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I-Hua Chen
School of Education Science, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, China

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Research paper
Published: 25 June 2021 in Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
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Objective: The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is one of the most robust models in explaining health-related behavior. In this study, we tested the extended TPB to predict university students’ intentions to uptake COVID-19 vaccination. Methods: An online cross-sectional survey was developed to investigate students’ intention to uptake the COVID-19 vaccine based on the components of the TPB (i.e., attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control) and extended components (i.e., knowledge about COVID-19, risk perception of COVID-19, and past influenza vaccination behavior). Non-probability sampling was used to collect data from 3145 students from 43 universities in mainland China in January 2021. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied to examine the proposed model. Enrolled students were relatively young (mean age = 20.80 years; SD = 2.09), half of them are female (50.2%), and most of them were studying in undergraduate programs (n = 3026; 96.2%). Results: The results showed that students’ knowledge of the COVID-19 vaccine and risk perception of COVID-19 positively influenced their attitude toward the uptake of a COVID-19 vaccine. Also, students’ attitude toward COVID-19 vaccination uptake and their past influenza vaccination uptake behaviors were positively associated with the intention to uptake COVID-19 vaccination. Subjective norm and perceived behavioral control were not significant predictors for the intention to uptake COVID-19 vaccination (R2 = 0.49). Conclusions: The present study demonstrated that the extended TPB appears to be an efficient model with the focus on attitude, knowledge, risk perception, and past influenza vaccination uptake behaviors in explaining students’ intention for COVID-19 vaccination.

ACS Style

Chia-Wei Fan; I-Hua Chen; Nai-Ying Ko; Cheng-Fang Yen; Chung-Ying Lin; Mark D. Griffiths; Amir H. Pakpour. Extended theory of planned behavior in explaining the intention to COVID-19 vaccination uptake among mainland Chinese university students: an online survey study. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2021, 1 -8.

AMA Style

Chia-Wei Fan, I-Hua Chen, Nai-Ying Ko, Cheng-Fang Yen, Chung-Ying Lin, Mark D. Griffiths, Amir H. Pakpour. Extended theory of planned behavior in explaining the intention to COVID-19 vaccination uptake among mainland Chinese university students: an online survey study. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. 2021; ():1-8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chia-Wei Fan; I-Hua Chen; Nai-Ying Ko; Cheng-Fang Yen; Chung-Ying Lin; Mark D. Griffiths; Amir H. Pakpour. 2021. "Extended theory of planned behavior in explaining the intention to COVID-19 vaccination uptake among mainland Chinese university students: an online survey study." Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics , no. : 1-8.

Journal article
Published: 22 June 2021 in Vaccine
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COVID-19 continues to ravage the world with economies and life significantly and negatively affected. Fortunately, there has been significant progress in the production of vaccines to stem the infection. However, with controversies and myths surrounding vaccinations, it is timely to examine individuals’ willingness to vaccinate. The present study adapted the Motors of Influenza Vaccination Acceptance Scale (MoVac-Flu Scale) into the Motors of COVID-19 Vaccination Acceptance Scale (MoVac-COVID19S) for validation and assessed the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination utilizing the cognitive model of empowerment (CME). A total of 3145 university students (mean age = 20.80 years; SD = 2.09) were recruited for the present study between January 5 and 16, 2021. Two MoVac-COVID19S scales (9-item and 12-item) were adapted from the MoVac-Flu Scale, an instrument developed using CME. Psychometric tests were conducted to ascertain reliability and validity properties. The findings indicated that the MoVac-COVID19S had high internal consistency in both the 9-item version (ω = 0.921) and 12-item version (ω = 0.898). The factor structure of the MoVac-COVID19S (9-item and 12-item versions) corresponded well with CME theory. All the fit indices were satisfactory (comparative fit index = 0.984, Tucker-Lewis index = 0.971, root mean square error of approximation = 0.088, standardized root mean square residual = 0.058) but the 9-item MoVac-COVID had better fit indices than the 12-item MoVac-COVID due to the negative wording effects existing in the 12-item MoVac-COVID19S. The scale had satisfactory known-group validity in both 9-item and 12-item versions. The MoVac-COVID19S has promising psychometric properties based on internal consistency, factor structure, and known-group validity.

