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Prof. Hamid Arazi
Dep. Exercise Physiology, University of Guilan, Iran

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0 Nutrient Supplements

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Short Biography

Hamid Arazi, Ph.D. is a professor at the University of Guilan (Iran), is specialized in resistance training, nutritional supplements and health. He received a Ph.D degree in exercise physiology, from University of Guilan (Faculty of Sport Sciences), Iran. His research interests involve athlete conditioning, health promotion and strength sports. He has published as author or co-author numerous papers in scope of exercise physiology and sports medicine (athlete performance, ergogenic supplements and health).

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Journal article
Published: 15 June 2021 in Comparative Exercise Physiology
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Evidence suggests that anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse induces adverse effects on cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, it is unclear whether different training methods are effective in reducing these consequences. This study aims to compare the effects of aerobic training (AT), resistance training (RT), and combined training (CT) on CVD risk markers in professional bodybuilders at risk after cessation of AAS abuse. Forty bodybuilders were randomly assigned to one of four groups: control (n=10), AT (n=10), RT (RT, n=10), and CT (n=10) groups. Before and after eight weeks of training, the high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), haematocrit (HCT), homocysteine (HCY), N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and blood pressure (BP) were measured. Significant decreases within groups in HCY and CRP were observed (P<0.05). However, decreases were greater in training groups, and there was a significant difference between control and training groups (P<0.05). Increase in NT-proBNP, and decreases in systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) levels were significant only in training groups (P<0.005). The increase of NT-proBNP was significant in the CT when compared to the RT (P<0.05). The present study found that discontinuing AAS consumption can improve some CVD risk markers in professional bodybuilders, but this effect could be improved if various modalities of training were performed. Accompanying AT with RT was also discovered to have a greater impact on some markers (including NT-proBNP).

ACS Style

S.M.S. Hashemi; H. Arazi. Influence of different training methods on cardiovascular disease risk markers after cessation of anabolic steroids abuse in bodybuilders at risk. Comparative Exercise Physiology 2021, 17, 331 -341.

AMA Style

S.M.S. Hashemi, H. Arazi. Influence of different training methods on cardiovascular disease risk markers after cessation of anabolic steroids abuse in bodybuilders at risk. Comparative Exercise Physiology. 2021; 17 (4):331-341.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S.M.S. Hashemi; H. Arazi. 2021. "Influence of different training methods on cardiovascular disease risk markers after cessation of anabolic steroids abuse in bodybuilders at risk." Comparative Exercise Physiology 17, no. 4: 331-341.

Journal article
Published: 26 May 2021 in Journal of Turkish Sleep Medicine
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ACS Style

Eisa Khaleghi-Mamaghani; Farhad Rahmani-Nia; Hamid Arazi. Evaluation of the Effects of Melatonin Supplementation on the Physical and Physiological Performance Following Total Night Sleep Deprivation in Trained Young Males. Journal of Turkish Sleep Medicine 2021, 8, 151 -158.

AMA Style

Eisa Khaleghi-Mamaghani, Farhad Rahmani-Nia, Hamid Arazi. Evaluation of the Effects of Melatonin Supplementation on the Physical and Physiological Performance Following Total Night Sleep Deprivation in Trained Young Males. Journal of Turkish Sleep Medicine. 2021; 8 (2):151-158.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eisa Khaleghi-Mamaghani; Farhad Rahmani-Nia; Hamid Arazi. 2021. "Evaluation of the Effects of Melatonin Supplementation on the Physical and Physiological Performance Following Total Night Sleep Deprivation in Trained Young Males." Journal of Turkish Sleep Medicine 8, no. 2: 151-158.

Review
Published: 13 May 2021 in Frontiers in Nutrition
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Athletes often seek to use dietary supplements to increase performance during exercise. Among various supplements, much attention has been paid to beetroot in recent years. Beetroot is a source of carbohydrates, fiber, protein, minerals, and vitamins; also, it is a natural source of nitrate and associated with improved sports performance. Nitrates can the modification of skeletal muscle contractile proteins or calcium handling after translation. The time to reach the peak plasma nitrate is between 1 and 3 h after consumption of a single dose of nitrate. Nitrate is metabolized by conversion to nitrite and subsequently nitric oxide. Beetroot can have various effects on athletic performance through nitric oxide. Nitric oxide is an intracellular and extracellular messenger for regulating certain cellular functions and causes vasodilation of blood vessels and increases blood flow. Nitric oxide seems to be effective in improving athletic performance by increasing oxygen, glucose, and other nutrients for better muscle fueling. Nitric oxide plays the main role in anabolic hormones, modulates the release of several neurotransmitters and the major mediators of stress involved in the acute hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response to exercise. Beetroot is an important source of compounds such as ascorbic acid, carotenoids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, betaline, and highly active phenolics and has high antioxidant properties. Beetroot supplement provides an important source of dietary polyphenols and due to the many health benefits. Phytochemicals of Beetroot through signaling pathways inhibit inflammatory diseases. In this study, the mechanisms responsible for these effects were examined and the research in this regard was reviewed.

ACS Style

Hamid Arazi; Ehsan Eghbali. Possible Effects of Beetroot Supplementation on Physical Performance Through Metabolic, Neuroendocrine, and Antioxidant Mechanisms: A Narrative Review of the Literature. Frontiers in Nutrition 2021, 8, 1 .

