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Dr. Robert Lockie
California State University Fullerton

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Short Biography

Dr. Robert Lockie is an Associate Professor in Strength and Conditioning at the Department of Kinesiology at California State University, Fullerton. He obtained his undergraduate and PhD in Human Movement from the University of Technology, Sydney in Australia.  He conducts research in the field of tactical strength and conditioning.

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Journal article
Published: 20 July 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Based on current law enforcement officer (LEO) duties, musculoskeletal injury risk is elevated due to the unpredictable nature of physically demanding tasks. The purpose of this 4-week study was to determine the effectiveness of a 15-min post-shift standardized occupational specific training program. The standardized program was designed to improve lower-body strength and speed to aid physically demanding task performance. Seven male LEOs completed the program after their 12-h shift. Subjects were required to use the department fitness center to perform the 15-min standardized program consisting of a dynamic warm-up, 4 sets of 3 repetitions on hex-bar deadlift and four 20-m sprints. Two minutes of rest was required between each set of 3 repetitions on hex-bar deadlift and 1 min of rest between each 20-m sprint. A dependent T-test was used between pre-test and post-test scores for hex-bar deadlift (HBD) and sprint. Data revealed significant improvements in relative lower-body strength with HBD (p ≤ 0.001). However, insignificant results were demonstrated with the 20-m sprint (p ≤ 0.262). In conclusion, a 15-min post-shift workout can improve lower-body strength as measured by the hex-bar deadlift. However, data indicated running speed may require a different training approach to improve the 20-m sprint.

ACS Style

Ian Bonder; Andrew Shim; Robert Lockie; Tara Ruppert. A Preliminary Investigation: Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Occupational Specific Training Program to Improve Lower Body Strength and Speed for Law Enforcement Officers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 7685 .

AMA Style

Ian Bonder, Andrew Shim, Robert Lockie, Tara Ruppert. A Preliminary Investigation: Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Occupational Specific Training Program to Improve Lower Body Strength and Speed for Law Enforcement Officers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (14):7685.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ian Bonder; Andrew Shim; Robert Lockie; Tara Ruppert. 2021. "A Preliminary Investigation: Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Occupational Specific Training Program to Improve Lower Body Strength and Speed for Law Enforcement Officers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14: 7685.

Review
Published: 13 July 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Tactical personnel work in an occupation that involves tasks requiring a high level of cardiovascular fitness as well as muscular strength and endurance. The aim of this literature review was to identify and critique studies investigating the relationship between physical fitness, quantified by fitness assessment measures, and occupational task performance. Databases were searched for relevant articles which assessed a fitness measure and a measure of occupational performance. A total of 15 articles were included and were deemed to be of acceptable methodological quality (8.4/12 on the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist). Included articles assessed a variety of fitness attributes and occupational tasks. Across tactical groups, there appear to be no standardized fitness tests that can determine occupational performance, with aerobic fitness, anaerobic fitness, strength, endurance, power, and agility all being associated with occupational task performance. A wide range of fitness assessments appears to be required to predict occupational performance within tactical personnel. Efforts should be made to base fitness assessments on occupational demands unique to both the environment and requirements of each individual tactical unit.

ACS Style

Robin Orr; Takato Sakurai; Jordan Scott; Jason Movshovich; J. Dawes; Robert Lockie; Ben Schram. The Use of Fitness Testing to Predict Occupational Performance in Tactical Personnel: A Critical Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 7480 .

AMA Style

Robin Orr, Takato Sakurai, Jordan Scott, Jason Movshovich, J. Dawes, Robert Lockie, Ben Schram. The Use of Fitness Testing to Predict Occupational Performance in Tactical Personnel: A Critical Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (14):7480.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Robin Orr; Takato Sakurai; Jordan Scott; Jason Movshovich; J. Dawes; Robert Lockie; Ben Schram. 2021. "The Use of Fitness Testing to Predict Occupational Performance in Tactical Personnel: A Critical Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14: 7480.

Journal article
Published: 25 February 2021 in Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
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Lockie, RG, Carlock, BN, Ruvalcaba, TJ, Dulla, JM, Orr, RM, Dawes, JJ, and McGuire, MB. Skeletal muscle mass and fat mass relationships with physical fitness test performance in law enforcement recruits before academy. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000–000, 2020—The purpose of this study was to analyze relationships between skeletal muscle mass percentage (SMM%) and fat mass percentage (FM%) relative to fitness test performance in law enforcement recruits. Retrospective analysis was conducted on 338 recruits (271 men and 67 women) from 4 academy classes. Skeletal muscle mass percentage and FM% were measured using cost-effective and practical bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) equipment that used hand and foot placement. The fitness tests included grip strength; vertical jump; 75-yard pursuit run; 2-kg medicine ball throw (MBT); push-ups and sit-ups completed in 60 seconds; and the 20-m multistage fitness test. Partial correlations controlling for sex-derived relationships between SMM%, FM%, and the tests. Recruits were split into quartile groups for SMM% and FM% (group 1 had the lowest SMM% or highest FM% and group 4 the highest SMM% or lowest FM%). A 1-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), with sex as a covariate and Bonferroni post-hoc, compared between-group results. Skeletal muscle mass percentage correlated with all fitness tests expect for MBT; FM% with all but grip strength and MBT (r = ±0.107–0.293). Greater SMM% or lesser FM% tended to relate to better fitness test performance. The MANOVA data indicated groups 3 and 4 (better SMM% or FM% profiles) exhibited superior fitness than group 1 (poorest SMM% or FM% profile) (p ≤ 0.048). Recruits should ideally increase SMM% and decrease FM% before academy to optimize fitness training and testing performance, although specific guidelines should be agency specific. Staff could use BIA to monitor body composition during academy to indicate how recruits are tolerating training.