ACS Style

I-Hua Chen; Daniel Kwasi Ahorsu; Nai-Ying Ko; Cheng-Fang Yen; Chung-Ying Lin; Mark D. Griffiths; Amir H. Pakpour. Adapting the Motors of Influenza Vaccination Acceptance Scale into the Motors of COVID-19 Vaccination Acceptance Scale: Psychometric evaluation among mainland Chinese university students. Vaccine 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

I-Hua Chen, Daniel Kwasi Ahorsu, Nai-Ying Ko, Cheng-Fang Yen, Chung-Ying Lin, Mark D. Griffiths, Amir H. Pakpour. Adapting the Motors of Influenza Vaccination Acceptance Scale into the Motors of COVID-19 Vaccination Acceptance Scale: Psychometric evaluation among mainland Chinese university students. Vaccine. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

I-Hua Chen; Daniel Kwasi Ahorsu; Nai-Ying Ko; Cheng-Fang Yen; Chung-Ying Lin; Mark D. Griffiths; Amir H. Pakpour. 2021. "Adapting the Motors of Influenza Vaccination Acceptance Scale into the Motors of COVID-19 Vaccination Acceptance Scale: Psychometric evaluation among mainland Chinese university students." Vaccine , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 14 April 2021
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The causal relationships between problematic internet use and psychological distress remain controversial. The present study investigated the reciprocal relationships between problematic internet use (PIU, i.e., problematic social media use [PSMU], problematic gaming [PG]) and psychological distress (i.e., anxiety, depression). Hong Kong and Taiwan university students (N=645; nmale=266; mean=20.95 years [SD=5.63]) were recruited for a survey study, with follow-ups at three, six, and nine months after baseline assessment. The Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale, Internet Gaming Disorder-Short Form, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were used to assess studied variables. Cross-lagged models were constructed to understand the reciprocal relationships between PIU and psychological distress. The level of anxiety significantly impacted the level of PSMU but not in the opposite direction. The level of PSMU significantly impacted the level of depression but not in the opposite direction. In addition, levels of PG and both types of psychological distress had reciprocal impacts on each another. Because PIU can lead to psychological distress, prevention programs on digital health are needed. Moreover, because there is a reciprocity between PG and psychological distress, psychological interventions to break the reciprocal relationship for those with serious PG and psychological distress are warranted.

ACS Style

Ching-Wen Chang; I Hua Chen; Carol Strong; Yi-Ching Lin; Meng-Che Tsai; Chung-Ying Lin; Amir H. Pakpour; Mark Griffiths. Reciprocal relationships between problematic internet use and psychological distress: A nine-month longitudinal study. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Ching-Wen Chang, I Hua Chen, Carol Strong, Yi-Ching Lin, Meng-Che Tsai, Chung-Ying Lin, Amir H. Pakpour, Mark Griffiths. Reciprocal relationships between problematic internet use and psychological distress: A nine-month longitudinal study. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ching-Wen Chang; I Hua Chen; Carol Strong; Yi-Ching Lin; Meng-Che Tsai; Chung-Ying Lin; Amir H. Pakpour; Mark Griffiths. 2021. "Reciprocal relationships between problematic internet use and psychological distress: A nine-month longitudinal study." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 13 April 2021 in Vaccines
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Background: The aims of the present study were to examine the prediction of the threat and coping appraisal utilizing an extended protection motivation theory (PMT) for the motivation to have COVID-19 vaccination and the influence of various information sources on coping appraisal among university students in China. Methods: The sample comprised 3145 students from 43 universities in China who completed an online survey including PMT constructs as well as constructs added to PMT. The PMT constructs comprised motivation to have COVID-19 vaccination, threat appraisal, and coping appraisal. The extended PMT constructs comprised knowledge about mechanisms and information sources of COVID-19 vaccination. Results: Perceived severity of COVID-19 was positively associated with motivation to have COVID-19 vaccination. Receiving information concerning COVID-19 vaccination from medical personnel was associated with greater self-efficacy, response efficacy, and knowledge, whereas receiving information concerning COVID-19 vaccination from coworkers/colleagues was associated with less response efficacy and knowledge. Receiving online information concerning COVID-19 vaccination was associated with greater response cost of vaccination efficacy and less knowledge. Conclusions: This study supported the prediction of perceived severity in the PMT for motivation to have COVID-19 vaccination among university students in China. Vaccination information sources have different effects on students’ coping appraisal of COVID-19 vaccination.

ACS Style

Peng-Wei Wang; Daniel Ahorsu; Chung-Ying Lin; I-Hua Chen; Cheng-Fang Yen; Yi-Jie Kuo; Mark Griffiths; Amir Pakpour. Motivation to Have COVID-19 Vaccination Explained Using an Extended Protection Motivation Theory among University Students in China: The Role of Information Sources. Vaccines 2021, 9, 380 .

AMA Style

Peng-Wei Wang, Daniel Ahorsu, Chung-Ying Lin, I-Hua Chen, Cheng-Fang Yen, Yi-Jie Kuo, Mark Griffiths, Amir Pakpour. Motivation to Have COVID-19 Vaccination Explained Using an Extended Protection Motivation Theory among University Students in China: The Role of Information Sources. Vaccines. 2021; 9 (4):380.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Peng-Wei Wang; Daniel Ahorsu; Chung-Ying Lin; I-Hua Chen; Cheng-Fang Yen; Yi-Jie Kuo; Mark Griffiths; Amir Pakpour. 2021. "Motivation to Have COVID-19 Vaccination Explained Using an Extended Protection Motivation Theory among University Students in China: The Role of Information Sources." Vaccines 9, no. 4: 380.

