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In this publication, novel bio-based composites made of epoxidized natural rubber with 50 mol% of epoxidation (ENR-50) are presented. The obtained materials, partially cured with a totally environmentally friendly crosslinking system consisting of natural ingredients, including quercetin and silica, exhibit a self-healing ability resulting from the self-adhesion of ENR-50 and reversible physical forces between the curing agent and the matrix. The impact of natural components on the crosslinking effect in uncured ENR-50 matrix was analyzed based on rheometric measurements, mechanical tests and crosslinking density. The partially crosslinked samples were next cut into two separate pieces, which were instantly contacted together under a small manual press, left at room temperature for a few days for the healing process to occur and finally retested. The healing efficiency was estimated by measuring mechanical properties before and after the healing process and was also confirmed by photos taken using optical and scanning electron microscope (SEM). According to the results, a combination of silica and quercetin is a totally safe, natural and effective crosslinking system dedicated to epoxidized natural rubber. The novel composites containing ingredients safe for human beings exhibit promising self-healing properties with a healing efficiency of up to 45% without any external stimuli and stand a chance of becoming innovative biomedical materials.
Olga Olejnik; Anna Masek; Małgorzata Szynkowska-Jóźwik. Self-Healable Biocomposites Crosslinked with a Combination of Silica and Quercetin. Materials 2021, 14, 4028 .
AMA StyleOlga Olejnik, Anna Masek, Małgorzata Szynkowska-Jóźwik. Self-Healable Biocomposites Crosslinked with a Combination of Silica and Quercetin. Materials. 2021; 14 (14):4028.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOlga Olejnik; Anna Masek; Małgorzata Szynkowska-Jóźwik. 2021. "Self-Healable Biocomposites Crosslinked with a Combination of Silica and Quercetin." Materials 14, no. 14: 4028.
The aim of this study is to present the possible influence of natural substances on the aging properties of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) eco-friendly elastic blends. Therefore, the ENR/PLA blends were filled with natural pro-health substances of potentially antioxidative behavior, namely, δ-tocopherol (vitamin E), curcumin, β-carotene and quercetin. In this way, the material biodeterioration potential was maintained and the material’s lifespan was prolonged while subjected to increased temperatures or high-energy UVA irradiation (340 nm). The investigation of the samples’ properties indicated that curcumin and quercetin are the most promising natural additives that may contribute to the delay of ENR/PLA degradation under the above-mentioned conditions. The efficiency of the proposed new natural anti-aging additives was proven with static mechanical analysis, color change investigation, as well as mass loss during a certain aging. The aging coefficient, which compares the mechanical properties before and after the aging process, indicated that the ENR/PLA performance after 200 h of accelerated aging might decrease only by approximately 30% with the blend loaded with quercetin. This finding paves new opportunities for bio-based and green anti-aging systems employed in polymer technology.
Anna Masek; Stefan Cichosz. Biocomposites of Epoxidized Natural Rubber/Poly(Lactic Acid) Modified with Natural Substances: Influence of Biomolecules on the Aging Properties (Part II). Polymers 2021, 13, 1677 .
AMA StyleAnna Masek, Stefan Cichosz. Biocomposites of Epoxidized Natural Rubber/Poly(Lactic Acid) Modified with Natural Substances: Influence of Biomolecules on the Aging Properties (Part II). Polymers. 2021; 13 (11):1677.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnna Masek; Stefan Cichosz. 2021. "Biocomposites of Epoxidized Natural Rubber/Poly(Lactic Acid) Modified with Natural Substances: Influence of Biomolecules on the Aging Properties (Part II)." Polymers 13, no. 11: 1677.