ACS Style

Robert G. Lockie; Blake N. Carlock; Tomas J. Ruvalcaba; Joseph M. Dulla; Robin M. Orr; J. Jay Dawes; Megan B. McGuire. Skeletal Muscle Mass and Fat Mass Relationships With Physical Fitness Test Performance in Law Enforcement Recruits Before Academy. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2021, 35, 1287 -1295.

AMA Style

Robert G. Lockie, Blake N. Carlock, Tomas J. Ruvalcaba, Joseph M. Dulla, Robin M. Orr, J. Jay Dawes, Megan B. McGuire. Skeletal Muscle Mass and Fat Mass Relationships With Physical Fitness Test Performance in Law Enforcement Recruits Before Academy. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2021; 35 (5):1287-1295.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Robert G. Lockie; Blake N. Carlock; Tomas J. Ruvalcaba; Joseph M. Dulla; Robin M. Orr; J. Jay Dawes; Megan B. McGuire. 2021. "Skeletal Muscle Mass and Fat Mass Relationships With Physical Fitness Test Performance in Law Enforcement Recruits Before Academy." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 35, no. 5: 1287-1295.

Journal article
Published: 02 February 2021 in Strength & Conditioning Journal
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Aerobic fitness tests are common in testing protocols for law enforcement candidates, recruits, and officers because of the importance of aerobic fitness for academy survivability and job task performance. Two popular tests are the 2.4-km run and 20-m multistage fitness test (20MSFT). The differences, strengths, and limitations for both tests are discussed in this article, with a focus on the pacing required in each test. The 2.4-km run typically uses an internal pacing strategy, while the 20MSFT features an external pacing strategy because of the audible beeps that increase the running speed in the test. For the 2.4-km run, self-motivation is required to complete the event, whereas for the 20MSFT, the external pacing requirement is more typical of a police foot pursuit where the offender dictates the pace. This may have greater application to job tasks, where pacing is often determined by external sources (e.g., pursuing and apprehending an offender). In addition, for the 20MSFT, the limited space required and ability to test indoors may make it more applicable for testing law enforcement personnel. Where possible, staff should explore the use of the most appropriate aerobic fitness test for use in their personnel, be it the 20MSFT or the 2.4-km run.

ACS Style

Robert G. Lockie; Joseph M. Dulla; Robin M. Orr; J. Jay Dawes. The 20-m Multistage Fitness Test and 2.4-km Run. Strength & Conditioning Journal 2021, Publish Ah, 1 .

AMA Style

Robert G. Lockie, Joseph M. Dulla, Robin M. Orr, J. Jay Dawes. The 20-m Multistage Fitness Test and 2.4-km Run. Strength & Conditioning Journal. 2021; Publish Ah ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Robert G. Lockie; Joseph M. Dulla; Robin M. Orr; J. Jay Dawes. 2021. "The 20-m Multistage Fitness Test and 2.4-km Run." Strength & Conditioning Journal Publish Ah, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 24 November 2020 in Sports
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This study investigated whether the barbell hip thrust (BHT) enhanced change-of-direction (COD) speed measured by the 505 COD speed test. Forty recreationally trained individuals completed three sessions. Session 1 included one-repetition maximum (1RM) BHT testing to measure absolute and relative strength. Sessions 2 and 3 involved two counter-balanced conditioning activities (CAs): 3 sets × 5 repetitions of the BHT at 85% 1RM and a control condition (CC; 6 min rest). The 505 COD speed test was performed 5 and 2.5 min pre-CA, and 4, 8, 12, and 16 min post-CA in each session. A 2 × 5 repeated-measures ANOVA (p < 0.05) calculated performance changes across time post-CA. A 2 × 2 repeated-measures ANOVA analyzed best potentiated performance. Partial correlations controlling for sex calculated relationships between the 1RM BHT and 505 COD speed test percent potentiation. There was a significant main effect for time (p < 0.001), but not for condition (p = 0.271) or condition × time (p = 0.295). There were no significant correlations between 1RM BHT and potentiation. The 85% 1RM BHT did potentiate the 505 4–16 min post-CA but no more than the CC. Nonetheless, a heavy BHT could be programmed prior to COD drills as COD speed could be potentiated and performance improved in men and women.

ACS Style

Ashley J. Orjalo; Samuel J. Callaghan; Robert G. Lockie. The Effects of the Barbell Hip Thrust on Post-Activation Performance Enhancement of Change of Direction Speed in College-Aged Men and Women. Sports 2020, 8, 151 .

AMA Style

Ashley J. Orjalo, Samuel J. Callaghan, Robert G. Lockie. The Effects of the Barbell Hip Thrust on Post-Activation Performance Enhancement of Change of Direction Speed in College-Aged Men and Women. Sports. 2020; 8 (12):151.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ashley J. Orjalo; Samuel J. Callaghan; Robert G. Lockie. 2020. "The Effects of the Barbell Hip Thrust on Post-Activation Performance Enhancement of Change of Direction Speed in College-Aged Men and Women." Sports 8, no. 12: 151.