Journal article
Published: 22 March 2021 in Vaccines
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The impacts of novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) on human life continue to be serious. To control the spread of COVID-19, the production of effective vaccines is likely to be one of the best solutions. However, vaccination hesitancy may decrease individuals’ willingness to get vaccinated. The Drivers of COVID-19 Vaccination Acceptance Scale (DrVac-COVID19S) was recently developed to help healthcare professionals and researchers better understand vaccination acceptance. The present study examined whether DrVac-COVID19S is measurement invariant across different subgroups (Taiwanese vs. mainland Chinese university students; males vs. females; and health-related program majors vs. non-health-related program majors). Taiwanese (n = 761; mean age = 25.51 years; standard deviation (SD) = 6.42; 63.5% females) and mainland Chinese university students (n = 3145; mean age = 20.72 years; SD = 2.06; 50.2% females) were recruited using an online survey between 5 January and 21 February 2021. Factor structure and measurement invariance of the two DrVac-COVID19S scales (nine-item and 12-item) were tested using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The findings indicated that the DrVac-COVID19S had a four-factor structure and was measurement invariant across the subgroups. The DrVac-COVID19S’s four-factor structure was supported by the CFA results is a practical and valid instrument to quickly capture university students’ willingness to get COVID-19 vaccination. Moreover, the DrVac-COVID19S can be used to compare university students’ underlying reasons to get COVID-19 vaccination among different subgroups.

ACS Style

Ya-Chin Yeh; I-Hua Chen; Daniel Ahorsu; Nai-Ying Ko; Kuan-Lin Chen; Ping-Chia Li; Cheng-Fang Yen; Chung-Ying Lin; Mark Griffiths; Amir Pakpour. Measurement Invariance of the Drivers of COVID-19 Vaccination Acceptance Scale: Comparison between Taiwanese and Mainland Chinese-Speaking Populations. Vaccines 2021, 9, 297 .

AMA Style

Ya-Chin Yeh, I-Hua Chen, Daniel Ahorsu, Nai-Ying Ko, Kuan-Lin Chen, Ping-Chia Li, Cheng-Fang Yen, Chung-Ying Lin, Mark Griffiths, Amir Pakpour. Measurement Invariance of the Drivers of COVID-19 Vaccination Acceptance Scale: Comparison between Taiwanese and Mainland Chinese-Speaking Populations. Vaccines. 2021; 9 (3):297.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ya-Chin Yeh; I-Hua Chen; Daniel Ahorsu; Nai-Ying Ko; Kuan-Lin Chen; Ping-Chia Li; Cheng-Fang Yen; Chung-Ying Lin; Mark Griffiths; Amir Pakpour. 2021. "Measurement Invariance of the Drivers of COVID-19 Vaccination Acceptance Scale: Comparison between Taiwanese and Mainland Chinese-Speaking Populations." Vaccines 9, no. 3: 297.

Preprint content
Published: 09 March 2021
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BACKGROUND Recently, the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health have been addressed from the perspective of general public health. The role of problematic Internet use as a risk factor for psychological distress during the epidemic is another area of increased concern. Preliminary evidence suggests an increased psychological vulnerability for elementary and middle school teachers. OBJECTIVE The current study analyzed the role of problematic Internet use, including problematic smartphone (PSU) and problematic social media use (PSMU), as explanatory variables in terms of primary and middle school teachers’ fear of COVID-19. The effects of PNT of online teaching and fear of COVID-19 were also evaluated in terms of teachers’ psychological distress. The purpose was to empirically evaluate the relationships among these research variables using a proposed model of factors contributing to teachers’ psychological distress during COVID-19. METHODS Online survey data was collected from 9030 primary and middle school teachers. A conventional model based on recent publications in the field of problematic Internet use and psychological distress during COVID-19 was compared with a proposed model, based on prior findings indicating problematic Internet use variables serve as explanatory, rather than outcome, variables. RESULTS Structural Equation Modelling confirmed the superior goodness of fit of the proposed model (Χ2 (348) = 6220.27, RMSEA = 0.04, NNFI = 0.07, CFI = 0.99, SRMR = 0.07), as evidenced by aΔAIC of 578.505 (significant when greater than 10) between the conventional model and proposed model. The data also demonstrated that the proportion of participants with psychological distress was relatively high: depression (20.4%), anxiety (26.4%), and stress (10.2%). The problematic Internet use behaviors were significantly associated with fear of COVID-19 (PSU: t = 17.19, P < 0.001; PSMU: t = 7.91, P < 0.001). Fear of COVID-19 and PNT of online teaching were both positively related with psychological distress (Fear of COVID-19: t = 9.65, P < 0.001; PNT of online teaching: t = 10.83, P < 0.001). A significant moderating effect was found for PNT of online teaching on psychological distress (t = 5.68, P < 0.001), in that PNT of online teaching enhances the harmful effect of fear of COVID-19 on psychological distress. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that problematic Internet use behaviors contribute to fear of COVID-19 which, in turn, results in psychological distress. PNT of online teaching was both directly associated with increased psychological distress as well as serving as a moderator enhancing the impact of fear of COVID-19 on psychological distress. We suggest that school administrators pay attention to teachers’ psychological needs and make efforts to assist teachers in experiencing greater autonomy and relatedness from interpersonal relationships to alleviate the psychological need thwarting that may arise from online teaching tasks.