AMA Style

Hamid Arazi, Ehsan Eghbali. Possible Effects of Beetroot Supplementation on Physical Performance Through Metabolic, Neuroendocrine, and Antioxidant Mechanisms: A Narrative Review of the Literature. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2021; 8 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hamid Arazi; Ehsan Eghbali. 2021. "Possible Effects of Beetroot Supplementation on Physical Performance Through Metabolic, Neuroendocrine, and Antioxidant Mechanisms: A Narrative Review of the Literature." Frontiers in Nutrition 8, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 21 April 2021 in PeerJ
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Background The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 8 weeks resistance training (RT) with two sessions versus four sessions per week under volume load-equated conditions on body composition, maximal strength, and explosive actions performance in recreationally trained men. Methods Thirty-five healthy young men participated in the study and were randomly divided into a two sessions per-week RT (RT2, n = 12), four sessions per-week RT (RT4, n = 13) or a control group (CG, n = 10). All subjects were evaluated for thigh, chest and arm circumference, countermovement jump (CMJ), medicine ball throw (MBT), 1-repetition maximum (1RM) leg press, bench press, arm curl, muscular endurance (i.e., 60% of 1RM to failure) for leg press, and bench press at pre, mid (week 4) and post an 8-week training intervention. Results A two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures (3 [group] × 3 [time]) revealed that both training groups increased chest and thigh circumferences, strength and explosive actions performance tests in comparison to CG following 8 weeks of training (p = 0.01 to 0.04). Group × time interactions were also noted in 1RM bench press (effects size [ES] = 1.07 vs. 0.89) and arm curl (ES = 1.15 vs. 0.89), with greater gains for RT4 than RT2 (p = 0.03). Conclusion RT improved muscle strength, explosive actions performance and markers of muscle size in recreationally trained men; however, four sessions of resistance training per week produced greater gains in muscular strength for the upper body measures (i.e., 1RM bench press and arm curl) when compared to two sessions per week under volume-equated conditions.

ACS Style

Hamid Arazi; Abbas Asadi; Paulo Gentil; Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo; Pooria Jahangiri; Adel Ghorbani; Anthony C. Hackney; Hassane Zouhal. Effects of different resistance training frequencies on body composition and muscular performance adaptations in men. PeerJ 2021, 9, e10537 .

AMA Style

Hamid Arazi, Abbas Asadi, Paulo Gentil, Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo, Pooria Jahangiri, Adel Ghorbani, Anthony C. Hackney, Hassane Zouhal. Effects of different resistance training frequencies on body composition and muscular performance adaptations in men. PeerJ. 2021; 9 ():e10537.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hamid Arazi; Abbas Asadi; Paulo Gentil; Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo; Pooria Jahangiri; Adel Ghorbani; Anthony C. Hackney; Hassane Zouhal. 2021. "Effects of different resistance training frequencies on body composition and muscular performance adaptations in men." PeerJ 9, no. : e10537.

Journal article
Published: 19 April 2021
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ACS Style

Hamid Arazi; Majid Mohammadi; Abbas Asadi; João P Nunes; G Gregory Haff. Comparison of traditional and accommodating resistance training with chains on muscular adaptations in young men. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Hamid Arazi, Majid Mohammadi, Abbas Asadi, João P Nunes, G Gregory Haff. Comparison of traditional and accommodating resistance training with chains on muscular adaptations in young men. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hamid Arazi; Majid Mohammadi; Abbas Asadi; João P Nunes; G Gregory Haff. 2021. "Comparison of traditional and accommodating resistance training with chains on muscular adaptations in young men." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 12 April 2021 in Comparative Exercise Physiology
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Pain is one of the major problems in haemodialysis patients. Regular resistance exercise (RE), as an effective lifestyle modification, may play a role in reducing pain through changes in blood pressure (BP). Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effect of RE training on pain, BP, and heart rate. In a randomised controlled trial, eighteen sedentary women completed the study in RE (n=10) or control (n=8) groups. In the exercise group, the patients had a circuit RE program in non-dialysis days, two times a week, for six weeks. The RE protocol consisted of six exercises performing with 10 repetitions at 50-60% of 1-repetition maximum. Resting and intradialytic pain threshold (algometer using a 1 kg pressure load), BP, and heart rate were measured 48 h before and after the intervention. There were no significant differences from pre- to post-intervention, or between the groups regarding pain threshold, systolic and diastolic BP, and heart rate at rest and during the haemodialysis process (P>0.05). Although the 6-week low-intensity RE training in non-dialysis days was safe for chronic haemodialysis women, it could not change resting and intradialytic pain and hemodynamic measures.

ACS Style

H. Arazi; M. Poursardar; B. Taati; K. Suzuki. Does regular resistance exercise improve resting and intradialytic pain and haemodynamic measures in sedentary chronic haemodialysis women? Comparative Exercise Physiology 2021, 17, 235 -241.

AMA Style

H. Arazi, M. Poursardar, B. Taati, K. Suzuki. Does regular resistance exercise improve resting and intradialytic pain and haemodynamic measures in sedentary chronic haemodialysis women? Comparative Exercise Physiology. 2021; 17 (3):235-241.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H. Arazi; M. Poursardar; B. Taati; K. Suzuki. 2021. "Does regular resistance exercise improve resting and intradialytic pain and haemodynamic measures in sedentary chronic haemodialysis women?" Comparative Exercise Physiology 17, no. 3: 235-241.