Biomaterials prepared based on raw plant materials are becoming more and more popular due to their specific properties and environmental friendliness. Naringenin is a flavonoid naturally occurring in citrus fruit with antioxidant and pharmacological activity. Polymeric materials based on flavonoids may have favorable properties in comparison to monomeric polyphenols, such as stronger antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. One of the methods of obtaining the polymeric form of flavonoids is polymerization with a cross-linking compound. This method has already been used to obtain poly(quercetin) and poly(rutin) from a flavonol group as well as poly(catechin) from the flavan-3-ol group of flavonoids. However, to date, no polymeric forms of flavanones have been prepared in a cross-linking reaction; the aim of this study was to obtain poly(naringenin) by reaction with a cross-linking compound using glycerol diglycide ether GDE. The degree of conversion of naringenin to poly(naringenin) determined by FTIR spectroscopy was 85%. In addition, the thermal, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of poly(naringenin) were analyzed. Poly(naringenin) was characterized by greater resistance to oxidation and better thermal stability than monomeric naringenin. Moreover, polymeric naringenin also had a better ability to scavenge ABTS and DPPH free-radicals. In contrast to monomeric form, poly(naringenin) had antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans. Polymeric biomaterial based on naringenin could potentially be used as a natural stabilizer and antimicrobial additive for polymer compositions, as well as pro-ecological materials.
Malgorzata Latos-Brozio; Anna Masek; Małgorzata Piotrowska. Novel Polymeric Biomaterial Based on Naringenin. Materials 2021, 14, 2142 .
AMA StyleMalgorzata Latos-Brozio, Anna Masek, Małgorzata Piotrowska. Novel Polymeric Biomaterial Based on Naringenin. Materials. 2021; 14 (9):2142.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalgorzata Latos-Brozio; Anna Masek; Małgorzata Piotrowska. 2021. "Novel Polymeric Biomaterial Based on Naringenin." Materials 14, no. 9: 2142.
Over the past 25 years, cannabis plants have gained major popularity in the research community. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant capacity and stabilization efficiency of cannabidiol (CBD) extract in two different polymers: polylactide (PLA) and ethylene–norbornene copolymer (Topas) that are used in packaging materials more often. The research technology included weathering in a special chamber, surface free energy and color change measurements, surface morphology and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, thermogravimetry, and determination of the oxidation induction time or temperature (OIT) values, based on which the effectiveness of the cannabidiol extract could be estimated. Obtained results showed that the addition of CBD to polymer mixtures significantly increased their resistance to oxidation, and it can be used as a natural stabilizer for polymeric products. Moreover, samples with cannabidiol changed their coloration as a result of weathering. Therefore, this natural additive can also be considered as a colorimetric indicator of aging that informs about the changes in polymeric materials during their lifetime. On the other hand, surface properties of samples with cannabidiol content did not alter much compared to pure Topas and PLA.
Angelika Plota; Anna Masek. Plant-Origin Stabilizer as an Alternative of Natural Additive to Polymers Used in Packaging Materials. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2021, 22, 4012 .
AMA StyleAngelika Plota, Anna Masek. Plant-Origin Stabilizer as an Alternative of Natural Additive to Polymers Used in Packaging Materials. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22 (8):4012.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAngelika Plota; Anna Masek. 2021. "Plant-Origin Stabilizer as an Alternative of Natural Additive to Polymers Used in Packaging Materials." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 8: 4012.
In the field of polymer technology, a variety of mainly synthetic additives are used to stabilize the materials during processing. However, natural compounds of plant origin can be a green alternative to chemicals such as synthetic polyphenols. An analysis of the effect of hesperidin on the aging behavior of ethylene-norbornene copolymer was performed. The evaluation of changes in the tested samples was possible by applying the following tests: determination of the surface energy and OIT values, mechanical properties analysis, colour change measurements, FT-IR and TGA analyses. The obtained results proved that hesperidin can be effectively used as natural stabilizer for polymers. Furthermore, as a result of this compound addition to Topas-silica composites, their surface and physico-mechanical properties have been improved and the resistance to aging significantly increased. Additionally, hesperidin can act as a dye or colour indicator and only few scientific reports describe a possibility of using flavonoids to detect changes in products during their service life, e.g., in food packaging. In the available literature, there is no information about the potential use of hesperidin as a stabilizer for cycloolefin copolymers. Therefore, this approach may contribute not only to the current state of knowledge, but also presents an eco-friendly solution that can be a good alternative to synthetic stabilizers.
Anna Masek; Angelika Plota. Influence of a Natural Plant Antioxidant on the Ageing Process of Ethylene-norbornene Copolymer (Topas). International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2021, 22, 4018 .