ACS Style

Jian Yi; I-Hua Chen; Chung-Ying Lin; Cheng-Chieh Li; Xiao-Ling Liao; Zhi-Hui Wei; Jeffrey Hugh Gamble. The Effect of Problematic Internet Use Behaviors and Psychological Need Thwarting of Online Teaching on Primary and Middle School Teachers’ Psychological Distress during COVID-19: Cross-sectional Questionnaire Study (Preprint). 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Jian Yi, I-Hua Chen, Chung-Ying Lin, Cheng-Chieh Li, Xiao-Ling Liao, Zhi-Hui Wei, Jeffrey Hugh Gamble. The Effect of Problematic Internet Use Behaviors and Psychological Need Thwarting of Online Teaching on Primary and Middle School Teachers’ Psychological Distress during COVID-19: Cross-sectional Questionnaire Study (Preprint). . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jian Yi; I-Hua Chen; Chung-Ying Lin; Cheng-Chieh Li; Xiao-Ling Liao; Zhi-Hui Wei; Jeffrey Hugh Gamble. 2021. "The Effect of Problematic Internet Use Behaviors and Psychological Need Thwarting of Online Teaching on Primary and Middle School Teachers’ Psychological Distress during COVID-19: Cross-sectional Questionnaire Study (Preprint)." , no. : 1.

Article
Published: 02 March 2021 in Current Psychology
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Peer victimization is a pervasive issue for educators globally, with well-documented negative psychological impacts. Despite ongoing anti-bullying efforts internationally, researchers have yet to evaluate changes in the relationships among peer victimization and associated factors from a global perspective. Therefore, this study adopts both an international and cross-cohort perspective in comparing the relationships among peer victimization and associated factors for adolescents from two Western Countries (the United States and the United Kingdom) and adolescents from three East Asian countries (China, Japan, and South Korea) using data obtained from the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) survey from 2015 and 2018. Based on a review of the literature, a conceptual framework (including peer victimization, school belonging, school truancy, and life satisfaction) was developed and evaluated through Latent Mean Analysis and Structural Equation Analysis. Measurement invariance was demonstrated for all factors in the proposed conceptual framework across country and cohort (2015 and 2018). Latent Mean Analysis found that peer victimization among Chinese and Japanese adolescents significantly declined from 2015 to 2018, while American and UK adolescents reported higher levels of peer victimization, with no significant changes found for South Korean adolescents. The proposed framework fit the data from all countries and all paths were significant in the hypothesized direction. In addition to the contribution of our updated model, including the role of peer victimization in life satisfaction, key findings regarding the model’s structural parameters among countries and across cohorts, and the potential effectiveness of anti-school bullying measures in China, Japan and South Korea are discussed.

ACS Style

I-Hua Chen; Jeffrey Hugh Gamble; Chung-Ying Lin. Peer victimization’s impact on adolescent school belonging, truancy, and life satisfaction: A cross-cohort international comparison. Current Psychology 2021, 1 -18.

AMA Style

I-Hua Chen, Jeffrey Hugh Gamble, Chung-Ying Lin. Peer victimization’s impact on adolescent school belonging, truancy, and life satisfaction: A cross-cohort international comparison. Current Psychology. 2021; ():1-18.

Chicago/Turabian Style

I-Hua Chen; Jeffrey Hugh Gamble; Chung-Ying Lin. 2021. "Peer victimization’s impact on adolescent school belonging, truancy, and life satisfaction: A cross-cohort international comparison." Current Psychology , no. : 1-18.

