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Jaka Budiman
Geo-Engineering Division, PT Freeport Indonesia, Jakarta 12940, Indonesia

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Journal article
Published: 07 April 2021 in Sustainability
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Actual flood mapping and quantification in an area provide valuable information for the stakeholder to prevent future losses. This study presents the actual flash flood quantification in Al-Lith Watershed, Saudi Arabia. The study is divided into two steps: first is actual flood mapping using remote sensing data, and the second is the flood volume calculation. Two Sentinel-1 images are processed to map the actual flood, i.e., image from 25 May 2018 (dry condition), and 24 November 2018 (peak flood condition). SNAP software is used for the flood mapping step. During SNAP processing, selecting the backscatter data representing the actual flood in an arid region is challenging. The dB range value from 7.23–14.22 is believed to represent the flood. In GIS software, the flood map result is converted into polygon to define the flood boundary. The flood boundary that is overlaid with Digital Elevation Map (DEM) is filled with the same elevation value. The Focal Statistics neighborhood method with three iterations is used to generate the flood surface elevation inside the flood boundary. The raster contains depth information is derived by subtraction of the flood surface elevation with DEM. Several steps are carried out to minimize the overcalculation outside the flood boundary. The flood volume can be derived by the multiplication of flood depth points with each cell size area. The flash flood volume in Al-Lith Watershed on 24 November 2018 is 155,507,439 m3. Validity checks are performed by comparing it with other studies, and the result shows that the number is reliable.

ACS Style

Jaka Budiman; Jarbou Bahrawi; Asep Hidayatulloh; Mansour Almazroui; Mohamed Elhag. Volumetric Quantification of Flash Flood Using Microwave Data on a Watershed Scale in Arid Environments, Saudi Arabia. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4115 .

AMA Style

Jaka Budiman, Jarbou Bahrawi, Asep Hidayatulloh, Mansour Almazroui, Mohamed Elhag. Volumetric Quantification of Flash Flood Using Microwave Data on a Watershed Scale in Arid Environments, Saudi Arabia. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (8):4115.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jaka Budiman; Jarbou Bahrawi; Asep Hidayatulloh; Mansour Almazroui; Mohamed Elhag. 2021. "Volumetric Quantification of Flash Flood Using Microwave Data on a Watershed Scale in Arid Environments, Saudi Arabia." Sustainability 13, no. 8: 4115.

Original paper
Published: 22 January 2021 in Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment
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Saudi Arabia (SA) lies in an arid region where groundwater is the main natural resource; therefore, it is essential to understand the groundwater dynamics for the best groundwater management practice in SA. In Hadat Ash-Sham Farm Experimental Station, SA, water table data from 11 wells and rainfall data were monitored for 16 months. The water table (WT) data is analyzed using the geostatistical method with the ordinary Kriging technique to generate the best WT spatial distribution map for each month and the expected flow direction. The cross-validation technique is used to evaluate the goodness of the developed WT maps. The Kriging maps show two regimes: weak spatial dependence (WSD, the ratio of the nugget to sill > 75%) and strong spatial dependence (SSD, the ratio of the nugget to sill < 25%). The WSD regime happens during dry seasons, while the SSD happens during wet seasons. The SSD gives better results and accuracy when compared to WSD. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) of WT varies between 0.26 and 3.4 m in the case of SSD, while it varies between 0.51 and 4.8 m in the case of WSD. WT maps show that the groundwater flow direction is from south-east to north-west during the wet season (SSD). This direction is in the orientation of surface stream with higher elevation (in the south) to the surface stream with lower elevation (in the north), where the study area is between these surface streams. While during the dry season (WSD), there is no preferred direction since there is almost no flow.

ACS Style

Jaka S. Budiman; Nassir S. Al-Amri; Anis Chaabani; Amro M. M. Elfeki. Geostatistical based framework for spatial modeling of groundwater level during dry and wet seasons in an arid region: a case study at Hadat Ash-Sham experimental station, Saudi Arabia. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment 2021, 1 -15.

AMA Style

Jaka S. Budiman, Nassir S. Al-Amri, Anis Chaabani, Amro M. M. Elfeki. Geostatistical based framework for spatial modeling of groundwater level during dry and wet seasons in an arid region: a case study at Hadat Ash-Sham experimental station, Saudi Arabia. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment. 2021; ():1-15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jaka S. Budiman; Nassir S. Al-Amri; Anis Chaabani; Amro M. M. Elfeki. 2021. "Geostatistical based framework for spatial modeling of groundwater level during dry and wet seasons in an arid region: a case study at Hadat Ash-Sham experimental station, Saudi Arabia." Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment , no. : 1-15.