AMA StyleAnna Masek, Angelika Plota. Influence of a Natural Plant Antioxidant on the Ageing Process of Ethylene-norbornene Copolymer (Topas). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22 (8):4018.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnna Masek; Angelika Plota. 2021. "Influence of a Natural Plant Antioxidant on the Ageing Process of Ethylene-norbornene Copolymer (Topas)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 8: 4018.
The study aimed to prepare sustainable and degradable elastic blends of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) that were reinforced with flax fiber (FF) and montmorillonite (MMT), simultaneously filling the gap in the literature regarding the PLA-containing polymer blends filled with natural additives. The performed study reveals that FF incorporation into ENR/PLA blend may cause a significant improvement in tensile strength from (10 ± 1) MPa for the reference material to (19 ± 2) MPa for the fibers-filled blend. Additionally, it was found that MMT employment in the role of the filler might contribute to ENR/PLA plasticization and considerably promote the blend elongation up to 600%. This proves the successful creation of the unique and eco-friendly PLA-containing polymer blend exhibiting high elasticity. Moreover, thanks to the performed accelerated thermo-oxidative and ultraviolet (UV) aging, it was established that MMT incorporation may delay the degradation of ENR/PLA blends under the abovementioned conditions. Additionally, mold tests revealed that plant-derived fiber addition might highly enhance the ENR/PLA blend’s biodeterioration potential enabling faster and more efficient growth of microorganisms. Therefore, materials presented in this research may become competitive and eco-friendly alternatives to commonly utilized petro-based polymeric products.
Anna Masek; Stefan Cichosz; Małgorzata Piotrowska. Biocomposites of Epoxidized Natural Rubber/Poly(lactic acid) Modified with Natural Fillers (Part I). International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2021, 22, 3150 .
AMA StyleAnna Masek, Stefan Cichosz, Małgorzata Piotrowska. Biocomposites of Epoxidized Natural Rubber/Poly(lactic acid) Modified with Natural Fillers (Part I). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22 (6):3150.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnna Masek; Stefan Cichosz; Małgorzata Piotrowska. 2021. "Biocomposites of Epoxidized Natural Rubber/Poly(lactic acid) Modified with Natural Fillers (Part I)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 6: 3150.
This article reviews the use of fluids under supercritical conditions in processes related to the modern and innovative polymer industry. The most important processes using supercritical fluids are: extraction, particle formation, micronization, encapsulation, impregnation, polymerization and foaming. This review article briefly describes and characterizes the individual processes, with a focus on extraction, micronization, particle formation and encapsulation. The methods mentioned focus on modifications in the scope of conducting processes in a more ecological manner and showing higher quality efficiency. Nowadays, due to the growing trend of ecological solutions in the chemical industry, we see more and more advanced technological solutions. Less toxic fluids under supercritical conditions can be used as an ecological alternative to organic solvents widely used in the polymer industry. The use of supercritical conditions to conduct these processes creates new opportunities for obtaining materials and products with specialized applications, in particular in the medical, pharmacological, cosmetic and food industries, based on substances of natural sources. The considerations contained in this article are intended to increase the awareness of the need to change the existing techniques. In particular, the importance of using supercritical fluids in more industrial methods and for the development of already known processes, as well as creating new solutions with their use, should be emphasized.
Karol Tutek; Anna Masek; Anna Kosmalska; Stefan Cichosz. Application of Fluids in Supercritical Conditions in the Polymer Industry. Polymers 2021, 13, 729 .
AMA StyleKarol Tutek, Anna Masek, Anna Kosmalska, Stefan Cichosz. Application of Fluids in Supercritical Conditions in the Polymer Industry. Polymers. 2021; 13 (5):729.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarol Tutek; Anna Masek; Anna Kosmalska; Stefan Cichosz. 2021. "Application of Fluids in Supercritical Conditions in the Polymer Industry." Polymers 13, no. 5: 729.