Journal article
Published: 06 December 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The problem of adolescent online gaming addiction is related to individual-level characteristics and the influence of the family environment. The present study explores the potential role of adolescents’ time management tendency in mediating the relationship between parenting style and adolescent internet gaming disorder (IGD). Responses from a total of 357 Chinese high school students were collected for a Pathological Video-Game Use Questionnaire, Simplified Parenting Styles Scale, and Time Management Tendency Scale. Overall, participants reported moderate use of online games (Mean = 1.41; SD = 0.41), lower than the median value of 2 on a three-point scale. In terms of the mediating role of adolescents’ time management tendency, full meditation was observed for the relationship between the parenting style factor of “parents’ emotional warmth” for both mothers and fathers and internet gaming disorder. The results highlight the benefits of emotional warmth in supporting self-efficacy, self-control, and autonomy through the promotion of time management, which is an important protective factor for IGD and can serve as a mediating personality variable. Although non-significant in the complete model, over-protection and rejection by parents should also be cautiously considered as potential risk factors related to addiction.

ACS Style

I-Hua Chen; Zeng-Han Lee; Xiao-Yu Dong; Jeffrey Hugh Gamble; Hung-Wei Feng. The Influence of Parenting Style and Time Management Tendency on Internet Gaming Disorder among Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 9120 .

AMA Style

I-Hua Chen, Zeng-Han Lee, Xiao-Yu Dong, Jeffrey Hugh Gamble, Hung-Wei Feng. The Influence of Parenting Style and Time Management Tendency on Internet Gaming Disorder among Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (23):9120.

Chicago/Turabian Style

I-Hua Chen; Zeng-Han Lee; Xiao-Yu Dong; Jeffrey Hugh Gamble; Hung-Wei Feng. 2020. "The Influence of Parenting Style and Time Management Tendency on Internet Gaming Disorder among Adolescents." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23: 9120.

Journal article
Published: 15 July 2020 in Best Evidence in Chinese Education
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ACS Style

I Hua Chen; Ni Xie; Zhi-Yuan Meng. The Mediating Role of Anti-Bullying Administrative Measures in the Relationship between School Bullying and Students’ Core Competencies. Best Evidence in Chinese Education 2020, 5, 681 -701.

AMA Style

I Hua Chen, Ni Xie, Zhi-Yuan Meng. The Mediating Role of Anti-Bullying Administrative Measures in the Relationship between School Bullying and Students’ Core Competencies. Best Evidence in Chinese Education. 2020; 5 (2):681-701.

Chicago/Turabian Style

I Hua Chen; Ni Xie; Zhi-Yuan Meng. 2020. "The Mediating Role of Anti-Bullying Administrative Measures in the Relationship between School Bullying and Students’ Core Competencies." Best Evidence in Chinese Education 5, no. 2: 681-701.

Letter to the editor
Published: 29 June 2020 in Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
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The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection has rapidly grown worldwide,1 and many governments have implemented policies to control the infection rate. For example, school suspension, self-quarantine, requirement of citizens to stay at home,2 travel and border controls, and discouragement of outdoor activities3 have been used. Although these actions emphasizing the importance of "spatial distancing" are based on the perspective of public health, they may result in health problems other than COVID-19 infection, such as psychological distress and fear.4 Therefore, the present authors examined the potential predictors for psychological distress among schoolchildren during COVID-19 school suspension.

ACS Style

I-Hua Chen; Chao-Ying Chen; Amir H. Pakpour; Mark D. Griffiths; Chung-Ying Lin. Internet-Related Behaviors and Psychological Distress Among Schoolchildren During COVID-19 School Suspension. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2020, 59, 1099 -1102.e1.

AMA Style

I-Hua Chen, Chao-Ying Chen, Amir H. Pakpour, Mark D. Griffiths, Chung-Ying Lin. Internet-Related Behaviors and Psychological Distress Among Schoolchildren During COVID-19 School Suspension. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2020; 59 (10):1099-1102.e1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

I-Hua Chen; Chao-Ying Chen; Amir H. Pakpour; Mark D. Griffiths; Chung-Ying Lin. 2020. "Internet-Related Behaviors and Psychological Distress Among Schoolchildren During COVID-19 School Suspension." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 59, no. 10: 1099-1102.e1.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2020 in Journal of Behavioral Addictions
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Background and aims The literature has proposed two types of problematic smartphone/internet use: generalized problematic use and specific problematic use. However, longitudinal findings on the associations between the two types of problematic use and psychological distress are lacking among East-Asians. The present study examined temporal associations between both generalized and specific problematic use of the smartphone/internet, and psychological distress. Methods Hong Kong University students (N = 308; 100 males; mean age = 23.75 years; SD ± 5.15) were recruited with follow-ups at three, six, and nine months after baseline assessment. All participants completed the Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale (for generalized problematic smartphone/internet use), the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (for specific problematic smartphone/internet use), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (for psychological distress) in each assessment. Latent growth modeling (LGM) was constructed to understand temporal associations between generalized/specific problematic use and psychological distress. Results The LGM suggested that the intercept of generalized problematic use was significantly associated with the intercept of psychological distress (standardized coefficient [β] = 0.32; P < 0.01). The growth of generalized problematic use was significantly associated with the growth of psychological distress (β = 0.51; P < 0.01). Moreover, the intercept of specific problematic use was significantly associated with the intercept of psychological distress (β = 0.28; P < 0.01) and the growth of psychological distress (β = 0.37; P < 0.01). Conclusion The initial level of problematic use of smartphone/internet increased the psychological distress among university students. Helping young adults address problematic use of the smartphone/internet may prevent psychological distress.