Journal article
Published: 12 April 2021 in Scientific Reports
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The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of different set configurations on strength and muscular performance adaptations after an 8-week resistance training program. Twenty-four male powerlifters participated in this study and were randomly assigned to one of two resistance training groups: (1) cluster sets (CS: n = 8), (2), traditional sets (TS: n = 8), and a control group (CG: n = 8). All powerlifters were evaluated for thigh and arm circumference, upper and lower body impulsive activities, and 1 repetition maximum (1RM) in the back squat, bench press, and deadlift prior to and after the 8-week training intervention. After training, both the CS and TS groups increased arm and thigh circumferences and decreased body fat. The CS group resulted in greater increases in upper and lower body impulsive activities than the TS group, respectively. In addition, the CS and TS groups indicated similar changes in 1RM bench press, back squat, and deadlift following the 8 weeks training intervention. These results suggest that cluster sets induce adaptive changes that favor impulsive activities in powerlifters.

ACS Style

Hamid Arazi; Amin Khoshnoud; Abbas Asadi; James J. Tufano. The effect of resistance training set configuration on strength and muscular performance adaptations in male powerlifters. Scientific Reports 2021, 11, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Hamid Arazi, Amin Khoshnoud, Abbas Asadi, James J. Tufano. The effect of resistance training set configuration on strength and muscular performance adaptations in male powerlifters. Scientific Reports. 2021; 11 (1):1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hamid Arazi; Amin Khoshnoud; Abbas Asadi; James J. Tufano. 2021. "The effect of resistance training set configuration on strength and muscular performance adaptations in male powerlifters." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1: 1-10.

Review
Published: 06 March 2021 in Nutrients
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Oxidative stress is the result of an imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their elimination by antioxidant mechanisms. ROS degrade biogenic substances such as deoxyribonucleic acid, lipids, and proteins, which in turn may lead to oxidative tissue damage. One of the physiological conditions currently associated with enhanced oxidative stress is exercise. Although a period of intense training may cause oxidative damage to muscle fibers, regular exercise helps increase the cells’ ability to reduce the ROS over-accumulation. Regular moderate-intensity exercise has been shown to increase antioxidant defense. Endogenous antioxidants cannot completely prevent oxidative damage under the physiological and pathological conditions (intense exercise and exercise at altitude). These conditions may disturb the endogenous antioxidant balance and increase oxidative stress. In this case, the use of antioxidant supplements such as creatine can have positive effects on the antioxidant system. Creatine is made up of two essential amino acids, arginine and methionine, and one non-essential amino acid, glycine. The exact action mechanism of creatine as an antioxidant is not known. However, it has been shown to increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the capability to eliminate ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). It seems that the antioxidant effects of creatine may be due to various mechanisms such as its indirect (i.e., increased or normalized cell energy status) and direct (i.e., maintaining mitochondrial integrity) mechanisms. Creatine supplement consumption may have a synergistic effect with training, but the intensity and duration of training can play an important role in the antioxidant activity. In this study, the researchers attempted to review the literature on the effects of creatine supplementation and physical exercise on oxidative stress.

ACS Style

Hamid Arazi; Ehsan Eghbali; Katsuhiko Suzuki. Creatine Supplementation, Physical Exercise and Oxidative Stress Markers: A Review of the Mechanisms and Effectiveness. Nutrients 2021, 13, 869 .

AMA Style

Hamid Arazi, Ehsan Eghbali, Katsuhiko Suzuki. Creatine Supplementation, Physical Exercise and Oxidative Stress Markers: A Review of the Mechanisms and Effectiveness. Nutrients. 2021; 13 (3):869.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hamid Arazi; Ehsan Eghbali; Katsuhiko Suzuki. 2021. "Creatine Supplementation, Physical Exercise and Oxidative Stress Markers: A Review of the Mechanisms and Effectiveness." Nutrients 13, no. 3: 869.

Original paper
Published: 24 January 2021 in The Journal of Clinical Hypertension
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This study aimed to investigate the chronic effects of green tea (GT) extract and resistance training (RT) on ambulatory and office blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and rate‐pressure product (RPP) in a sample of Iranian women with high‐normal/stage 1 hypertension. Forty‐four middle‐aged sedentary women participated in this randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. They were randomly assigned to one of four groups: GT and RT (GR, n = 11), RT (n = 10), GT (n = 10), or control (n = 13). Three weeks of GT consumption were followed by six weeks of the interaction with RT. GR and RT groups performed two circuits of RT at %50 of 1RM two days per week. RT and control groups also received placebo (maltodextrin) with the same timing. The changes of each variable from baseline to post‐intervention were compared between the groups using the ANOVA test, and effect size (ES) statistic was also calculated. In comparison with the control group, significant reductions were found for office systolic BP (SBP, 8%, ES = 1.22), and 24 h‐SBP (5%, ES = 1.2) in the RT group. However, GR group showed significant decreases in office SBP (10.5%, ES = 1.45), mean BP (8%, ES = 1.11), RPP (13%, ES = 1.47), 24 h‐SBP (5%, ES = 1.21), and 24 h‐RPP (10%, ES = 1.15). The interaction of regular RT and GT consumption seems to induce more beneficial effects on some important parameters including MBP and RPP when compared to RT or GT alone.

ACS Style

Behzad Taati; Hamid Arazi; Jalal Kheirkhah. Interaction effect of green tea consumption and resistance training on office and ambulatory cardiovascular parameters in women with high‐normal/stage 1 hypertension. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 2021, 23, 978 -986.