This work considers the application of eco-friendly, biodegradable materials based on polylactide (PLA) and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), instead of conventional polymeric materials, in order to prevent further environmental endangerment by accumulation of synthetic petro-materials. This new approach to the topic is focused on analyzing the processing properties of blends without incorporating any additives that could have a harmful impact on human organisms, including the endocrine system. The main aim of the research was to find the best PLA/PHB ratio to obtain materials with desirable mechanical, processing and application properties. Therefore, two-component polymer blends were prepared by mixing different mass ratios of PLA and PHB (100/0, 50/10, 50/20, 40/30, 50/50, 30/40, 20/50, 10/50 and 0/100 mass ratio) using an extrusion process. The prepared blends were analyzed in terms of thermal and mechanical properties as well as miscibility and surface characteristics. Taking into account the test results, the PLA/PHB blend with a 50/10 ratio turned out to be most suitable in terms of mechanical and processing properties. This blend has the potential to become a bio-based and simultaneously biodegradable material safe for human health dedicated for the packaging industry.
Olga Olejnik; Anna Masek; Jakub Zawadziłło. Processability and Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic Polylactide/Polyhydroxybutyrate (PLA/PHB) Bioblends. Materials 2021, 14, 898 .
AMA StyleOlga Olejnik, Anna Masek, Jakub Zawadziłło. Processability and Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic Polylactide/Polyhydroxybutyrate (PLA/PHB) Bioblends. Materials. 2021; 14 (4):898.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOlga Olejnik; Anna Masek; Jakub Zawadziłło. 2021. "Processability and Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic Polylactide/Polyhydroxybutyrate (PLA/PHB) Bioblends." Materials 14, no. 4: 898.
Few scientific reports have suggested the possibility of using natural phenolic acids as functional substances, such as stabilizers for polymeric materials. The replacement of commercial stabilizers in the polymer industry can be beneficial to human health and the environment. The aim of this study was to obtain biodegradable composition of polylactide (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) with natural amber (succinic) acid. The materials were subjected to controlled thermooxidation and solar aging. The research methodology included thermal analysis, examination of surface energy, mechanical properties and spectrophotometric analysis of the color change after aging. The samples of aliphatic polyesters containing from 1 to 2 parts by weight of succinic acid were characterized by increased resistance to oxidation (DSC analysis). Natural acid, preferably at a concentration of 1–1.5 parts by weight, acted as a stabilizer in the polymer compositions. On the other hand, materials that had amber acid above 2 parts by weight added were more susceptible to oxidation (DSC). They also showed the lowest aging coefficients (K). The addition of acid at 2.5–4 parts by weight caused a pro-oxidative effect and accelerated aging. By adding amber acid to PLA and PHA, it is possible to design their time in service and their overall lifetime.
Malgorzata Latos-Brozio; Anna Masek. Environmentally Friendly Polymer Compositions with Natural Amber Acid. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2021, 22, 1556 .
AMA StyleMalgorzata Latos-Brozio, Anna Masek. Environmentally Friendly Polymer Compositions with Natural Amber Acid. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22 (4):1556.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalgorzata Latos-Brozio; Anna Masek. 2021. "Environmentally Friendly Polymer Compositions with Natural Amber Acid." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4: 1556.
(+)-Catechin is a flavonoid with valuable antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, found in significant amounts in green tea leaves. Polymeric forms of catechin have been obtained by enzymatic reaction, photopolymerization, and polycondensation in designed processes. However, so far, poly(catechin) has not been received in the cross-linking reaction. Reactions with the cross-linking compound allowed for the preparation of antibacterial and antioxidant materials based on quercetin and rutin. The aim of the research was to obtain, for the first time, poly(catechin) by reaction with glycerol diglycide ether cross-linking compound. The polymeric form of (+)-catechin was confirmed using FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. In addition, thermal analysis (TG and DSC) of the polymeric catechin was performed. The antioxidant and antibacterial activity of poly (flavonoid) was also analyzed. Poly(catechin) was characterized by greater resistance to oxidation, better thermal stability and the ability to reduce transition metal ions than (+)-catechin. In addition, the polymeric catechin had an antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus stronger than the monomer, and an antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger comparable to that of (+)-catechin. The material made on the basis of (+)-catechin can potentially be used as a pro-ecological stabilizer and functional additive, e.g., for polymeric materials as well as dressing materials in medicine.
Malgorzata Latos-Brozio; Anna Masek; Małgorzata Piotrowska. Thermally Stable and Antimicrobial Active Poly(Catechin) Obtained by Reaction with a Cross-Linking Agent. Biomolecules 2020, 11, 50 .