ACS Style

I Hua Chen; Amir H. Pakpour; Hildie Leung; Marc N. Potenza; Jian-An Su; Chung-Ying Lin; Mark D. Griffiths. Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress. Journal of Behavioral Addictions 2020, 9, 410 -419.

AMA Style

I Hua Chen, Amir H. Pakpour, Hildie Leung, Marc N. Potenza, Jian-An Su, Chung-Ying Lin, Mark D. Griffiths. Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress. Journal of Behavioral Addictions. 2020; 9 (2):410-419.

Chicago/Turabian Style

I Hua Chen; Amir H. Pakpour; Hildie Leung; Marc N. Potenza; Jian-An Su; Chung-Ying Lin; Mark D. Griffiths. 2020. "Comparing generalized and specific problematic smartphone/internet use: Longitudinal relationships between smartphone application-based addiction and social media addiction and psychological distress." Journal of Behavioral Addictions 9, no. 2: 410-419.

Journal article
Published: 06 May 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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While teachers’ psychological needs have been evaluated in terms of need satisfaction, need thwarting of teachers is under-researched. This study developed a Chinese version of a Psychological Need Thwarting (PNT) scale for teachers and evaluated both its psychometric properties and measurement invariance across groups. Psychometric criteria for the scale were evaluated, with satisfactory levels of internal reliability, test–retest reliability, convergent and divergent validities, and model goodness-of-fit. One item translated from the original PNT scale was removed due to cross-loading. Criterion validity was established, with R2 = 0.54 for the factor of burnout (emotional exhaustion). Measurement invariance was established using confirmatory factor analysis for the factors of gender, grade of instruction, and position. The teachers evaluated demonstrated higher levels of competence thwarting, as compared to autonomy and relatedness thwarting, but overall higher levels of thwarting as compared to previous research. Males reported higher levels of autonomy and competence thwarting as compared to females and secondary school teachers reported higher levels of relatedness thwarting as compared to primary school teachers. The developed scale can serve as a valuable tool in evaluating the thwarting of teachers’ psychological needs, an issue which can profoundly impact teachers’ and students’ mental health and performance.

ACS Style

Liang Chen; Jeffrey Hugh Gamble; I-Hua Chen; Zeng-Han Lee; Qian-Lan Fu. Psychometric Properties and Measurement Invariance for a Chinese Version of a Psychological Need Thwarting Scale for Teachers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 3247 .

AMA Style

Liang Chen, Jeffrey Hugh Gamble, I-Hua Chen, Zeng-Han Lee, Qian-Lan Fu. Psychometric Properties and Measurement Invariance for a Chinese Version of a Psychological Need Thwarting Scale for Teachers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (9):3247.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liang Chen; Jeffrey Hugh Gamble; I-Hua Chen; Zeng-Han Lee; Qian-Lan Fu. 2020. "Psychometric Properties and Measurement Invariance for a Chinese Version of a Psychological Need Thwarting Scale for Teachers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9: 3247.

Journal article
Published: 16 April 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Police mental health is important because police officers usually encounter stressors that cause high levels of stress. In order to better understand mental health for Chinese police, the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Symptom Checklist 90-Revised (SCL-90-R) are commonly used in mainland China. Unfortunately, both the SDS and SCL-90-R lack detailed information on their psychometric properties. More specifically, factor structures of the SDS and SCL-90-R have yet to be confirmed among the police population in mainland China. Therefore, the present study compared several factor structures of the SDS and SCL-90-R proposed by prior research and to determine an appropriate structure for the police population. Utilizing cluster sampling, 1151 traffic police officers (1047 males; mean age = 36.6 years [SD = 6.10]) from 49 traffic police units in Jiangxi Province (China) participated in this study. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with Akaike information criterion (AIC) was used to decide the best fit structure. In the SDS, the three-factor model (first posited by Kitamura et al.) had the smallest AIC and outperformed other models. In the SCL-90-R, the eight-factor model had the smallest AIC and outperformed the one-factor and nine-factor models. CFA fit indices also showed that both the three-factor model in the SDS and the eight-factor model in the SCL-90-R had satisfactory fit. The present study’s results support the use of both SDS and SCL-90-R for police officers in mainland China.