Journal article
Published: 11 November 2020 in Facta Universitatis, Series: Physical Education and Sport
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The purpose of this research was to determine whether different seasons could influence fitness test performance in law enforcement recruits. Retrospective examination was conducted on data from four classes, which included 375 recruits (302 males, 73 females) from an agency. The classes were fitness tested during four different seasons in southern California (Fall: n=89, temperature=22-28°C, humidity=20-32%; Winter: n=84, temperature=18-26°C,humidity=8-11%; Spring: n=102, temperature=22-29°C, humidity=23-50%; Summer: n=100, temperature=21-25°C, humidity=39-71%). Fitness testing occurred in the week prior to academy and included: the vertical jump (VJ); push-ups and sit-ups completed in 60 s; and the 20-m multistage fitness test (20MSFT). A one-way ANOVA was used with Bonferroni post hoc (p<0.05) adjustment to calculate any between-class differences. There were no significant between-class differences for the VJ (p=0.197) and sit-ups (p=0.352). Winter and Summer recruits completed 16% and 19% significantly more push-up repetitions than Spring recruits (p≤0.029). Winter recruits completed 16-22% significantly more MSFT shuttles than Fall, Spring and Summer classes recruits (p≤0.009, 16%, 22%, and 18%, respectively). Variability in fitness test performance across the seasons may be due to class-to-class fitness variations in recruits. However, recruits in the Winter class were clearly superior in the 20MSFT, which is an aerobic maximal running test. Hotter temperatures can increase cardiovascular strain, while humidity can decrease sweat evaporation rates, which can impact a test such as the 20MSFT. Law enforcement staff may need to consider ambient temperatures and humidity during fitness tests due to potential negative effects on recruit performance.

ACS Style

Ashley M. Bloodgood; Matthew R. Moreno; Karly A. Cesario; Megan B. McGuire; Robert G. Lockie. AN INVESTIGATION OF SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN THE FITNESS TEST PERFORMANCE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT RECRUITS. Facta Universitatis, Series: Physical Education and Sport 2020, 271 -282.

AMA Style

Ashley M. Bloodgood, Matthew R. Moreno, Karly A. Cesario, Megan B. McGuire, Robert G. Lockie. AN INVESTIGATION OF SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN THE FITNESS TEST PERFORMANCE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT RECRUITS. Facta Universitatis, Series: Physical Education and Sport. 2020; ():271-282.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ashley M. Bloodgood; Matthew R. Moreno; Karly A. Cesario; Megan B. McGuire; Robert G. Lockie. 2020. "AN INVESTIGATION OF SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN THE FITNESS TEST PERFORMANCE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT RECRUITS." Facta Universitatis, Series: Physical Education and Sport , no. : 271-282.

Journal article
Published: 05 November 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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This study captured heart rate (HR) responses of custody assistant (CA) recruits undertaking circuit training sessions. Data from 10 male and 12 female CA recruits were analyzed. Based on YMCA step test recovery HR, recruits were divided into higher fitness (HF; top 25%), lower fitness (LF; bottom 25%), and moderate fitness (MF; remaining recruits) groups. HR was measured during two circuit training sessions featuring calisthenics and running. HR zones were defined as: very light (95% HRmax). A one-way ANOVA, with Bonferroni post hoc, calculated between-group differences in time spent, and percentage of total time, in the HR zones. In session one, the LF group spent less time in the light training zone compared to the MF group, and more time in the very vigorous zone compared to the HF group (p = 0.027–0.047). In session two, the LF group spent more time in the moderate zone compared to both groups, and a greater percentage of time in the very vigorous zone compared to the MF group (p = 0.002–0.004). LF recruits generally worked harder during circuit training than their fitter counterparts, which supported recommendations for ability-based modifications.

ACS Style

Matthew Moreno; Karly Rodas; Ashley Bloodgood; J. Dawes; Joseph Dulla; Robin Orr; Robert Lockie. The Influence of Aerobic Fitness on Heart Rate Responses of Custody Assistant Recruits during Circuit Training Sessions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 8177 .

AMA Style

Matthew Moreno, Karly Rodas, Ashley Bloodgood, J. Dawes, Joseph Dulla, Robin Orr, Robert Lockie. The Influence of Aerobic Fitness on Heart Rate Responses of Custody Assistant Recruits during Circuit Training Sessions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (21):8177.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Matthew Moreno; Karly Rodas; Ashley Bloodgood; J. Dawes; Joseph Dulla; Robin Orr; Robert Lockie. 2020. "The Influence of Aerobic Fitness on Heart Rate Responses of Custody Assistant Recruits during Circuit Training Sessions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21: 8177.

Journal article
Published: 21 October 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The aim of this study was to compare the muscle activity between the sling shot assisted (SS) and control (CONT) flat barbell bench press for selected external loads of 70%, 85%, 100% one-repetition maximum (1RM). Ten resistance-trained men participated in the study (age = 22.2 ± 1.9 years, body mass = 88.7 ± 11.2 kg, body height = 179.5 ± 4.1, 1RM in the bench press = 127.25 ± 25.86 kg, and strength training experience = 6 ± 2.5 years). Evaluation of peak muscle activity of the dominant body side was carried out using surface electromyography (sEMG) recorded for the triceps brachii, pectoralis major, and anterior deltoid during each attempt. The three-way repeated measure ANOVA revealed statistically significant main interaction for condition x muscle group (p < 0.01; η2 = 0.569); load x muscle group (p < 0.01; η2 = 0.709); and condition x load (p < 0.01; η2 = 0.418). A main effect was also observed for condition (p < 0.01; η2 = 0.968); load (p < 0.01; η2 = 0.976); and muscle group (p < 0.01; η2 = 0.977). The post hoc analysis for the main effect of the condition indicated statistically significant decrease in %MVIC for the SS compared to CONT condition (74.9 vs. 88.9%MVIC; p < 0.01; ES = 0.39). The results of this study showed that using the SS significantly affects the muscle activity pattern of the flat bench press and results in its acute decrease in comparison to an equal load under CONT conditions. The SS device may be an effective tool both in rehabilitation and strength training protocols by increasing stability with a reduction of muscular activity of the prime movers.