AMA StyleMalgorzata Latos-Brozio, Anna Masek, Małgorzata Piotrowska. Thermally Stable and Antimicrobial Active Poly(Catechin) Obtained by Reaction with a Cross-Linking Agent. Biomolecules. 2020; 11 (1):50.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalgorzata Latos-Brozio; Anna Masek; Małgorzata Piotrowska. 2020. "Thermally Stable and Antimicrobial Active Poly(Catechin) Obtained by Reaction with a Cross-Linking Agent." Biomolecules 11, no. 1: 50.
The aim of the research was to obtain intelligent and eco-friendly packaging materials by incorporating innovative additives of plant origin. For this purpose, natural substances, including green tea extract (polyphenon 60) and caffeic acid, were added to two types of biodegradable thermoplastics (Ingeo™ Biopolymer PLA 4043D and Bioplast GS 2189). The main techniques used to assess the impact of phytocompounds on materials’ thermal properties were differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TGA), which confirmed the improved resistance to thermo-oxidation. Moreover, in order to assess the activity of applied antioxidants, the samples were aged using a UV aging chamber and a weathering device, then retested in terms of dynamic mechanical properties (DMA), colour changing, Vicat softening temperature, and chemical structure, as studied using FT-IR spectra analysis. The results revealed that different types of aging did not cause significant differences in thermo-mechanical properties and chemical structure of the samples with natural antioxidants but induced colour changing. The obtained results indicate that polylactide (PLA) and Bioplast GS 2189, the plasticizer free thermoplastic biomaterial containing polylactide and starch (referred to as sPLA in the present article), both with added caffeic acid and green tea extract, can be applied as smart and eco-friendly packaging materials. The composites reveal better thermo-oxidative stability with reference to pure materials and are able to change colour as a result of the oxidation process, especially after UV exposure, providing information about the degree of material degradation.
Olga Olejnik; Anna Masek. Bio-Based Packaging Materials Containing Substances Derived from Coffee and Tea Plants. Materials 2020, 13, 5719 .
AMA StyleOlga Olejnik, Anna Masek. Bio-Based Packaging Materials Containing Substances Derived from Coffee and Tea Plants. Materials. 2020; 13 (24):5719.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOlga Olejnik; Anna Masek. 2020. "Bio-Based Packaging Materials Containing Substances Derived from Coffee and Tea Plants." Materials 13, no. 24: 5719.
The following article is the presentation attempt of cellulose hybrid chemical modification approach as a useful tool in improving the mechanical properties of plant fiber-filled polymer materials. The treatment process is a prolonged method of the cellulose maleinization and consists of two steps: 1. solvent exchange (altering fiber structure); 2. maleic anhydride (MA) chemical grafting (surface modification). Thanks to the incorporated treatment method, the created ethylene–norbornene copolymer composite specimen exhibited an improved performance, tensile strength at the level of (38.8 ± 0.8) MPa and (510 ± 20)% elongation at break, which is higher than for neat polymer matrix and could not be achieved in the case of regular MA treatment. Moreover, both the Payne effect and filler efficiency factor indicate a possibility of the fiber reinforcing nature that is not a common result. Additionally, the polymer matrix employed in this research is widely known for its excellent resistance to aqueous and polar organic media, good biocompatibility, and the ability to reproduce fine structures which makes it an interesting material regarding healthcare applications. Therefore, plant fiber-based polymer materials described in this research might be potentially applied in this area, e.g., medical devices, drug delivery, wearables, pharmaceutical blisters, and trays.
Stefan Cichosz; Anna Masek; Adam Rylski. Cellulose Modification for Improved Compatibility with the Polymer Matrix: Mechanical Characterization of the Composite Material. Materials 2020, 13, 5519 .
AMA StyleStefan Cichosz, Anna Masek, Adam Rylski. Cellulose Modification for Improved Compatibility with the Polymer Matrix: Mechanical Characterization of the Composite Material. Materials. 2020; 13 (23):5519.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefan Cichosz; Anna Masek; Adam Rylski. 2020. "Cellulose Modification for Improved Compatibility with the Polymer Matrix: Mechanical Characterization of the Composite Material." Materials 13, no. 23: 5519.
