2021. "A Survey of Software-Defined Networks-on-Chip: Motivations, Challenges and Opportunities." Micromachines 12, no. 2: 183.
Youness El Hamzaoui; J. L. Vazquez-Avila; Carlos Roman De La; Cruz Dorantes. A Heuristic Approach for Optimization Protein Production Plants under Environmental Uncertainty. Journal of Bio Innovation 2020, 9, 1044 -1055.
AMA StyleYouness El Hamzaoui, J. L. Vazquez-Avila, Carlos Roman De La, Cruz Dorantes. A Heuristic Approach for Optimization Protein Production Plants under Environmental Uncertainty. Journal of Bio Innovation. 2020; 9 (5):1044-1055.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYouness El Hamzaoui; J. L. Vazquez-Avila; Carlos Roman De La; Cruz Dorantes. 2020. "A Heuristic Approach for Optimization Protein Production Plants under Environmental Uncertainty." Journal of Bio Innovation 9, no. 5: 1044-1055.
There are many applications where it is necessary to model queuing systems that involve finite queue size. Most of the models consider traffic with Poisson arrivals and exponentially distributed service times. Unfortunately, when the traffic behavior does not consider Poisson arrivals and exponentially distributed service times, closed-form solutions are not always available or have high mathematical complexity. Based on Lindley’s recursion, this paper presents a fast simulation model for an accurate estimation of the performance metrics of G/G/1/K queues. One of the main characteristics of this approach is the support for long-range dependence traffic models. The model can be used to model queuing systems in the same way that a discrete event simulator would do it. This model has a speedup of at least two orders of magnitude concerning implementations in conventional discrete event simulators.
J. L. Vazquez-Avila; R. Sandoval-Arechiga; Agustin Perez-Ramirez; R. Sanchez-Lara; Homero Toral-Cruz; Y. El Hamzaoui. A Fast Simulation Model Based on Lindley’s Recursion for the G/G/1/K Queue. Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019, 2019, 1 -11.
AMA StyleJ. L. Vazquez-Avila, R. Sandoval-Arechiga, Agustin Perez-Ramirez, R. Sanchez-Lara, Homero Toral-Cruz, Y. El Hamzaoui. A Fast Simulation Model Based on Lindley’s Recursion for the G/G/1/K Queue. Mathematical Problems in Engineering. 2019; 2019 ():1-11.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. L. Vazquez-Avila; R. Sandoval-Arechiga; Agustin Perez-Ramirez; R. Sanchez-Lara; Homero Toral-Cruz; Y. El Hamzaoui. 2019. "A Fast Simulation Model Based on Lindley’s Recursion for the G/G/1/K Queue." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019, no. : 1-11.
In this work, a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is used to electric energy supply to a permanent magnet DC motor in a sustainable way and the inlet air flow in the cathode is manipulated to ensure the PEM fuel cells efficient operation. A boost-type DC/DC converter is connected to the PEMFC, it is used with a PI linear control loop to regulate the speed of the DC motor under some possible load disturbances. In addition, a nonlinear sliding mode control (SMC) is designed for regulated the excess oxygen ratio considering constant the temperature and humidity of membrane, to achieve the PEM full cell operate in the ohmic region of the polarization curve, to avoid the oxygen starvation at the cathode and to prevent damage to fuel cell components. The results are validated using the internal models of the PEMFC and the power electronics from SimPowerSystems library of Matlab/Simulink.
María Cervera-Ceballos; Marco Antonio Rodriguez-Blanco; José Vazquez-Ávila; Hussain Alazki. Control por Modos Deslizantes de la Relación de Exceso de Oxígeno en una PEMFC Interconectada a un Motor de CD mediante un Convertidor Boost. Revista de Aplicaciones de la Ingeniería 2019, 25 -32.
AMA StyleMaría Cervera-Ceballos, Marco Antonio Rodriguez-Blanco, José Vazquez-Ávila, Hussain Alazki. Control por Modos Deslizantes de la Relación de Exceso de Oxígeno en una PEMFC Interconectada a un Motor de CD mediante un Convertidor Boost. Revista de Aplicaciones de la Ingeniería. 2019; ():25-32.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaría Cervera-Ceballos; Marco Antonio Rodriguez-Blanco; José Vazquez-Ávila; Hussain Alazki. 2019. "Control por Modos Deslizantes de la Relación de Exceso de Oxígeno en una PEMFC Interconectada a un Motor de CD mediante un Convertidor Boost." Revista de Aplicaciones de la Ingeniería , no. : 25-32.