ACS Style

Grzegorz Wojdala; Artur Golas; Michal Krzysztofik; Robert George Lockie; Robert Roczniok; Adam Zajac; Michal Wilk. Impact of the “Sling Shot” Supportive Device on Upper-Body Neuromuscular Activity during the Bench Press Exercise. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 7695 .

AMA Style

Grzegorz Wojdala, Artur Golas, Michal Krzysztofik, Robert George Lockie, Robert Roczniok, Adam Zajac, Michal Wilk. Impact of the “Sling Shot” Supportive Device on Upper-Body Neuromuscular Activity during the Bench Press Exercise. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (20):7695.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Grzegorz Wojdala; Artur Golas; Michal Krzysztofik; Robert George Lockie; Robert Roczniok; Adam Zajac; Michal Wilk. 2020. "Impact of the “Sling Shot” Supportive Device on Upper-Body Neuromuscular Activity during the Bench Press Exercise." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 20: 7695.

Journal article
Published: 21 October 2020
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The aim of this study was to compare the muscle activity between the sling shot assisted (SS) and control (CONT) flat barbell bench press for selected external loads of 70%, 85%, 100% one-repetition maximum (1RM). Ten resistance-trained men participated in the study (age = 22.2 ± 1.9 years, body mass = 88.7 ± 11.2 kg, body height = 179.5 ± 4.1, 1RM in the bench press = 127.25 ± 25.86 kg, and strength training experience = 6 ± 2.5 years). Evaluation of peak muscle activity of the dominant body side was carried out using surface electromyography (sEMG) recorded for the triceps brachii, pectoralis major, and anterior deltoid during each attempt. The three-way repeated measure ANOVA revealed statistically significant main interaction for condition x muscle group (p < 0.01; η2 = 0.569); load x muscle group (p < 0.01; η2 = 0.709); and condition x load (p < 0.01; η2 = 0.418). A main effect was also observed for condition (p < 0.01; η2 = 0.968); load (p < 0.01; η2 = 0.976); and muscle group (p < 0.01; η2 = 0.977). The post hoc analysis for the main effect of the condition indicated statistically significant decrease in %MVIC for the SS compared to CONT condition (74.9 vs. 88.9%MVIC; p < 0.01; ES = 0.39). The results of this study showed that using the SS significantly affects the muscle activity pattern of the flat bench press and results in its acute decrease in comparison to an equal load under CONT conditions. The SS device may be an effective tool both in rehabilitation and strength training protocols by increasing stability with a reduction of muscular activity of the prime movers.

ACS Style

Grzegorz Wojdala; Artur Golas; Michal Krzysztofik; Robert George Lockie; Robert Roczniok; Adam Zajac; Michal Wilk. Impact of the "Sling Shot" Supportive Device on Upper-Body Neuromuscular Activity during the Bench Press Exercise. 2020, 17, 1 .

AMA Style

Grzegorz Wojdala, Artur Golas, Michal Krzysztofik, Robert George Lockie, Robert Roczniok, Adam Zajac, Michal Wilk. Impact of the "Sling Shot" Supportive Device on Upper-Body Neuromuscular Activity during the Bench Press Exercise. . 2020; 17 (20):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Grzegorz Wojdala; Artur Golas; Michal Krzysztofik; Robert George Lockie; Robert Roczniok; Adam Zajac; Michal Wilk. 2020. "Impact of the "Sling Shot" Supportive Device on Upper-Body Neuromuscular Activity during the Bench Press Exercise." 17, no. 20: 1.

Journal article
Published: 19 October 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The physical fitness of police officers needs to support good health and physical performance. Physical fitness comprises a considerable amount of training for police students who are to become police officers. However, to what degree police students are able to perceive their fitness level and differentiate between health-related and performance-related physical fitness is unknown. Therefore, the first aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of differentiation between health-related and performance-related physical fitness using physical self-concept and measured indicators of physical fitness. The second aim of this study was to investigate the association between components of physical self-concept and measured indicators of physical fitness of police students. The sample of 177 police students of both sexes (98 males and 79 females) completed a 40-item physical self-description questionnaire and their physical abilities were assessed for handgrip strength, standing long jump, 30 s sit-ups, and 12-min running. Principal component analysis established health-related and performance-related physical fitness from both perceived and measured physical fitness measures. Correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between the perceived and measured physical fitness. Results suggest small to moderate ability to recognize the level of certain physical abilities, indicating the association between psychological mechanisms and biological functioning.

ACS Style

Filip Kukić; Robert G. Lockie; Ana Vesković; Nikola Petrović; Dane Subošić; Danijela Spasić; Darko Paspalj; Lazar Vulin; Nenad Koropanovski. Perceived and Measured Physical Fitness of Police Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 7628 .