Plant polyphenols are becoming more and more popular due to their strong antiaging properties. The best researched and largest group of polyphenols are flavonoids. Flavonoids have high antioxidant and pharmacological activities and these properties are closely related to their structure. Certain structural elements of these compounds condition their properties and improve or degrade the activities. As a result of the polymerization of flavonoids, macromolecular compounds showing more favorable properties, such as, for example, bactericidal and antioxidant activity, can be obtained. The aim of this study is to polymerize selected flavonoids (quercetin and rutin) in reaction with a crosslinking compound. Glycerol diglycdyl ether (GDE) causes the crosslinking of quercetin or rutin monomers and the formation of polymeric structures. The study analyzed the thermal stability of monomeric and polymeric flavonoids and their antioxidant activity. Poly(flavonoids) showed greater resistance to oxidation than their monomeric forms. Moreover, poly(quercetin) and poly(rutin) have a greater ability to reduce transition metal ions. Polymeric forms of quercetin and rutin can potentially be effective stabilizers, e.g., for polymeric materials.
Malgorzata Latos-Brozio; Anna Masek. Polymeric Flavonoids Obtained by Crosslinking Reaction. Proceedings of The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials 2020 2020, 69, 27 .
AMA StyleMalgorzata Latos-Brozio, Anna Masek. Polymeric Flavonoids Obtained by Crosslinking Reaction. Proceedings of The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials 2020. 2020; 69 (1):27.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalgorzata Latos-Brozio; Anna Masek. 2020. "Polymeric Flavonoids Obtained by Crosslinking Reaction." Proceedings of The First International Conference on “Green” Polymer Materials 2020 69, no. 1: 27.
The following article is the first attempt to investigate the supramolecular structure of cellulose with the varied moisture content by the means of Fourier-transform and near infrared spectroscopy techniques. Moreover, authors aimed at the detailed and precise presentation of IR spectra interpretation approach in order to create a reliable guideline for other researchers. On the basis of obtained data, factors indicating biopolymer crystallinity and development of hydrogen interactions were calculated and the peaks representing hydrogen bonding (7500–6000 cm−1, 3700–3000 cm−1, and 1750–1550 cm−1) were resolved using the Gaussian distribution function. Then, the deconvoluted signals have been assigned to the specific interactions occurring at the supramolecular level and the hydrogen bond length, as well bonding-energy were established. Furthermore, not only was the water molecules adsorption observed, but also the possibility of the 3OH⋯O5 intramolecular hydrogen bond shortening in the wet state was found-from (27,786 ± 2) 10−5 nm to (27,770 ± 5) 10−5 nm. Additionally, it was proposed that some deconvoluted signals from the region of 3000–2750 cm−1 might be assigned to the hydroxyl group-incorporated hydrogen bonding, which is, undoubtedly, a scientific novelty as the peak was not resolved before.
Stefan Cichosz; Anna Masek. IR Study on Cellulose with the Varied Moisture Contents: Insight into the Supramolecular Structure. Materials 2020, 13, 4573 .
AMA StyleStefan Cichosz, Anna Masek. IR Study on Cellulose with the Varied Moisture Contents: Insight into the Supramolecular Structure. Materials. 2020; 13 (20):4573.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefan Cichosz; Anna Masek. 2020. "IR Study on Cellulose with the Varied Moisture Contents: Insight into the Supramolecular Structure." Materials 13, no. 20: 4573.
The determination of the secure working life of polymeric materials is essential for their successful application in the packaging, medicine, engineering and consumer goods industries. An understanding of the chemical and physical changes in the structure of different polymers when exposed to long-term external factors (e.g., heat, ozone, oxygen, UV radiation, light radiation, chemical substances, water vapour) has provided a model for examining their ultimate lifetime by not only stabilization of the polymer, but also accelerating the degradation reactions. This paper presents an overview of the latest accounts on the impact of the most common environmental factors on the degradation processes of polymeric materials, and some examples of shelf life of rubber products are given. Additionally, the methods of lifetime prediction of degradable polymers using accelerated ageing tests and methods for extrapolation of data from induced thermal degradation are described: the Arrhenius model, time–temperature superposition (TTSP), the Williams–Landel–Ferry (WLF) model and 5 isoconversional approaches: Friedman’s, Ozawa–Flynn–Wall (OFW), the OFW method corrected by N. Sbirrazzuoli et al., the Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) algorithm, and the advanced isoconversional method by S. Vyazovkin. Examples of applications in recent years are given.
