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Climate change adaptation strategies are needed for agriculture, one of the most vulnerable human activities. In Navarre, North of Spain, ongoing adaptive management practices were identified and promoted in the framework of a regional adaptation strategy. Most include practices aiming to increase topsoil organic carbon (SOC) in agricultural land. In this work, the effectiveness of these practices (conservation agriculture, crop rotations, additions of organic matter, irrigation, and controlled grazing management) was assessed by means of monitoring SOC in a network of 159 agricultural fields across the region. These fields were selected across bioclimatic zones, where soil vulnerabilities and land-uses were previously assessed, to represent the most widespread conditions in the region. A sampling protocol designed to compare SOC stocks in plots with equal soil conditions within each zone, and with or without adaptive practices, allowed the determination of their effect size (measured as response ratios, RR). Exogenous organic matter addition was the most effective practice for SOC storage (RR 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.25–1.37]) across the region. Controlled grazing also resulted in net SOC gains (RR CI [1.13–1.42]) in temperate and semiarid grasslands. Conservation agriculture seemed to be more effective in the driest zone (RR CI [1.30–1.53]) than in the more humid ones (RR CI [0.98–1.21]). Irrigation also displayed a net positive effect (RR CI [1.17–1.34]), modulated by irrigated crop management, whereas crop rotations had an overall negative impact vs. monoculture (RR CI [0.84–0.96]), likely by their interaction with irrigation. These results confirm the variability in SOC responses to changes in management, and SOC as an indicator for assessing regional adaptation practices, although other biophysical, agronomic, and socio-economic factors also need to be accounted for.
Rodrigo Antón; Francisco Javier Arricibita; Alberto Ruiz-Sagaseta; Alberto Enrique; Isabel de Soto; Luis Orcaray; Armelle Zaragüeta; Iñigo Virto. Soil organic carbon monitoring to assess agricultural climate change adaptation practices in Navarre, Spain. Regional Environmental Change 2021, 21, 1 -15.
AMA StyleRodrigo Antón, Francisco Javier Arricibita, Alberto Ruiz-Sagaseta, Alberto Enrique, Isabel de Soto, Luis Orcaray, Armelle Zaragüeta, Iñigo Virto. Soil organic carbon monitoring to assess agricultural climate change adaptation practices in Navarre, Spain. Regional Environmental Change. 2021; 21 (3):1-15.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodrigo Antón; Francisco Javier Arricibita; Alberto Ruiz-Sagaseta; Alberto Enrique; Isabel de Soto; Luis Orcaray; Armelle Zaragüeta; Iñigo Virto. 2021. "Soil organic carbon monitoring to assess agricultural climate change adaptation practices in Navarre, Spain." Regional Environmental Change 21, no. 3: 1-15.
Sewage sludge (SS) can be used as an organic amendment in agricultural soils, provided they comply with the relevant legislation. This use can incorporate traces of metals into the soil, which can cause environmental or human health problems. In the study period between 1992 and 2018 (26 years), it was observed that the use of SS as an organic fertilizer significantly increased the total concentration of Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni and Hg of this study between 55.6% (Hg) and 7.0% (Ni). The concentration of Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni and Cd extracted with DTPA, also increased between 122.2% (Zn) and 11.3% (Cd). In contrast, the Mn concentrations extracted with Diethylene Triamine Pentaacetic Acid (DTPA)were 6.5% higher in the treatments without SS. These changes in the soil had an impact on the crop, which showed a significant increase in the concentration of Zn, Cu and Cr in the grain, between 15.0% (Cr) and 4.4% (Cu), and a decrease in the concentration of Mn, Cr and Ni in the barley straw when SS was added to the soil between 32.2% (Mn) and 29.6% (Ni). However, the limits established by current legislation on soil protection and food were not exceeded. This limited transfer to the crop, is likely due to the high content of carbonates and organic matter in the soil, which limit the bioavailability of most of the trace metals (TM) in the soil. As a conclusion, we observe that the use of SS as an organic amendment increased the concentration of some TM in the soil, in its bioavailable forms, and in the crop.
Armelle Zaragüeta; Alberto Enrique; Iñigo Virto; Rodrigo Antón; Henar Urmeneta; Luis Orcaray. Effect of the Long-Term Application of Sewage Sludge to A Calcareous Soil on Its Total and Bioavailable Content in Trace Elements, and Their Transfer to the Crop. Minerals 2021, 11, 356 .
AMA StyleArmelle Zaragüeta, Alberto Enrique, Iñigo Virto, Rodrigo Antón, Henar Urmeneta, Luis Orcaray. Effect of the Long-Term Application of Sewage Sludge to A Calcareous Soil on Its Total and Bioavailable Content in Trace Elements, and Their Transfer to the Crop. Minerals. 2021; 11 (4):356.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArmelle Zaragüeta; Alberto Enrique; Iñigo Virto; Rodrigo Antón; Henar Urmeneta; Luis Orcaray. 2021. "Effect of the Long-Term Application of Sewage Sludge to A Calcareous Soil on Its Total and Bioavailable Content in Trace Elements, and Their Transfer to the Crop." Minerals 11, no. 4: 356.