We numerically analyze the temperature response of a tapered Tm3+-doped fiber amplifier. The analysis includes a redefinition of the coupled pump and signal propagation equations in order to introduce different longitudinal shapes of the tapered doped fiber and the temperature dependence of the absorption and emission cross sections of the Tm3+ ions under different pump schemes. It was found that the temperature sensitivity of the normalized amplified signal was 2 × 10−3/°C for 1 W of pump power and 3 m of doped fiber length, using a parabolic taper in a co-propagating pump scheme. This sensitivity can be increased by at least 5 times if we adjust the design parameters of the fiber amplifier using fiber lengths shorter than 1 m and pump powers lower than 300 mW. Our results contribute with new information for the development and optimization of tapered fiber amplifiers doped with other rare earths, and novel designs for doped-fiber temperature sensors.
R Sanchez-Lara; D E Ceballos-Herrera; Jose Luis Vazquez-Avila; Lelio de la Cruz-May; Fernando Martinez-Pinon; Jose Alfredo Alvarez-Chavez. Temperature sensing characteristics of tapered Tm3+-doped fiber amplifiers. Laser Physics 2017, 27, 085108 .
AMA StyleR Sanchez-Lara, D E Ceballos-Herrera, Jose Luis Vazquez-Avila, Lelio de la Cruz-May, Fernando Martinez-Pinon, Jose Alfredo Alvarez-Chavez. Temperature sensing characteristics of tapered Tm3+-doped fiber amplifiers. Laser Physics. 2017; 27 (8):085108.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR Sanchez-Lara; D E Ceballos-Herrera; Jose Luis Vazquez-Avila; Lelio de la Cruz-May; Fernando Martinez-Pinon; Jose Alfredo Alvarez-Chavez. 2017. "Temperature sensing characteristics of tapered Tm3+-doped fiber amplifiers." Laser Physics 27, no. 8: 085108.
R. Sandoval-Arechiga; R. Parra-Michel; Jose Luis Vazquez-Avila; B. I. Gea-Garcia. NI + Router Microarchitecture for NoC-based Communication Systems. Proceedings of the 2016 Symposium on Architectures for Networking and Communications Systems 2016, 131 -132.
AMA StyleR. Sandoval-Arechiga, R. Parra-Michel, Jose Luis Vazquez-Avila, B. I. Gea-Garcia. NI + Router Microarchitecture for NoC-based Communication Systems. Proceedings of the 2016 Symposium on Architectures for Networking and Communications Systems. 2016; ():131-132.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR. Sandoval-Arechiga; R. Parra-Michel; Jose Luis Vazquez-Avila; B. I. Gea-Garcia. 2016. "NI + Router Microarchitecture for NoC-based Communication Systems." Proceedings of the 2016 Symposium on Architectures for Networking and Communications Systems , no. : 131-132.
In the Many-Core era, parallel processing performance is generally limited by the communications infrastructure's adaptability to the applications data dependencies. By means of a management framework, Software Defined Network (SDN) architectures offer such adaptability for conventional computer networks. However, Networks-on-Chip (NoC) management subsystems have been implemented as specific solutions unable to be reused in further designs. In this paper we applied SDN principles to propose a Software Defined NoC (SDNoC) architecture. This architecture is focused in abstraction layers and interfaces that permit its deployment in a modular fashion. Our proposal will orchestrate the complex multi-objective optimization to adjust on-chip networking to the applications requirements and data dependencies. This architecture allows the addition of other optimization engines without changing the software or hardware contained in underlying planes, then, Non-Recurring Engineering costs can be diminished.
R. Sandoval-Arechiga; J. L. Vazquez-Avila; R. Parra-Michel; J. Flores-Troncoso; S. Ibarra-Delgado. Shifting the Network-on-Chip Paradigm towards a Software Defined Network Architecture. 2015 International Conference on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence (CSCI) 2015, 869 -870.
AMA StyleR. Sandoval-Arechiga, J. L. Vazquez-Avila, R. Parra-Michel, J. Flores-Troncoso, S. Ibarra-Delgado. Shifting the Network-on-Chip Paradigm towards a Software Defined Network Architecture. 2015 International Conference on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence (CSCI). 2015; ():869-870.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR. Sandoval-Arechiga; J. L. Vazquez-Avila; R. Parra-Michel; J. Flores-Troncoso; S. Ibarra-Delgado. 2015. "Shifting the Network-on-Chip Paradigm towards a Software Defined Network Architecture." 2015 International Conference on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence (CSCI) , no. : 869-870.