AMA Style

Filip Kukić, Robert G. Lockie, Ana Vesković, Nikola Petrović, Dane Subošić, Danijela Spasić, Darko Paspalj, Lazar Vulin, Nenad Koropanovski. Perceived and Measured Physical Fitness of Police Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (20):7628.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Filip Kukić; Robert G. Lockie; Ana Vesković; Nikola Petrović; Dane Subošić; Danijela Spasić; Darko Paspalj; Lazar Vulin; Nenad Koropanovski. 2020. "Perceived and Measured Physical Fitness of Police Students." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 20: 7628.

Journal article
Published: 15 October 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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A challenge for law enforcement agencies is the many positions that need filling. Agencies may modify their applicant test battery (ATB; multilevelled testing including fitness, background checks, psychological evaluations) to increase the hiring pool of potential recruits by augmenting the utility of testing. This study determined fitness differences of law enforcement recruits hired under two different ATB protocols. Retrospective analysis was conducted on seven academy classes (442 males, 84 females) hired under an older ATB, and one class (45 males, 13 females) hired under a newer ATB. Recruits completed the following before academy: 60 s push-ups and sit-ups (muscular endurance); vertical jump (lower-body power); medicine ball throw (upper-body power); 75 yard pursuit run (75PR; change-of-direction speed); and 20 m multistage fitness test (20MSFT; aerobic fitness). Independent sample t-tests (p ≤ 0.001) and effect sizes (d) evaluated between-group fitness differences for recruits hired under the different ATB protocols (combined sexes, males, and females). There were no significant differences between the ATB groups. However, newer ATB female recruits completed 13% fewer 20MSFT shuttles than the older ATB group, which, although not significant (p = 0.007), did have a moderate effect (d = 0.62). Females hired under the newer ATB had lower aerobic fitness, which could impact physical training performance and graduation.

ACS Style

Robert G. Lockie; J. Jay Dawes; Matthew R. Moreno; Megan B. McGuire; Tomas J. Ruvalcaba; Ashley M. Bloodgood; Joseph M. Dulla; Robin M. Orr. We Need You: Influence of Hiring Demand and Modified Applicant Testing on the Physical Fitness of Law Enforcement Recruits. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 7512 .

AMA Style

Robert G. Lockie, J. Jay Dawes, Matthew R. Moreno, Megan B. McGuire, Tomas J. Ruvalcaba, Ashley M. Bloodgood, Joseph M. Dulla, Robin M. Orr. We Need You: Influence of Hiring Demand and Modified Applicant Testing on the Physical Fitness of Law Enforcement Recruits. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (20):7512.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Robert G. Lockie; J. Jay Dawes; Matthew R. Moreno; Megan B. McGuire; Tomas J. Ruvalcaba; Ashley M. Bloodgood; Joseph M. Dulla; Robin M. Orr. 2020. "We Need You: Influence of Hiring Demand and Modified Applicant Testing on the Physical Fitness of Law Enforcement Recruits." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 20: 7512.

Journal article
Published: 25 September 2020 in Sustainability
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Law enforcement is an intermittently physically demanding job, interspersed with long periods of sedentary activity. To prepare for the physical demands of the job, law enforcement agencies enlist recruits into academies with a focus on physical training. Often, academies focus on aerobic-based exercise despite anaerobic fitness being strongly correlated to occupational tasks. The objective of this article is to analyze the changes in the fitness of police recruits during academy training. Initial and final fitness test results, encompassing muscular power, strength, endurance as well as aerobic and anaerobic fitness, were measured to analyze changes in fitness. Dependent t-tests showed significant increases (p < 0.05) across all fitness tests, with a trend towards larger increases in aerobic and muscle-endurance-based tests. Recruits from this academy tended to have higher fitness results compared to other academies and were either average or below average compared to age-matched standards in the general population. Physical training should persist for recruits beyond the academy to continue to develop fitness throughout their career. Academies should add a focus on muscular strength and power training as these measures relate to occupational tasks, which may better prepare recruits for demands they will be expected to face in the field.

ACS Style

Danny Maupin; Ben Schram; Elisa Canetti; Jay Dawes; Robert Lockie; Robin Orr. Developing the Fitness of Law Enforcement Recruits during Academy Training. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7944 .

AMA Style

Danny Maupin, Ben Schram, Elisa Canetti, Jay Dawes, Robert Lockie, Robin Orr. Developing the Fitness of Law Enforcement Recruits during Academy Training. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (19):7944.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Danny Maupin; Ben Schram; Elisa Canetti; Jay Dawes; Robert Lockie; Robin Orr. 2020. "Developing the Fitness of Law Enforcement Recruits during Academy Training." Sustainability 12, no. 19: 7944.