Angelika Plota; Anna Masek. Lifetime Prediction Methods for Degradable Polymeric Materials—A Short Review. Materials 2020, 13, 4507 .
AMA StyleAngelika Plota, Anna Masek. Lifetime Prediction Methods for Degradable Polymeric Materials—A Short Review. Materials. 2020; 13 (20):4507.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAngelika Plota; Anna Masek. 2020. "Lifetime Prediction Methods for Degradable Polymeric Materials—A Short Review." Materials 13, no. 20: 4507.
Compounds of plant origin are used with polymers as functional additives. However, these substances often have biological (antimicrobial) activity. The bactericidal and fungicidal properties of natural additives can affect the composting process of biodegradable polymers. The scientific novelty of the manuscript is the investigation of the effect of the addition of herbal antimicrobial functional substances on the composting process of green polymers. The aim of the study is to analyze composting processes of biodegradable polymers polylactide (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) containing β-carotene, juglone, morin, and curcumin. As part of the research, six-month composting of materials was performed. At time intervals of one month, the weight loss of samples, surface energy, colour change, mechanical properties, and carbonyl indices (based on FTIR spectroscopy) of composted materials were examined. The research results showed that the addition of selected plant substances slightly slowed down the process of polymer composting. Slower degradation of samples with plant additives was confirmed by the results of mechanical strength tests and the analysis of changes in carbonyl index (CI). The CI analysis showed that PLA and PHA containing a natural additive degrade a month later than reference samples. However, PLA and PHA polyesters with β-carotene, juglone, morin, and curcumin were still very biodegradable.
Malgorzata Latos-Brozio; Anna Masek. The Effect of Natural Additives on the Composting Properties of Aliphatic Polyesters. Polymers 2020, 12, 1856 .
AMA StyleMalgorzata Latos-Brozio, Anna Masek. The Effect of Natural Additives on the Composting Properties of Aliphatic Polyesters. Polymers. 2020; 12 (9):1856.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalgorzata Latos-Brozio; Anna Masek. 2020. "The Effect of Natural Additives on the Composting Properties of Aliphatic Polyesters." Polymers 12, no. 9: 1856.
Catechin is a plant polyphenol with valuable antioxidant and health-promoting properties. Polymerization is one way to stabilize flavonoids and may cause changes in their specific properties. The aim of this study is to obtain a polymeric complex catechin compound with high thermal stability. As a result of polymerization, a condensed and cross-linked catechin structure was obtained, which guaranteed high thermal resistance and, moreover, the phosphorus groups added in the second step of polymerization ensured that the compound obtained had thermal stability higher than natural condensed tannins. The first step of self-polymerization of (+)-catechin may be an easy way to obtain proanthocyanidins with greater antioxidant activity. The second step of the polymerization obtained a polymeric complex catechin compound that showed better thermal stability than catechin. This compound can potentially be used as a new pro-ecological thermal stabilizer.
Malgorzata Latos-Brozio; Anna Masek. Natural Polymeric Compound Based on High Thermal Stability Catechin from Green Tea. Biomolecules 2020, 10, 1191 .
AMA StyleMalgorzata Latos-Brozio, Anna Masek. Natural Polymeric Compound Based on High Thermal Stability Catechin from Green Tea. Biomolecules. 2020; 10 (8):1191.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalgorzata Latos-Brozio; Anna Masek. 2020. "Natural Polymeric Compound Based on High Thermal Stability Catechin from Green Tea." Biomolecules 10, no. 8: 1191.
The following article debates on the properties of cellulose-filled ethylene-norbornene copolymer (EN) composites. Natural fibers employed in this study have been modified via two different approaches: solvent-involving (S) and newly developed non-solvent (NS). The second type of the treatment is fully eco-friendly and was carried out in the planetary mill without incorporation of any additional, waste-generating substances. Composite samples have been investigated with the use of spectroscopic methods (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), static mechanical analysis, and surface-free energy measurements. It has been proved that the possible filler-polymer matrix interaction changes may occur due to the performed modifications. The highest reinforcement was evidenced for the composite sample filled with cellulose treated via a NS approach—TS = (34 ± 2) MPa, Eb = (380 ± 20)%. Additionally, a surface free energy polar part exhibited a significant increase for the same type of modification. Consequently, this could indicate easier wetting of the material which may contribute to the degradation process enhancement. Successfully developed cellulose-filled ethylene-norbornene copolymer composite compromises the rules of green chemistry and sustainable development by taking an advantage of renewable natural resources. This bio-inspired material may become an eco-friendly alternative for commonly used polymer blends.