Algorithms for digital communication systems can be represented via a set of specialized signal processing (SP) blocks. Hence, in the implementation of these algorithms, the interconnection among the processing blocks aggregates complexity to the design. Usually, these interconnections are made through specialized glue logic, Point-to-Point (P2P) interconnections, Bus or a Network on Chip (NoC). Furthermore, the communications industry's trend is to move forward to Software Defined Radio (SDR) or reconfigurable communications SoC, which imposes hard constrains in the selected interconnection approach. Particularly, the management tasks directly influence the system's performance. Therefore, it is important to study the decision of leaving this administration to a dedicated processor or to a general purpose processor. Here, a NoC-based architecture is proposed to overcome the management problem. A Feeder-Collector, that takes out the reconfiguration and managerial tasks from the main CPU is introduced. This architecture creates a HW-based library of SP functions which simplifies software applications, without sacrificing performance. Analytical and simulation results show that our proposal achieves a high performance and the lowest CPU's load compared with P2P, Bus and conventional NoC interconnections.
J. L. Vazquez-Avila; R. Sandoval-Arechiga; B. I. Gea-Garcia; R. Parra-Michel; Mario- Siller. Unconventional signal processing architecture for reconfigurable on-chip communication systems. 2015 IEEE 6th Latin American Symposium on Circuits & Systems (LASCAS) 2015, 1 -4.
AMA StyleJ. L. Vazquez-Avila, R. Sandoval-Arechiga, B. I. Gea-Garcia, R. Parra-Michel, Mario- Siller. Unconventional signal processing architecture for reconfigurable on-chip communication systems. 2015 IEEE 6th Latin American Symposium on Circuits & Systems (LASCAS). 2015; ():1-4.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. L. Vazquez-Avila; R. Sandoval-Arechiga; B. I. Gea-Garcia; R. Parra-Michel; Mario- Siller. 2015. "Unconventional signal processing architecture for reconfigurable on-chip communication systems." 2015 IEEE 6th Latin American Symposium on Circuits & Systems (LASCAS) , no. : 1-4.
Jose Vazquez-Avila; Remberto Sandoval-Arechiga; Ramon Parra-Michel. A Fast Discrete Event Simulation Model for Queueing Network Systems. Proceedings of the Eighth EAI International Conference on Simulation Tools and Techniques 2015, 1 .
AMA StyleJose Vazquez-Avila, Remberto Sandoval-Arechiga, Ramon Parra-Michel. A Fast Discrete Event Simulation Model for Queueing Network Systems. Proceedings of the Eighth EAI International Conference on Simulation Tools and Techniques. 2015; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJose Vazquez-Avila; Remberto Sandoval-Arechiga; Ramon Parra-Michel. 2015. "A Fast Discrete Event Simulation Model for Queueing Network Systems." Proceedings of the Eighth EAI International Conference on Simulation Tools and Techniques , no. : 1.
Currently, application-specific systems on chip (SoC) require complex digital designs, causing the validation process to increment, affecting the ever-narrower time-to-market. An approach to deal with this issue consists of using already-validated IP cores interconnected by a network on chip (NoC). However, the NoC is mostly used as part of an application-specific design, which implies wasting time in configuring the NoC for a particular application. With the aim of hiding these management problems from high-level (software) designers, in this paper, the use of a NoC as a hardware function library provider is studied. This requires the introduction of a new entity into the NoC, here called the Feeder-Collector, that acts as an intermediary between the system and the NoC. The advantages of this approach are shown by means of a case study, where an ad hoc implementation in contrasted with the proposed NoC approach, for three digital signal processing algorithms. Results show that, on average, resource of 43.68% can be achieved by using the proposed approach, while at the same time, Non-Recursive-Engineering costs are reduced.
B. I. Gea-Garcia; J. L. Vazquez-Avila; R. Sandoval-Arechiga; J. L. Pizano-Escalante; R. Parra-Michel; Mario Siller. NoC-based hardware function libraries for running multiple DSP algorithms. 2013 International Conference on Reconfigurable Computing and FPGAs (ReConFig) 2013, 1 -6.