AMA Style

Behzad Taati, Hamid Arazi, Jalal Kheirkhah. Interaction effect of green tea consumption and resistance training on office and ambulatory cardiovascular parameters in women with high‐normal/stage 1 hypertension. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension. 2021; 23 (5):978-986.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Behzad Taati; Hamid Arazi; Jalal Kheirkhah. 2021. "Interaction effect of green tea consumption and resistance training on office and ambulatory cardiovascular parameters in women with high‐normal/stage 1 hypertension." The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 23, no. 5: 978-986.

Journal article
Published: 13 January 2021 in BMC Geriatrics
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Background Regarding an important effects of physical exercise on brain function in elders, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of strength and endurance exercise on brain neurobiological factors in older men. Methods Thirty older men volunteered to participate in this study and were randomly assigned to strength, endurance and control groups. The subjects in strength group performed two circuits of resistance exercise (6 exercises with 10 repetition of 65–70% of one repetition maximum), while endurance group performed 30 min running with 65–70% of maximal heart rate. Blood was obtained pre and post-exercise to determine changes in serum BDNF, IGF-1 and platelets. Results After exercise, both the strength and endurance groups showed significant increases in serum BDNF and IGF-1 concentrations and platelets at post-exercise and in comparison to control group (p < 0.05). In addition, no statistically significant differences were detected between the strength and endurance groups at post-exercise. Conclusion Our findings indicate that both the strength and endurance interventions are effective in elevating BDNF, IGF-1, and platelets, without significant differences between them.

ACS Style

Hamid Arazi; Parvin Babaei; Makan Moghimi; Abbas Asadi. Acute effects of strength and endurance exercise on serum BDNF and IGF-1 levels in older men. BMC Geriatrics 2021, 21, 1 -8.

AMA Style

Hamid Arazi, Parvin Babaei, Makan Moghimi, Abbas Asadi. Acute effects of strength and endurance exercise on serum BDNF and IGF-1 levels in older men. BMC Geriatrics. 2021; 21 (1):1-8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hamid Arazi; Parvin Babaei; Makan Moghimi; Abbas Asadi. 2021. "Acute effects of strength and endurance exercise on serum BDNF and IGF-1 levels in older men." BMC Geriatrics 21, no. 1: 1-8.

Review
Published: 21 August 2020 in Antioxidants
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The prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS), which is also known as ghalyan, shisha or hookah, is increasing rapidly around the world, especially among youth. Growing interest in this form of tobacco smoking can be traced, in part, to the use of flavored tobacco products, social acceptability as a safer option than cigarettes, and its consideration as a relaxation method or entertainment. However, there is a well-established association between WTS and oxidative stress that causes irreversible chronic pathological conditions such as cardiovascular and respiratory problems, as well as different types of cancers, and thus increases the risk of mortality. Clearly, induction of inflammation status through increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), which in turn leads to oxidative stress and harm to lipids, DNA, and proteins, is the most plausible mechanism to explain the potential harmful effects of WTS. Unlike WTS, well-designed exercise training programs increase ROS to the extent that it is beneficial to the body. In this study, we aimed to review available evidence on the impact of exercise training on oxidative stress and inflammation status. We also summarize the effect of acute and chronic WTS on different exercise capacities.

ACS Style

Behzad Taati; Hamid Arazi; Katsuhiko Suzuki. Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Induced by Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking Despite Possible Protective Effects of Exercise Training: A Review of the Literature. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 777 .

AMA Style

Behzad Taati, Hamid Arazi, Katsuhiko Suzuki. Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Induced by Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking Despite Possible Protective Effects of Exercise Training: A Review of the Literature. Antioxidants. 2020; 9 (9):777.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Behzad Taati; Hamid Arazi; Katsuhiko Suzuki. 2020. "Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Induced by Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking Despite Possible Protective Effects of Exercise Training: A Review of the Literature." Antioxidants 9, no. 9: 777.

Original research article
Published: 02 July 2020 in Frontiers in Physiology
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the (i) cardiac biomarker (cTnI and NT-proBNP) responses to moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) in the middle-aged and young groups, (ii) relationship of post-exercise cardiac biomarker release between these two age groups, and (iii) investigate whether insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene is associated with predisposition to cardiac damage after exercise in Iranian men. Methods: We examined cTnI and NT-proBNP in 29 middle-aged (54.5 ± 4.6 years) and 28 young (22.7 ± 4.2 years) soccer players before and after HIIE and MICE running tests. Results: The middle-aged soccer players had higher baseline cTnI (0.015 ± 0.007 ng/ml vs. 0.010 ± 0.006 ng/ml; P = 0.01) and NT-proBNP (30.7 ± 13.6 ng/L vs. 18.4 ± 8.3 ng/L; p < 0.001) values compared with the young group. The changes with exercise (ΔcTnI: 13 vs. 11 ng/ml and ΔNT-proBNP: 18 vs. 11 ng/L) were also higher in the middle-aged group. No subject exceeded the upper reference limit for cTnI and NT-proBNP. Considering three ACE genotypes, the mean cTnI and NT-proBNP values of middle-aged and young groups did not show any significant difference. Conclusion: Marked differences in baseline and post-exercise cTnI and NT-proBNP values were observed, which were related to age differences but not to ACE genotypes.

ACS Style

Akram Falahati; Hamid Arazi; Katsuhiko Suzuki. Acute Responses of Cardiac Biomarkers to Intermittent and Continuous Exercise Are Related to Age Difference but Not I/D Polymorphism in the ACE Gene. Frontiers in Physiology 2020, 11, 665 .