Preprint content
Published: 24 August 2020
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Saudi Arabia lies in an arid region where groundwater has become main resource. Due to the increase of water demand; therefore, it is essential to understand groundwater dynamics for the best groundwater management practice in Saudi Arabia. In Hadat Ash-Sham Farm Experimental Station, Saudi Arabia, water table data from 11 wells and rainfall data were monitored for 16 months. These water table data is analyzed using the geostatistical method with ordinary Kriging technique, to generate the best water table spatial distribution map for each month and the expected flow direction. The cross-validation technique is used to evaluate the quality of the developed water table maps. The Kriging maps show two regimes: weak spatial dependence (WSD, the ratio of the nugget to sill >75%) and strong spatial dependence (SSD, the ratio of the nugget to sill <25%). The WSD regime happens during dry seasons, while the SSD happens during wet seasons. The SSD gives better results and better accuracy compared to WSD. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) of water table varies between 0.26 – 3.4 m in the case of SSD, while it varies between 0.51-4.8 m in the case of WSD. Water table maps show groundwater flow direction in the study area is from East to West and South-East to North-West during the wet season (SSD). This direction is parallel with the relative orientation of surface stream with higher elevation to the surface stream with lower elevation, where study area is between these surface streams. While during the dry season (WSD), there is no preferred direction since there is almost no flow.

ACS Style

Jaka Budiman; Nassir Al Amri; Anis Chabaani; Amro Elfeki. Spatiotemporal geostatistical modeling of groundwater in arid region during dry and wet seasons: a case study The Experimental Station at Hadat Ash-Sham Farm, Saudi Arabia. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Jaka Budiman, Nassir Al Amri, Anis Chabaani, Amro Elfeki. Spatiotemporal geostatistical modeling of groundwater in arid region during dry and wet seasons: a case study The Experimental Station at Hadat Ash-Sham Farm, Saudi Arabia. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jaka Budiman; Nassir Al Amri; Anis Chabaani; Amro Elfeki. 2020. "Spatiotemporal geostatistical modeling of groundwater in arid region during dry and wet seasons: a case study The Experimental Station at Hadat Ash-Sham Farm, Saudi Arabia." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 21 June 2017 in RISET Geologi dan Pertambangan
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Grasberg Block Cave (GBC) underground mine, which is operated by PT Freeport Indonesia, located at High Land of Papua which has intensity of rainfall (average 4000 mm/year) and causing water inflow through the fractured rock, and flowing inside the underground mine. The water occurrence inside the underground mine could be in seepage form and water flow from diamond drilling hole. Water seepage inside underground mine contain many chemical compounds such as sulfate (SO42-). Sulfate has ability to cause acid water and sulfate attack, which can be a problem for ground support existing. Water from seepages of existing drift during development were collected and sent to laboratory to obtain detail chemical information. By correlating with geological data (formation and its content), distribution of water sulfate can be known. In the ore body of GBC, sulfate water content is higher than other lithologies. These data can be used for long term ground support planning in the future.AbstrakTambang bawah tanah Grasberg Block Cave (GBC) yang dioperasikan oleh PT Freeport Indonesia, berlokasi di dataran tinggi Papua mempunyai curah hujan yang tinggi (rata-rata 4000 mm/tahun) dan menyebabkan adanya aliran air melewati rekahan batuan dan mengalir menuju ke dalam tambang bawah tanah. Keberadaan air di dalam tambang bawah tanah dapat berupa rembesan dan aliran air yang mengalir dari dalam lubang pengeboran. Rembesan air di dalam tambang bawah tanah mengandung banyak senyawa kimia seperti senyawa yang memiliki sulfat (SO42-). Sulfat mempunyai kemampuan untuk menyebabkan air asam dan sulfate attack, yang notabene bisa menjadi masalah terhadap ground support yang ada. Air yang terdapat di terowongan tambang bawah tanah, diambil dan dikirim menuju laboratorium untuk mendapatkan informasi kimia secara rinci. Dengan melakukan korelasi terhadap data geologi (formasi dan kandungan mineralnya), distribusi dari air sulfat bisa diketahui. Di dalam tubuh bijih utama GBC, air mengandung sulfat lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan di area litologi lainnya. Data-data ini bisa digunakan untuk perencanaan pemasangan penyangga batuan di masa yang akan datang.

ACS Style

Jaka Satria Budiman; I Gde Basten; Hendri Silaen; Rahardian Ryan Ruthman; Fari Fathiardi Putra; Kinkin Sulaeman. DISTRIBUTION OF SULFATE WATER IN GRASBERG BLOCK CAVE (GBC) MINE, PAPUA, INDONESIA. RISET Geologi dan Pertambangan 2017, 27, 77 -82.

AMA Style

Jaka Satria Budiman, I Gde Basten, Hendri Silaen, Rahardian Ryan Ruthman, Fari Fathiardi Putra, Kinkin Sulaeman. DISTRIBUTION OF SULFATE WATER IN GRASBERG BLOCK CAVE (GBC) MINE, PAPUA, INDONESIA. RISET Geologi dan Pertambangan. 2017; 27 (1):77-82.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jaka Satria Budiman; I Gde Basten; Hendri Silaen; Rahardian Ryan Ruthman; Fari Fathiardi Putra; Kinkin Sulaeman. 2017. "DISTRIBUTION OF SULFATE WATER IN GRASBERG BLOCK CAVE (GBC) MINE, PAPUA, INDONESIA." RISET Geologi dan Pertambangan 27, no. 1: 77-82.