Journal article
Published: 16 September 2020 in Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
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Lockie, RG, Moreno, MR, and Dawes, JJ. A research note on relationships between the vertical jump and standing broad jump in law enforcement recruits: implications for lower-body power testing. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000–000, 2020—Jump testing is often used to infer lower-body power in law enforcement recruits. The vertical jump (VJ) is most common, but can be equipment-intensive. The standing broad jump (SBJ) also provides a measure of lower-body power, requires less equipment, and could be practical for training staff with limited resources. There has been no analysis of the relationships between the VJ and SBJ in law enforcement recruits to ensure they measure similar qualities. This research note investigated the relationships between the VJ and SBJ in recruits from one agency. The sample included 71 men and 23 women who completed the VJ and SBJ before academy. Independent samples t-tests compared the sexes in both jump tests. Pearson's correlations calculated relationships between the VJ and SBJ variables (VJ height, height relative to body mass, peak power and power-to-body mass ratio calculated from VJ height; SBJ distance and distance relative to body mass) in all recruits combined, men, and women. Male recruits outperformed females in all absolute VJ and SBJ variables (p < 0.001), except for relative-to-body mass VJ and SBJ. There were large significant relationships between most jump variables for all recruits combined, men, and women (r = 0.371–0.684). Relative VJ and SBJ did not significantly relate (r = 0.123–0.203). There were generally strong relationships between the VJ and SBJ in recruits, although the relative data indicated some differences in qualities assessed by each jump. Nonetheless, training staff could use the SBJ as a lower-body absolute power indicator, especially with limited resources.

ACS Style

Robert G. Lockie; Mathew R. Moreno; J. Jay Dawes. A Research Note on Relationships Between the Vertical Jump and Standing Broad Jump in Law Enforcement Recruits. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2020, Publish Ah, 1 .

AMA Style

Robert G. Lockie, Mathew R. Moreno, J. Jay Dawes. A Research Note on Relationships Between the Vertical Jump and Standing Broad Jump in Law Enforcement Recruits. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2020; Publish Ah ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Robert G. Lockie; Mathew R. Moreno; J. Jay Dawes. 2020. "A Research Note on Relationships Between the Vertical Jump and Standing Broad Jump in Law Enforcement Recruits." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research Publish Ah, no. : 1.

Preprint
Published: 01 September 2020
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Law enforcement is an intermittently physically demanding job, interspersed with long periods of sedentary activity. To prepare for the physical demands of the job, law enforcement agencies enlist recruits into academies with a focus on physical training. Often academies focus on aerobic based exercise despite anaerobic fitness being strongly correlated to occupational tasks. The objective of this article is to analyse the changes in fitness of police recruits during academy training. Initial and final fitness test results, encompassing muscular power, strength, endurance as well as aerobic and anaerobic fitness, were measured to analyse changes in fitness. Dependent t-tests showed significant increases (p < 0.05) across all fitness tests, with a trend towards larger increases in aerobic and muscle endurance-based tests. Recruits from this academy tended to have higher fitness results compared to other academies and were either average or below average compared to age matched standards in the general populations. Physical training should persist for recruits beyond the academy to continue develop fitness throughout their career. Academies should add a focus on muscular strength and power training as these measures relate to occupational tasks, which may better prepare recruits for demands they will be expected to face in the field.

ACS Style

Danny J. Maupin; Ben Schram; Elisa F.D. Canetti; Jay Dawes; Robert G. Lockie; Robin Orr. Developing the Fitness of Law Enforcement Recruits during Academy Training. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Danny J. Maupin, Ben Schram, Elisa F.D. Canetti, Jay Dawes, Robert G. Lockie, Robin Orr. Developing the Fitness of Law Enforcement Recruits during Academy Training. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Danny J. Maupin; Ben Schram; Elisa F.D. Canetti; Jay Dawes; Robert G. Lockie; Robin Orr. 2020. "Developing the Fitness of Law Enforcement Recruits during Academy Training." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 31 August 2020
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This study investigated whether: law enforcement recruits could complete a 74.84-kg (165-lb) body drag without specific training; relationships between the body drag and absolute and relative isometric grip and leg/back strength could be established to assist with training recommendations; a strength baseline needed to complete the 74.84-kg body drag could be established. Retrospective analysis on a recruit class (72 males, 21 females) from one agency was conducted. Recruits completed the body drag, and had strength assessed by hand grip and leg/back dynamometers in the week before academy. The body drag required the recruit to lift the dummy to standing and drag it 9.75 m as quickly as possible. Independent samples t-tests calculated between-sex differences in the drag and strength measures. Recruits were ranked according to drag time to describe the strength of recruits that could not perform the task. Pearson’s correlations and a stepwise linear regression calculated relationships between the body drag and isometric strength. Male recruits completed the drag faster and were stronger than females (p < 0.001). Only two females could not complete the drag, and they had leg/back strength below 100 kg. Greater absolute (r = -0.599 and -0.677) and relative (r = -0.261 and -0.322) grip (combined score) and leg/back strength, respectively, related to a faster drag. Absolute leg/back strength predicted the body drag (r2 = 0.444). Improving absolute isometric grip and leg/back strength could enhance dragging ability. A minimum isometric leg/back strength score of 100 kg may be needed to perform a 74.84-kg body drag.

ACS Style

Robert G. Lockie; Matthew R. Moreno; Megan B. McGuire; Tomas J. Ruvalcaba; Ashley M. Bloodgood; Joseph M. Dulla; Robin M. Orr; J. Jay Dawes. Relationships Between Isometric Strength and the 74.84-kg (165-lb) Body Drag Test in Law Enforcement Recruits. 2020, 74, 5 -13.