AMA Style

Akram Falahati, Hamid Arazi, Katsuhiko Suzuki. Acute Responses of Cardiac Biomarkers to Intermittent and Continuous Exercise Are Related to Age Difference but Not I/D Polymorphism in the ACE Gene. Frontiers in Physiology. 2020; 11 ():665.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Akram Falahati; Hamid Arazi; Katsuhiko Suzuki. 2020. "Acute Responses of Cardiac Biomarkers to Intermittent and Continuous Exercise Are Related to Age Difference but Not I/D Polymorphism in the ACE Gene." Frontiers in Physiology 11, no. : 665.

Journal article
Published: 15 June 2020 in Journal of Translational Medicine
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Variable resistance has been shown to induce greater total work and muscle activation when compared to constant resistance. However, little is known regarding the effects of chronic exposure to variable resistance training in comparison with constant resistance training. The aim of the present study was therefore to examine the effects of chain-loaded variable and constant gravity-dependent resistance training on resting hormonal and neuromuscular adaptations. Young women were randomly assigned to variable resistance training (VRT; n = 12; age, 23.75 ± 3.64 years; and BMI, 26.80 ± 4.21 kg m−2), constant resistance training (CRT; n = 12; age, 23.58 ± 3.84 years; BMI, 25.25 ± 3.84 kg m−2), or control (Con; n = 12; age, 23.50 ± 2.93 years; BMI, 27.12 ± 12 kg m−2) groups. CRT performed 8-week total-body free-weight training three times per week with moderate-to-high intensity (65–80% 1RM; periodized). VRT was the same as CRT but included variable resistance via chains (15% of total load). Resting serum samples were taken before and after the 8-week intervention for GH, IGF-1, cortisol, myostatin, and follistatin analyses. Both VRT and CRT groups displayed moderate-to-large significant increases in GH (197.1%; ES = 0.78 vs. 229.9%; ES = 1.55), IGF-1 (82.3%; ES = 1.87 vs. 66%; ES = 1.66), and follistatin (58.8%; ES = 0.80 vs. 49.15%; ES = 0.80) and decreases in cortisol (− 19.9%; ES = − 1.34 vs. − 17.1%; ES = − 1.05) and myostatin (− 26.9%; ES = − 0.78 vs. − 23.2%; ES = − 0.82). Also, VRT and CRT resulted in large significant increases in bench press (30.54%; ES = 1.45 vs. 25.08%; ES = 1.12) and squat (30.63%; ES = 1.28 vs. 24.81%; ES = 1.21) strength, with no differences between groups. Implementing chain-loaded VRT into a periodized resistance training program can be an effective alternative to constant loading during free-weight RT among untrained young women.

ACS Style

Hamid Arazi; Lida Salek; Elham Nikfal; Mani Izadi; James J. Tufano; Bradley Elliott; Matt Brughelli. Comparable endocrine and neuromuscular adaptations to variable vs. constant gravity-dependent resistance training among young women. Journal of Translational Medicine 2020, 18, 1 -12.

AMA Style

Hamid Arazi, Lida Salek, Elham Nikfal, Mani Izadi, James J. Tufano, Bradley Elliott, Matt Brughelli. Comparable endocrine and neuromuscular adaptations to variable vs. constant gravity-dependent resistance training among young women. Journal of Translational Medicine. 2020; 18 (1):1-12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hamid Arazi; Lida Salek; Elham Nikfal; Mani Izadi; James J. Tufano; Bradley Elliott; Matt Brughelli. 2020. "Comparable endocrine and neuromuscular adaptations to variable vs. constant gravity-dependent resistance training among young women." Journal of Translational Medicine 18, no. 1: 1-12.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2020 in Biomedical Human Kinetics
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Summary Study aim: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of 8 weeks of resistance training (RT) with three vs. four sessions per week and equated training volume on muscular adaptations in men. Materials and methods: Thirty-three healthy young men volunteered to participate in the study and were randomly assigned to three times per week whole-body RT (RT3, n = 11), four times per week whole-body RT (RT4, n = 11) or a control group (CG, n = 11). Before and after training, participants were evaluated for one-repetition maximum (1RM) and muscular endurance (i.e., 60% of 1RM to failure) for the leg press and bench press. In addition, thigh, arm, chest, and calf circumferences, and percent body fat were assessed before and after training. Results: The findings revealed significant main effects of time for chest and thigh circumferences (p ≤ 0.05). There were no significant group × time interactions for chest and thigh circumferences (p > 0.05), but the RT4 showed greater changes (effect size [ES]: 0.48 vs. 0.15) in chest circumference, while the RT3 showed greater changes (ES: 0.77 vs. 0.35) in thigh circumference. Significant group × time interactions were observed for the 1RM of leg and bench presses (p < 0.05). Post-hoc analyses showed greater improvements for RT3 in comparison to RT4 in 1RM bench press (p = 0.01, ES: 0.77 vs. 0.6) and leg presses (p = 0.009, ES: 0.94 vs. 0.86). Conclusions: These results suggest that RT induces meaningful adaptive effects to improve strength and muscle size in men and RT3 appears to be more effective to induce muscular adaptations.

ACS Style

Hossein Firoozi; Hamid Arazi; Abbas Asadi. Effects of a resistance training program on muscular performance adaptations: comparing three vs. four times per week. Biomedical Human Kinetics 2020, 12, 149 -156.