AMA StyleB. I. Gea-Garcia, J. L. Vazquez-Avila, R. Sandoval-Arechiga, J. L. Pizano-Escalante, R. Parra-Michel, Mario Siller. NoC-based hardware function libraries for running multiple DSP algorithms. 2013 International Conference on Reconfigurable Computing and FPGAs (ReConFig). 2013; ():1-6.
Chicago/Turabian StyleB. I. Gea-Garcia; J. L. Vazquez-Avila; R. Sandoval-Arechiga; J. L. Pizano-Escalante; R. Parra-Michel; Mario Siller. 2013. "NoC-based hardware function libraries for running multiple DSP algorithms." 2013 International Conference on Reconfigurable Computing and FPGAs (ReConFig) , no. : 1-6.
In this paper, the performance of mobile cellular systems with link adaptation (LA) is analytically evaluated. Half- and full-rate vocoders are considered in the analysis. Mathematical expressions for the new call blocking, handoff failure, and forced termination probabilities are obtained. To our knowledge, no similar analysis considering LA exists in the literature. Also, the link quality-aware dual fractional channel reservation (LQA DFCR) scheme is proposed. In LQA DFCR, user differentiation is implemented in terms of link quality. Preference is given to users with good link quality because they require fewer resources than users with bad link quality. Numerical results show that the proposed LQA DFCR scheme effectively increases system capacity: LQA DFCR achieves more than a 11% capacity gain relative to systems with the non priority scheme (NPS) and with LA, and approximately 3% relative to the fair access prioritisation scheme (FAPS) strategy. Numerical results also show that LA yields an approximately 18% capacity increase relative to a cellular system without LA when no admission control is employed (admission control strategies further increase system capacity.) The synergy between LA and admission control strategies yields more than a 31% capacity gain
F.A. Cruz-Perez; J.L. Vazquez-Avila; G. Hernandez-Valdez; L. Ortigoza-Guerrero. Link quality-aware call admission strategy for mobile cellular networks with link adaptation. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 2006, 5, 2413 -2425.
AMA StyleF.A. Cruz-Perez, J.L. Vazquez-Avila, G. Hernandez-Valdez, L. Ortigoza-Guerrero. Link quality-aware call admission strategy for mobile cellular networks with link adaptation. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications. 2006; 5 (9):2413-2425.
Chicago/Turabian StyleF.A. Cruz-Perez; J.L. Vazquez-Avila; G. Hernandez-Valdez; L. Ortigoza-Guerrero. 2006. "Link quality-aware call admission strategy for mobile cellular networks with link adaptation." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 5, no. 9: 2413-2425.
In this letter, recursive formulas for the new call blocking and handoff failure probabilities for Fractional Guard Channel (FGC) policies in cellular networks are derived. The effect of users' mobility on the maximum system capacity achieved with the Guard Channel (GC), the Limited Fractional Guard Channel (LFGC), and the Uniform Fractional Guard Channel (UFGC) strategies is then evaluated. Results show that maximum system capacity decreases exponentially as the mean cell dwell time decreases and that the relative capacity gain of each scheme depends on the mean cell dwell time. It was also found that LFGC outperforms GC and UFGC under any mobility condition.
J. Vazquez-Avila; F.A.C. Cruz-Perez; L. Ortigoza-Guerrero. Performance analysis of fractional guard channel policies in mobile cellular networks. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 2006, 5, 301 -305.
AMA StyleJ. Vazquez-Avila, F.A.C. Cruz-Perez, L. Ortigoza-Guerrero. Performance analysis of fractional guard channel policies in mobile cellular networks. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications. 2006; 5 (2):301-305.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. Vazquez-Avila; F.A.C. Cruz-Perez; L. Ortigoza-Guerrero. 2006. "Performance analysis of fractional guard channel policies in mobile cellular networks." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 5, no. 2: 301-305.
In this paper, call admission and code allocation schemes are proposed to provide service differentiation in the forward link of wideband code-division multiple-access (WCDMA) systems. In particular, this paper proposes multiple leaf code reservation (MLCR) schemes, where different numbers of orthogonal variable spreading factor (OVSF) leaf codes (i.e., codes of the lowest layer of the OVSF code tree) are reserved to differentiate users with different bandwidth requirements. Leaf codes are only reserved for as long as the call admission process lasts. Once the decision of whether a new request is admitted or not has been made, a Code Dereservation procedure is carried out to increase flexibility in the code assignment phase. The performance of these MLCR strategies with/without code reassignments is then evaluated. Analysis shows that MLCR schemes are also useful in improving fair access among different traffic classes. In addition, perfect fair access among requests with different data rates can be achieved when code reassignments are jointly employed with the proposed OVSF-code reservation schemes.