ACS Style

I-Hua Chen; Chung-Ying Lin; Xia Zheng; Mark D. Griffiths. Assessing Mental Health for China’s Police: Psychometric Features of the Self-Rating Depression Scale and Symptom Checklist 90-Revised. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 2737 .

AMA Style

I-Hua Chen, Chung-Ying Lin, Xia Zheng, Mark D. Griffiths. Assessing Mental Health for China’s Police: Psychometric Features of the Self-Rating Depression Scale and Symptom Checklist 90-Revised. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (8):2737.

Chicago/Turabian Style

I-Hua Chen; Chung-Ying Lin; Xia Zheng; Mark D. Griffiths. 2020. "Assessing Mental Health for China’s Police: Psychometric Features of the Self-Rating Depression Scale and Symptom Checklist 90-Revised." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 8: 2737.

Journal article
Published: 06 February 2020 in Computers & Education
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The popularity of interactive whiteboards (IWBs) has grown and, in many countries, are nearly ubiquitous. Nevertheless, a lack of training, among other factors, has led to teachers misusing, or even abandoning this technology. While IWBs should improve learning outcomes, few studies have evaluated the impact of long-term IWB-based instruction. The purpose of this study is to track changes in the mathematical performance through formative assessment (FA) for primary school students participating in an IWB Formative Assessment (FA) system, characterized by elements including feedback, social learning through discussions, agentive learning through personalized options, and game-based learning featuring among-group competition and within-group collaboration. A convenience sample of 178 s-grade students from the same grade (four classes) participated in the study, which lasted one school year. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was utilized to analyze data from the IWB system, revealing the following: (1) a significant correlation between students’ involvement in formative IWB activities and mathematics achievement (t = 6.52; p = 0.00); (2) no effect of gender on initial mathematics performance; (3) a significant role of student motivational goals on initial mathematics performance, with higher mastery-avoidance associated with better initial assessments (t = 2.02, p = 0.04) and higher performance-avoidance associated with lower initial assessments (t = −2.60, p = 0.03); (4) interaction between gender and linear change, with girls outperforming boys (t = −2.57, p = 0.01) in FA performance over time (although boys made advances on summative assessments); and (5) a negative interaction of mastery-avoidance with linear change, where higher levels of mastery-avoidance were associated with a greater decline in FA performance over time (t = −2.57, p = 0.01). In short, the research findings suggest that if teachers use IWB-based FA over a relatively long time, they must pay special attention to boys and those who hold high mastery-avoidance goals.

ACS Style

I-Hua Chen; Jeffrey Hugh Gamble; Zeng-Han Lee; Qian-Lan Fu. Formative assessment with interactive whiteboards: A one-year longitudinal study of primary students’ mathematical performance. Computers & Education 2020, 150, 103833 .

AMA Style

I-Hua Chen, Jeffrey Hugh Gamble, Zeng-Han Lee, Qian-Lan Fu. Formative assessment with interactive whiteboards: A one-year longitudinal study of primary students’ mathematical performance. Computers & Education. 2020; 150 ():103833.

Chicago/Turabian Style

I-Hua Chen; Jeffrey Hugh Gamble; Zeng-Han Lee; Qian-Lan Fu. 2020. "Formative assessment with interactive whiteboards: A one-year longitudinal study of primary students’ mathematical performance." Computers & Education 150, no. : 103833.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2020 in Addictive Behaviors
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Internet addiction has been found to be prevalent worldwide, including Asian countries, and related to several negative outcomes and other behavioral addictions. The Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale (SABAS), and nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form (IGDS-SF9) have been extensively used to assess internet-related addictions. However, the three aforementioned instruments have rarely been used in Asian countries. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the BSMAS, SABAS, and IGDS-SF9 were appropriate for use in heterogeneous subsamples from Hong Kong and Taiwan. University students from Hong Kong (n = 306) and Taiwan (n = 336) were recruited via an online survey. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) was used to assess measurement invariance of the BSMAS, SABAS, and IGDS-SF9 across the two subcultures. The original unidimensional structures of BSMAS, SABAS and IGDS-SF9 were confirmed through confirmatory factorial analysis in both subcultures. The MGCFA results showed that the unidimensional structures of the BSMAS and IGDS-SF9 were invariant across the two Chinese cultural areas (Hong Kong and Taiwan). However, the measurement invariance of the SABAS was established after some model modifications. In conclusion, the present study found that the Chinese BSMAS, SABAS, and IGDS-SF9 were all adequate instruments to validly assess internet-related addictions among university students. The three brief instruments used for assessing addictions to social media, smartphone applications, and online gaming are valid and psychometrically robust across two Chinese subcultures and can be used by healthcare professionals in these regions.