AMA Style

Hossein Firoozi, Hamid Arazi, Abbas Asadi. Effects of a resistance training program on muscular performance adaptations: comparing three vs. four times per week. Biomedical Human Kinetics. 2020; 12 (1):149-156.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hossein Firoozi; Hamid Arazi; Abbas Asadi. 2020. "Effects of a resistance training program on muscular performance adaptations: comparing three vs. four times per week." Biomedical Human Kinetics 12, no. 1: 149-156.

Journal article
Published: 31 December 2019 in Science & Sports
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The production and sale of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) with annual increase in number and diversity have now become a beneficial industry. At present, there is a kind of creatine supplement, called as creatine hydrochloride (CHCL), which is claimed to have a much higher absorption compared to creatine monohydrate (CRM) supplementation and does not require a loading period. However, this claim has not been fully examined yet. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the effects of two types of creatine (CHCL and CRM) on physical activity, plasma levels of testosterone (T), and cortisol (Cor) in trained young men. The statistical population of this study included 36 healthy subjects selected by purposive sampling method and with at least six months of resistance training. The subjects were randomly divided into four groups (Group 1: 20 g of CRM, Group 2: 3 g of CRM, Group 3: 3 g of CHCl per day for a week, and Group 4: placebo). The supplements were given to subjects by double-blind manner. Physical performance variables were evaluated on the morning of the first day and before the supplementation, and blood samples (5 cc) were taken in fasting conditions (8–10 hours) to measure the plasma levels of T and Cor. The blood samples were taken again after seven days for physical performance measurements. The results showed that there were no significant differences between the effects of 3 and 20 g of CRM and 3 g of CHCL on the vigor, power, plasma levels of T and Cor, and T/C ratio. In other words, 3 g of CHCL did not result in improved performance and hormonal changes compared to 20 g of CRM. According to the results, the multi-day period of supplementation with CHCL in comparison to CRM cannot have much effect on performance and improve the hormonal status of individuals in the short term. La production et la vente de compléments alimentaires sont une industrie en plein essor. Actuellement, une nouvelle présentation de créatine complémentaire a été développée, et est présentée comme ayant une meilleure absorption digestive que la créatine monohydrate (MRC) et ne nécessitant pas une période de charge. Ce supplément est appelé chlorhydrate de créatine (CHCL). Cette propriété alléguée n’a pas été complètement étudiée. Par conséquent, la présente étude visait à comparer les effets de deux types de Créatine (CHCL et CRM) sur l’activité physique, et les taux plasmatiques de testostérone (T) et de cortisol (Cor) chez de jeunes hommes. Trente-six sportifs en bonne santé ont participé à cette recherche avec un entraînement de résistance de six mois au moins. Les sujets ont été répartis au hasard en 4 groupes: (groupe 1: 20 gr de CRM, groupe 2: 3 gr de CRM, groupe 3: 3 gr CHCL par jour pendant une semaine et le groupe IV: placebo (PL)). Des suppléments ont été administrés aux sujets en double aveugle. Le matin du premier jour, avant l’administration des compléments aux sujets, les variables de la performance physique ont été évaluées et puis des échantillons de sang de 5 ml ont été prélevés de chaque sujet à jeun (8 à 10 heures) pour mesurer les taux plasmatiques de T et de Cor. Après 7 jours, les échantillons de sang ont été prélevés à nouveau et la performance physique a été mesurée. Les résultats obtenus ont montré qu’il n’y avait pas de différence significative entre les effets de 3 et 20 gr de CRM et de 3 gr de CHCL sur la performance, les taux plasmatiques de T et Cor et le rapport T/C. En d’autres termes, 3 gr de CHCL n’ont pas abouti à l’amélioration de la performance et aux changements hormonaux par rapport à 20 gr de CRM. D’après les résultats obtenus, on peut conclure qu’une période de quelques jours de supplémentation en CHCL comparée au CRM ne permet pas d’affecter la performance et l’amélioration du concentrations de T et de Cor à court terme.

ACS Style

M. Tayebi; H. Arazi. Is creatine hydrochloride better than creatine monohydrate for the improvement of physical performance and hormonal changes in young trained men? Science & Sports 2019, 35, e135 -e141.

AMA Style

M. Tayebi, H. Arazi. Is creatine hydrochloride better than creatine monohydrate for the improvement of physical performance and hormonal changes in young trained men? Science & Sports. 2019; 35 (5):e135-e141.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Tayebi; H. Arazi. 2019. "Is creatine hydrochloride better than creatine monohydrate for the improvement of physical performance and hormonal changes in young trained men?" Science & Sports 35, no. 5: e135-e141.

Journal article
Published: 26 November 2019 in Antioxidants
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The aim of this study was to examine the influence of peptide hormone use on oxidative stress and antioxidant responses to a single session of resistance exercise in male bodybuilders. Forty-five male bodybuilders were divided into three groups: bodybuilders using growth hormone for at least 1 year (i.e., 3 to 4 times in the year) (GH-user, n = 15), bodybuilders using insulin-like growth factor-1 for at least 1 year (i.e., 3 to 4 times in the year) (IGF-1-user, n = 15), and peptide hormone-free bodybuilders (Non-user, n = 15). The heavy resistance exercise protocol consisted of five sets with 80% of one repetition maximum for six exercises. Blood samples were obtained pre and post heavy resistance exercise (HRE) in order to evaluate changes in oxidative stress (8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide (NO)) and antioxidant biomarkers (glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and glutamate (GLU)) level. All the experimental groups showed increases in MDA (p = 0.038), NO (p = 0.028), GPx (p = 0.012), and GLU (p = 0.003) concentrations after resistance exercise. For 8-OHdG, the Non-user and IGF-1-user groups indicated increases at post-exercise (p = 0.001), without any significant changes in the GH-user group (p = 0.87). In addition, the changes in serum GPx and GLU levels were greater for the GH-user group than the Non-user and IGF-1-user groups (p = 0.001). In conclusion, HRE induced significant increases in 8-OHdG (except to GH-user group), MDA, NO, GPx, and GLU levels with greater changes in GPx and GLU for the GH-user group.