F.A. Cruz-Perez; J.L. Vazquez-Avila; A. Seguin-Jimenez; L. Ortigoza-Guerrero. Call admission and code allocation strategies for WCDMA systems with multirate traffic. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 2005, 24, 26 -35.
AMA StyleF.A. Cruz-Perez, J.L. Vazquez-Avila, A. Seguin-Jimenez, L. Ortigoza-Guerrero. Call admission and code allocation strategies for WCDMA systems with multirate traffic. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. 2005; 24 (1):26-35.
Chicago/Turabian StyleF.A. Cruz-Perez; J.L. Vazquez-Avila; A. Seguin-Jimenez; L. Ortigoza-Guerrero. 2005. "Call admission and code allocation strategies for WCDMA systems with multirate traffic." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 24, no. 1: 26-35.
Jose Luis Vazquez-Avila; Felipe A. Cruz-Perez; Lauro Ortigoza-Guerrero. Synergy between admission control and link adaptation in integrated voice/data cellular networks. IEEE 60th Vehicular Technology Conference, 2004. VTC2004-Fall. 2004 2005, 1 .
AMA StyleJose Luis Vazquez-Avila, Felipe A. Cruz-Perez, Lauro Ortigoza-Guerrero. Synergy between admission control and link adaptation in integrated voice/data cellular networks. IEEE 60th Vehicular Technology Conference, 2004. VTC2004-Fall. 2004. 2005; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJose Luis Vazquez-Avila; Felipe A. Cruz-Perez; Lauro Ortigoza-Guerrero. 2005. "Synergy between admission control and link adaptation in integrated voice/data cellular networks." IEEE 60th Vehicular Technology Conference, 2004. VTC2004-Fall. 2004 , no. : 1.
Jose Luis Vazquez-Avila; F.A. Cruz-Porez; L. Ortigoza-Guerrero. Performance comparison of fractional guard channel policies in mobile cellular networks. 2004 IEEE 15th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8754) 2005, 1 .
AMA StyleJose Luis Vazquez-Avila, F.A. Cruz-Porez, L. Ortigoza-Guerrero. Performance comparison of fractional guard channel policies in mobile cellular networks. 2004 IEEE 15th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8754). 2005; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJose Luis Vazquez-Avila; F.A. Cruz-Porez; L. Ortigoza-Guerrero. 2005. "Performance comparison of fractional guard channel policies in mobile cellular networks." 2004 IEEE 15th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8754) , no. : 1.
In this paper, the system level performance (teletraffic analysis) of a GSM/GPRS network where speech and data services coexist is analytically evaluated. In our work, link adaptation for both speech and data services, is considered in the system capacity assessment. For speech service, half- and full-rate vocoders are considered in the analysis. For data services, only those coding schemes that are currently used in practical GPRS systems are used in our analysis: CS-1 and CS-2. Also, a link quality-aware triple threshold reservation (LQA TTR) scheme is proposed. In LQA TTR, preference is given to data users on the good quality zone (CS2) because, on average, they require less time to be served relative to data users on the bad quality zone (CS-1). Numerical results show that the proposed LQA TTR scheme effectively reduces call blocking probabilities relative to the conventional multiple channel reservation strategy.
J.L. Vazquez-Avila; F.A. Cruz-Perez; L. Ortigoza-Guerrero. Link quality-aware cut-off prioritisation strategy for GSM/GPRS networks with link adaptation. 2003 IEEE 58th Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC 2003-Fall (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37484) 2003, 5, 3420 -3424 Vol.5.
AMA StyleJ.L. Vazquez-Avila, F.A. Cruz-Perez, L. Ortigoza-Guerrero. Link quality-aware cut-off prioritisation strategy for GSM/GPRS networks with link adaptation. 2003 IEEE 58th Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC 2003-Fall (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37484). 2003; 5 ():3420-3424 Vol.5.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ.L. Vazquez-Avila; F.A. Cruz-Perez; L. Ortigoza-Guerrero. 2003. "Link quality-aware cut-off prioritisation strategy for GSM/GPRS networks with link adaptation." 2003 IEEE 58th Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC 2003-Fall (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37484) 5, no. : 3420-3424 Vol.5.