AMA Style

Robert G. Lockie, Matthew R. Moreno, Megan B. McGuire, Tomas J. Ruvalcaba, Ashley M. Bloodgood, Joseph M. Dulla, Robin M. Orr, J. Jay Dawes. Relationships Between Isometric Strength and the 74.84-kg (165-lb) Body Drag Test in Law Enforcement Recruits. . 2020; 74 ():5-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Robert G. Lockie; Matthew R. Moreno; Megan B. McGuire; Tomas J. Ruvalcaba; Ashley M. Bloodgood; Joseph M. Dulla; Robin M. Orr; J. Jay Dawes. 2020. "Relationships Between Isometric Strength and the 74.84-kg (165-lb) Body Drag Test in Law Enforcement Recruits." 74, no. : 5-13.

Journal article
Published: 13 August 2020 in Sustainability
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Physical fitness is an important aspect of physical health and wellbeing. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 11-weeks of formal strength and conditioning training conducted during fire academy training on the physical fitness characteristics of firefighter trainees. Archived physical fitness data for 23 male fire academy trainees (age: 27.6 ± 4.3 y; height: 178.5 ± 6.9 cm; body mass [BM]: 83.9 ± 1.8 kg; BM index [BMI]: 26.8 ± 2.8 kg/m2) were analyzed for this study. These data included vertical jump height, maximum pull-up repetitions, hand grip strength, lower-body strength (3RM Hexbar) and aerobic fitness. Trainees performed three sessions per week (two resistance training sessions and one aerobic conditioning session) in addition to fire academy training. A repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant (p < 0.05) pre-post decreases in BM and BMI and significant increases in upper- and lower-body strength, and aerobic fitness. Strength and conditioning programs are beneficial for improving firefighter trainees’ physical fitness even when run concurrently with fire academy training and with limited space and equipment. This increased fitness may aid in mitigating known occupational injury risks to this population and improve task performance.

ACS Style

Brandon Stone; Brent Alvar; Robin Orr; Robert Lockie; Quincy Johnson; Jonathan Goatcher; J. Dawes. Impact of an 11-Week Strength and Conditioning Program on Firefighter Trainee Fitness. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6541 .

AMA Style

Brandon Stone, Brent Alvar, Robin Orr, Robert Lockie, Quincy Johnson, Jonathan Goatcher, J. Dawes. Impact of an 11-Week Strength and Conditioning Program on Firefighter Trainee Fitness. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (16):6541.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brandon Stone; Brent Alvar; Robin Orr; Robert Lockie; Quincy Johnson; Jonathan Goatcher; J. Dawes. 2020. "Impact of an 11-Week Strength and Conditioning Program on Firefighter Trainee Fitness." Sustainability 12, no. 16: 6541.

Journal article
Published: 22 July 2020 in Strength & Conditioning Journal
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A number of research studies have indicated a wide variation in the physical fitness of law enforcement recruits before academy training. This article provides a literature review regarding current training practices, and the associated limitations, specific to recruits during academy. Collectively, this information indicates the need for ability-based, individualized training for recruits during academy, which is not always the model adopted for a variety of reasons. Practical applications relative to this analysis, in addition to examples for aerobic/anaerobic conditioning and resistance training programs, are presented. These programs feature exercises that are modifiable depending on the fitness of recruits.

ACS Style

Robert Lockie; Joseph Dulla; Robin Orr; Jay Dawes. Importance of Ability-Based Training for Law Enforcement Recruits. Strength & Conditioning Journal 2020, 43, 80 -90.

AMA Style

Robert Lockie, Joseph Dulla, Robin Orr, Jay Dawes. Importance of Ability-Based Training for Law Enforcement Recruits. Strength & Conditioning Journal. 2020; 43 (3):80-90.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Robert Lockie; Joseph Dulla; Robin Orr; Jay Dawes. 2020. "Importance of Ability-Based Training for Law Enforcement Recruits." Strength & Conditioning Journal 43, no. 3: 80-90.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2020 in Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
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Lockie, RG, Liu, TM, Stage, AA, Lazar, A, Giuliano, DV, Hurley, JM, Torne, IA, Beiley, MD, Birmingham-Babauta, SA, Stokes, JJ, Risso, FG, Davis, DL, Moreno, MR, and Orjalo, AJ. Assessing repeated-sprint ability in Division I collegiate women soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 34(7): 2015–2023, 2020—Repeated-sprint ability (RSA) is a key component of soccer, and is the capacity to repeatedly produce near-maximal to maximal sprints with short recovery periods. Repeated-sprint ability has received little analysis in collegiate women soccer players. The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between RSA and tests of soccer-specific performance. Nineteen players from the same Division I collegiate women's soccer team were recruited. The RSA test consisted of six 20-m sprints completed on 15-second cycles. The measurements taken were total time (TT) and percent decrement (PD; percent change from first to last sprint). Subjects also completed tests of: lower-body strength (1 repetition maximum [1RM] back squat); jump performance (vertical and standing long jumps); linear (0–5, 0–10, and 0–30 m sprint intervals) and change-of-direction (505 from each leg) speed; and soccer-specific fitness (Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 [YYIRT1]). Pearson's correlations (p ≤ 0.05) were used to calculate relationships between RSA TT and PD with the performance tests. Total time exhibited significant relationships with the 0–10 (r = 0.50) and 0–30 m (r = 0.71) sprint intervals, and the left-leg 505 (r = 0.57). However, lower-body strength measured by the 1RM back squat and jump performance did not relate to TT. Percent decrement correlated only with the left-leg 505 (r = 0.53) and no other performance test. This included the YYIRT1, although both PD and YYIRT1 performance are limited by fatigue. The results from this study indicated that faster linear sprinting speed could positively influence RSA in Division I collegiate women soccer players.