ACS Style

Heidar Mohammadjafari; Hamid Arazi; Nematollah Nemati; Tahereh Bagherpoor; Katsuhiko Suzuki. Acute Effects of Resistance Exercise and the Use of GH or IGF-1 Hormones on Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Markers in Bodybuilders. Antioxidants 2019, 8, 587 .

AMA Style

Heidar Mohammadjafari, Hamid Arazi, Nematollah Nemati, Tahereh Bagherpoor, Katsuhiko Suzuki. Acute Effects of Resistance Exercise and the Use of GH or IGF-1 Hormones on Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Markers in Bodybuilders. Antioxidants. 2019; 8 (12):587.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Heidar Mohammadjafari; Hamid Arazi; Nematollah Nemati; Tahereh Bagherpoor; Katsuhiko Suzuki. 2019. "Acute Effects of Resistance Exercise and the Use of GH or IGF-1 Hormones on Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Markers in Bodybuilders." Antioxidants 8, no. 12: 587.

Journal article
Published: 31 October 2019 in Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition
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Background Changes in blood pressure (BP) may affect pain. However, the interaction effect of resistance training and green tea on BP and pain has not been studied. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of resistance training and green tea extract (GTE) on pain variables in hypertensive patients. Secondary aim included determining the effects of BP alterations on pain responses. Methods In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 30 middle-aged sedentary women were randomly divided into resistance training and green tea extract (GR, n = 8), resistance training (R, n = 8), green tea (G, n = 7), and control groups (C, n = 7). The study period consisted of 3 weeks of GTE (~ 245 mg total polyphenols) consumption twice a day followed by 6 weeks of interaction with resistance training. GR and R groups performed two circuits of training with ten repetitions at 50% of 1RM 2 days a week while other two groups had no any regular exercise training. R and C groups also received placebo capsules (maltodextrin) with the same timing. Pain threshold and perception, BP, and heart rate were recorded following the first and last session of training at rest and 5th and 15th minute. Results Pain perception of training groups after the last session was significantly higher than control conditions, and at this time, the magnitude of BP responses was lower in training groups. In proportion to pain threshold, there were no significant differences between groups. Conclusion It seems that training-induced hypotension can alter pain perception in hypertensive women through changes in baroreceptor activation.

ACS Style

Hamid Arazi; Behzad Taati; Jalal Kheirkhah; Samaneh Ramezanpour. Changes in pain following an interaction period of resistance training and green tea extract consumption in sedentary hypertensive women: impact of blood pressure swings. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition 2019, 38, 30 .

AMA Style

Hamid Arazi, Behzad Taati, Jalal Kheirkhah, Samaneh Ramezanpour. Changes in pain following an interaction period of resistance training and green tea extract consumption in sedentary hypertensive women: impact of blood pressure swings. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition. 2019; 38 (1):30.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hamid Arazi; Behzad Taati; Jalal Kheirkhah; Samaneh Ramezanpour. 2019. "Changes in pain following an interaction period of resistance training and green tea extract consumption in sedentary hypertensive women: impact of blood pressure swings." Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition 38, no. 1: 30.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2019 in Apunts. Medicina de l'Esport
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Reduction in recovery time may prevent physiological variables from returning to pre exercise levels; therefore, it is likely that the athletes will have a decrease in immune response and experience increased stress. The purpose of the current study was to examine whether two consecutive or non-consecutive days of circuit resistance exercise (CRE) on cortisol, creatine kinase (CK) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) responses in active young men. Ten healthy male university students (22.25 ± 1.61 years) performed two consecutive days of circuit resistance exercise (TCD-CRE) and two non-consecutive days of circuit resistance exercise (TNCD-CRE). Participants performed CRE at 75% of their one-repetition maximum (1RM). Blood and saliva samples were taken during baseline and immediately after exercise and analyzed for serum CK activity and salivary concentrations of cortisol and IgA. Based on the results, there were significant increases in cortisol and CK at post as compared with pre in the TCD-CRE group (P ˂ 0.001, P = 0.001). Also, a significant increase in cortisol at post as compared with pre in the TNCD-CRE group was observed (P ˂ 0.001). Additionally, the level of IgA was significantly reduced post exercise when compared to pre value in the TCD-CRE group (P = 0.011). On the contrary, there were no significant changes in concentrations of IgA and CK activity in the TNCD-CRE group (P = 0.11, P = 0.24). Moreover, there were statistically significant differences in cortisol and CK between the groups (P = 0.001, P = 0.002). Based on these data, TCD-CRE causes more immunological responses, and thus may lead to trauma. It seems that there is a need for a 48-h recovery between exercise sessions to prevent the decrease in immune function by CRE. La reducción del tiempo de recuperación puede impedir que las variables fisiológicas vuelvan a los niveles anteriores al ejercicio; por lo tanto, es probable que los atletas tengan una disminución en la respuesta inmunológica y experimenten mayor estrés. El propósito del presente estudio fue examinar si dos días consecutivos o no consecutivos de ejercicio de resistencia de circuito (CRE) en las respuestas de cortisol, creatina cinasa (CK) e inmunoglobulina A (IgA) en hombres jóvenes activos. Diez estudiantes universitarios varones sanos (22,25 ± 1,61 años) realizaron dos días consecutivos de ejercicios de resistencia de circuito (TCD-CRE) y dos días no consecutivos de ejercicios de resistencia de circuito (TNCD-CRE). Los participantes realizaron la CRE al 75% de su máximo de una repetición (1RM). Se tomaron muestras de sangre y saliva durante el estudio inicial e inmediatamente después del ejercicio y se analizaron para determinar la actividad de la CK en suero y las concentraciones salivales de cortisol e IgA. En base a los resultados, hubo aumentos significativos en el cortisol y la CK en el post con respecto a los anteriores en el grupo de ETCRE (P˂0.001, P = 0.001). Además, se observó un...