Stefan Cichosz; Anna Masek. Superiority of Cellulose Non-Solvent Chemical Modification over Solvent-Involving Treatment: Application in Polymer Composite (part II). Materials 2020, 13, 2901 .
AMA StyleStefan Cichosz, Anna Masek. Superiority of Cellulose Non-Solvent Chemical Modification over Solvent-Involving Treatment: Application in Polymer Composite (part II). Materials. 2020; 13 (13):2901.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefan Cichosz; Anna Masek. 2020. "Superiority of Cellulose Non-Solvent Chemical Modification over Solvent-Involving Treatment: Application in Polymer Composite (part II)." Materials 13, no. 13: 2901.
In the following article, a new approach of cellulose modification, which does not incorporate any solvents (NS), is introduced. It is compared for the first time with the traditional solvent-involving (S) treatment. The analysed non-solvent modification process is carried out in a planetary mill. This provides the opportunity for cellulose mechanical degradation, decreasing its size, simultaneously with ongoing silane coupling agent grafting. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) indicated the possibility of intense cleavage of the glucose rings in the cellulose chains during the mechano-chemical treatment. This effect was proved with dynamic light scattering (DLS) results—the size of the particles decreased. Moreover, according to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) investigation, modified samples exhibited decreased moisture content and a drop in the adsorbed water evaporation temperature. The performed research proved the superiority of the mechano-chemical treatment over regular chemical modification. The one-pot bio-filler modification approach, as a solution fulfilling green chemistry requirements, as well as compromising the sustainable development rules, was presented. Furthermore, this research may contribute significantly to the elimination of toxic solvents from cellulose modification processes.
Stefan Cichosz; Anna Masek. Superiority of Cellulose Non-Solvent Chemical Modification over Solvent-Involving Treatment: Solution for Green Chemistry (Part I). Materials 2020, 13, 2552 .
AMA StyleStefan Cichosz, Anna Masek. Superiority of Cellulose Non-Solvent Chemical Modification over Solvent-Involving Treatment: Solution for Green Chemistry (Part I). Materials. 2020; 13 (11):2552.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefan Cichosz; Anna Masek. 2020. "Superiority of Cellulose Non-Solvent Chemical Modification over Solvent-Involving Treatment: Solution for Green Chemistry (Part I)." Materials 13, no. 11: 2552.
An infusion of green coffee is a commonly consumed beverage, famous for its health-promoting properties. Green coffee owes its properties to the richness of active phytochemicals. The aim of this study was to determine the components of green coffee bean extracts and their properties. The scope of research included gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) spectroscopy; the electrochemical determination of the behavior of green coffee extract; and the determination of antioxidant properties by colorimetric spectroscopic methods (ABTS, DPPH, FRAP and CUPRAC). Water and ethanol extracts from green coffee were characterized by significant antioxidant properties and a high capacity to reduce transition metal ions. Voltammetric tests showed that the solution has good antioxidant properties in view of it contains many polyphenolic compounds that oxidize in the potential range tested.
Anna Masek; Malgorzata Latos-Brozio; Joanna Kałużna-Czaplińska; Angelina Rosiak; Ewa Chrzescijanska. Antioxidant Properties of Green Coffee Extract. Forests 2020, 11, 557 .
AMA StyleAnna Masek, Malgorzata Latos-Brozio, Joanna Kałużna-Czaplińska, Angelina Rosiak, Ewa Chrzescijanska. Antioxidant Properties of Green Coffee Extract. Forests. 2020; 11 (5):557.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnna Masek; Malgorzata Latos-Brozio; Joanna Kałużna-Czaplińska; Angelina Rosiak; Ewa Chrzescijanska. 2020. "Antioxidant Properties of Green Coffee Extract." Forests 11, no. 5: 557.