ACS Style

Robert G. Lockie; Tricia M. Liu; Alyssa A. Stage; Adrina Lazar; Dominic V. Giuliano; Jillian M. Hurley; Ibett A. Torne; Megan D. Beiley; Samantha A. Birmingham-Babauta; John J. Stokes; Fabrice G. Risso; Deshaun L. Davis; Matthew R. Moreno; Ashley J. Orjalo. Assessing Repeated-Sprint Ability in Division I Collegiate Women Soccer Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2020, 34, 2015 -2023.

AMA Style

Robert G. Lockie, Tricia M. Liu, Alyssa A. Stage, Adrina Lazar, Dominic V. Giuliano, Jillian M. Hurley, Ibett A. Torne, Megan D. Beiley, Samantha A. Birmingham-Babauta, John J. Stokes, Fabrice G. Risso, Deshaun L. Davis, Matthew R. Moreno, Ashley J. Orjalo. Assessing Repeated-Sprint Ability in Division I Collegiate Women Soccer Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2020; 34 (7):2015-2023.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Robert G. Lockie; Tricia M. Liu; Alyssa A. Stage; Adrina Lazar; Dominic V. Giuliano; Jillian M. Hurley; Ibett A. Torne; Megan D. Beiley; Samantha A. Birmingham-Babauta; John J. Stokes; Fabrice G. Risso; Deshaun L. Davis; Matthew R. Moreno; Ashley J. Orjalo. 2020. "Assessing Repeated-Sprint Ability in Division I Collegiate Women Soccer Players." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 34, no. 7: 2015-2023.

Journal article
Published: 23 June 2020 in Strength & Conditioning Journal
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Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) is used at high schools and universities to prepare individuals for enlistment and commission in the U.S. military. Population demographic changes have resulted in more adolescents and young adults being less active, which influences motor skill, movement, and fitness development. Because ROTC programs recruit from the general population, this could influence the training programmed by ROTC staff or strength coaches. This article presents assessment options for motor skills, movement competency, and physical fitness that could be used for ROTC cadets. Should these tests be adopted, staff can use the results to drive their training.

ACS Style

Megan B. McGuire; Robert G. Lockie. Motor Skill, Movement Competency, and Physical Fitness Assessments for Reserve Officers' Training Corps Cadets. Strength & Conditioning Journal 2020, 43, 75 -83.

AMA Style

Megan B. McGuire, Robert G. Lockie. Motor Skill, Movement Competency, and Physical Fitness Assessments for Reserve Officers' Training Corps Cadets. Strength & Conditioning Journal. 2020; 43 (2):75-83.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Megan B. McGuire; Robert G. Lockie. 2020. "Motor Skill, Movement Competency, and Physical Fitness Assessments for Reserve Officers' Training Corps Cadets." Strength & Conditioning Journal 43, no. 2: 75-83.

Journal article
Published: 19 June 2020 in Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
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Lockie, RG, Beitzel, MM, Dulla, JM, Dawes, JJ, Orr, RM, and Hernandez, JA. Between-sex differences in the work sample test battery performed by law enforcement recruits: implications for training and potential job performance. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000–000, 2020—Law enforcement officers perform a range of demanding job-specific tasks, and these tasks are the same for all officers, regardless of sex. Female officers tend to be at a physical disadvantage compared with male officers, and this could affect their performance in job-specific tasks. This study investigated the between-sex differences in the work sample test battery (WSTB; duplicates what an officer encounters on-duty) in law enforcement recruits. A retrospective analysis was performed on 308 recruits (259 men and 49 women) from 5 training academy classes. The WSTB incorporated 5 tests: a 99-yard obstacle course (99OC), 165-pound body drag (BD), 6-foot chain link fence (CLF), solid wall (SW) climb, and 500-yard run (500R). These tests were typically performed in the last weeks of academy and must be completed to a state-mandated minimum standard for recruits to graduate. Independent-samples t tests (p < 0.05) and effect sizes (d) calculated between-sex differences. Noting that when individual data were considered, there were male recruits who were outperformed by female recruits. However, on average, female recruits were slower on all WSTB tasks than male recruits (p < 0.01). Large effects were present for the 99OC, CLF, and 500R differences (d = 1.26–1.69), a moderate effect for the BD (d = 0.85), and a small effect for the SW (d = 0.56). Slower performance in job-specific tests could translate to slower performance in tasks required on-duty. Training staff should develop the qualities necessary for WSTB performance in female recruits and underperforming male recruits to enhance future job performance.

ACS Style

Robert G. Lockie; Maria M. Beitzel; Joseph M. Dulla; J. Jay Dawes; Robin M. Orr; Javier A. Hernandez. Between-Sex Differences in the Work Sample Test Battery Performed by Law Enforcement Recruits. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2020, Publish Ah, 1 .

AMA Style

Robert G. Lockie, Maria M. Beitzel, Joseph M. Dulla, J. Jay Dawes, Robin M. Orr, Javier A. Hernandez. Between-Sex Differences in the Work Sample Test Battery Performed by Law Enforcement Recruits. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2020; Publish Ah ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Robert G. Lockie; Maria M. Beitzel; Joseph M. Dulla; J. Jay Dawes; Robin M. Orr; Javier A. Hernandez. 2020. "Between-Sex Differences in the Work Sample Test Battery Performed by Law Enforcement Recruits." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research Publish Ah, no. : 1.