ACS Style

Hamid Arazi; Ehsan Eghbali; Katsuhiko Suzuki; Meysam Mahdavi. Resistance exercise on two consecutive days induces cortisol, CK, IgA responses in active young males. Apunts. Medicina de l'Esport 2019, 54, 131 -138.

AMA Style

Hamid Arazi, Ehsan Eghbali, Katsuhiko Suzuki, Meysam Mahdavi. Resistance exercise on two consecutive days induces cortisol, CK, IgA responses in active young males. Apunts. Medicina de l'Esport. 2019; 54 (204):131-138.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hamid Arazi; Ehsan Eghbali; Katsuhiko Suzuki; Meysam Mahdavi. 2019. "Resistance exercise on two consecutive days induces cortisol, CK, IgA responses in active young males." Apunts. Medicina de l'Esport 54, no. 204: 131-138.

Journal article
Published: 20 September 2019 in Antioxidants
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Waterpipe tobacco (WPT) smoking is a public health problem with similar or even stronger effects than cigarette smoking. Although it appears to be associated with extensive oxidative stress, there is a limited number of studies on the oxidative effects of WPT smoking in stressful conditions. We, therefore, compared the responses of salivary flow rate (SFR), uric acid (UA) concentration, and peroxidase (POX) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) activities between WPT smokers and non-smokers following a bout of exhaustive aerobic exercise (AE). Twenty-three sedentary young women (age: 22.95 ± 2.83 years) participated in this study, including 11 smokers (7.00 ± 1.41 uses/week) and 12 non-smokers. All participants were required to perform the Bruce protocol treadmill test at an initial gradient of 10% at 1.7 mph, with increases of these parameters every 3 min until exhaustion. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected before, immediately after, and 1 hour after AE. WPT smokers showed lower SFR compared with non-smokers at all time points (p < 0.05). In comparison to WPT smokers, a larger increase in POX activity (approximately 23% vs 14%; p = 0.009) and a smaller decline in DPPH activity (approximately −8% vs −15%; p = 0.004) were found in non-smokers compared with WPT smokers. While these changes were slowly compensated within 1 hour after exhaustion, the activity of both markers was different from the pre-exercise values (p < 0.001). There was also a trend for UA concentration in non-smokers to be higher during the recovery period, with no significant difference between the groups (p > 0.05). It seems that WPT smoking is associated with negative effects on important human antioxidants and a diminished antioxidative response following acute exercise.

ACS Style

Hamid Arazi; Behzad Taati; Forough Rafati Sajedi; Katsuhiko Suzuki. Salivary Antioxidants Status Following Progressive Aerobic Exercise: What Are the Differences between Waterpipe Smokers and Non-Smokers? Antioxidants 2019, 8, 418 .

AMA Style

Hamid Arazi, Behzad Taati, Forough Rafati Sajedi, Katsuhiko Suzuki. Salivary Antioxidants Status Following Progressive Aerobic Exercise: What Are the Differences between Waterpipe Smokers and Non-Smokers? Antioxidants. 2019; 8 (10):418.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hamid Arazi; Behzad Taati; Forough Rafati Sajedi; Katsuhiko Suzuki. 2019. "Salivary Antioxidants Status Following Progressive Aerobic Exercise: What Are the Differences between Waterpipe Smokers and Non-Smokers?" Antioxidants 8, no. 10: 418.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2019 in Journal of Turkish Sleep Medicine
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ACS Style

Hamid Arazi; Javad Mehrabani; Mojdeh Irandoost; Eisa Khaleghimamaghani. Effects of Overnight Sleep Deprivation on Appetite and Physical Performance in Elite Female Soccer Players. Journal of Turkish Sleep Medicine 2019, 6, 93 -96.

AMA Style

Hamid Arazi, Javad Mehrabani, Mojdeh Irandoost, Eisa Khaleghimamaghani. Effects of Overnight Sleep Deprivation on Appetite and Physical Performance in Elite Female Soccer Players. Journal of Turkish Sleep Medicine. 2019; 6 (3):93-96.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hamid Arazi; Javad Mehrabani; Mojdeh Irandoost; Eisa Khaleghimamaghani. 2019. "Effects of Overnight Sleep Deprivation on Appetite and Physical Performance in Elite Female Soccer Players." Journal of Turkish Sleep Medicine 6, no. 3: 93-96.