ACS Style

Hildie Leung; Amir Pakpour; Carol Strong; Yi-Ching Lin; Meng-Che Tsai; Mark D. Griffiths; Chung-Ying Lin; I Hua Chen. Measurement invariance across young adults from Hong Kong and Taiwan among three internet-related addiction scales: Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale (SABAS), and Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form (IGDS-SF9) (Study Part A). Addictive Behaviors 2020, 101, 105969 .

AMA Style

Hildie Leung, Amir Pakpour, Carol Strong, Yi-Ching Lin, Meng-Che Tsai, Mark D. Griffiths, Chung-Ying Lin, I Hua Chen. Measurement invariance across young adults from Hong Kong and Taiwan among three internet-related addiction scales: Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale (SABAS), and Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form (IGDS-SF9) (Study Part A). Addictive Behaviors. 2020; 101 ():105969.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hildie Leung; Amir Pakpour; Carol Strong; Yi-Ching Lin; Meng-Che Tsai; Mark D. Griffiths; Chung-Ying Lin; I Hua Chen. 2020. "Measurement invariance across young adults from Hong Kong and Taiwan among three internet-related addiction scales: Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale (SABAS), and Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form (IGDS-SF9) (Study Part A)." Addictive Behaviors 101, no. : 105969.

Journal article
Published: 30 November 2019 in Best Evidence in Chinese Education
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ACS Style

Chang-Qing Liu; Jeffrey Hugh Gamble; I Hua Chen. An Empirical Study of the Influence of Continuing Education on Youth Entrepreneurship in Taiwan. Best Evidence in Chinese Education 2019, 3, 331 -346.

AMA Style

Chang-Qing Liu, Jeffrey Hugh Gamble, I Hua Chen. An Empirical Study of the Influence of Continuing Education on Youth Entrepreneurship in Taiwan. Best Evidence in Chinese Education. 2019; 3 (2):331-346.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chang-Qing Liu; Jeffrey Hugh Gamble; I Hua Chen. 2019. "An Empirical Study of the Influence of Continuing Education on Youth Entrepreneurship in Taiwan." Best Evidence in Chinese Education 3, no. 2: 331-346.

Journal article
Published: 20 April 2019 in Addictive Behaviors
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Given the many technological advances over the past two decades, a small minority of young people are at risk of problematic use or becoming addicted to these technologies (including activities on the internet and smartphones). Many brief psychometric scales have been developed to assess those at risk of problematic use or addiction including the six-item Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale [SABAS], the six-item Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale [BSMAS], and the nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form [IGDS-SF9]). However, to date, the reproducibility of these three scales has only been examined over a short period of time (e.g., two weeks), and it is unclear whether they are time invariant across a longer period (e.g., three months). Given the emergence of internet and smartphone addiction in Chinese population, the present study translated the three instruments into Chinese and recruited 640 university students (304 from Hong Kong [99 males] and 336 from Taiwan [167 males]) to complete the three scales twice (baseline and three months after baseline). Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) was applied to examine the time invariance. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess the relative reliability, and the percentage of smallest real difference (SRD%) was utilized to explore the absolute reliability for the three scales. MGCFA showed that all three scales were time invariant across three months. ICC demonstrated that all the scales were satisfactory in reproducibility (0.82 to 0.94), and SRD% indicated that all the scales had acceptable measurement noise (23.8 to 29.4). In conclusion, the short, valid, reliable, and easy-to-use Chinese SABAS, BSMAS, and IGDS-SF9 show good properties across periods of three months.

ACS Style

I Hua Chen; Carol Strong; Yi-Ching Lin; Meng-Che Tsai; Hildie Leung; Chung-Ying Lin; Amir Pakpour; Mark D. Griffiths. Time invariance of three ultra-brief internet-related instruments: Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale (SABAS), Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), and the nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale- Short Form (IGDS-SF9) (Study Part B). Addictive Behaviors 2019, 101, 105960 .

AMA Style

I Hua Chen, Carol Strong, Yi-Ching Lin, Meng-Che Tsai, Hildie Leung, Chung-Ying Lin, Amir Pakpour, Mark D. Griffiths. Time invariance of three ultra-brief internet-related instruments: Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale (SABAS), Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), and the nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale- Short Form (IGDS-SF9) (Study Part B). Addictive Behaviors. 2019; 101 ():105960.

Chicago/Turabian Style

I Hua Chen; Carol Strong; Yi-Ching Lin; Meng-Che Tsai; Hildie Leung; Chung-Ying Lin; Amir Pakpour; Mark D. Griffiths. 2019. "Time invariance of three ultra-brief internet-related instruments: Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale (SABAS), Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), and the nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale- Short Form (IGDS-SF9) (Study Part B)." Addictive Behaviors 101, no. : 105960.