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Dr. Jorge Sanjurjo-Sanchez
University Institute of Geology, Universidade da Coruña, ESCI, Campus de Elviña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain

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Review
Published: 03 August 2021 in Heritage
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Natural stone is an important component of historical heritage (buildings and art objects such as sculptures or rock engravings), and it is still widely used in contemporary works. Soluble salts are the main erosive agent in the built environment, and we review here comparative studies that subject the same rock type to testing with different salt solutions. The results mostly support the accepted notion of the major impact of sodium sulphate, although there are some exceptions. The effects of sodium chloride and calcium sulphate deserve specific discussion given field information on the relevance of these specific salts in the built environment. We relate the information collected to the issues of risk assessment (considering both geochemical conditions and salt effects) and conservation interventions (highlighting the interest of tests that do not produce damage to susceptible materials) and present some methodological suggestions to avoid a case study culture.

ACS Style

Carlos Alves; Carlos Figueiredo; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez; Ana Hernández. Salt Weathering of Natural Stone: A Review of Comparative Laboratory Studies. Heritage 2021, 4, 1554 -1565.

AMA Style

Carlos Alves, Carlos Figueiredo, Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez, Ana Hernández. Salt Weathering of Natural Stone: A Review of Comparative Laboratory Studies. Heritage. 2021; 4 (3):1554-1565.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos Alves; Carlos Figueiredo; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez; Ana Hernández. 2021. "Salt Weathering of Natural Stone: A Review of Comparative Laboratory Studies." Heritage 4, no. 3: 1554-1565.

Journal article
Published: 23 March 2021 in Chemical Geology
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Volcanism, aridity, and endorheism converge in the central zone of the Andean Cordillera (Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina, between latitudes 19° S and 27° S). The Gorbea and Ignorado basins are pristine Andean sites in which the transfer of saline compounds from endogenous to exogenous environments occurs. In this area the regional volcanic rocks display strong argillic alteration, with Al and Fe (alunite, jarosite) and Ca (gypsum/anhydrite) sulfates. Native sulfur is also present in paleosolfataras. The Gorbea salt flat is covered by a discontinuous layer of selenitic gypsum of varying thickness (maximum 2 m). The discontinuity of the layer as well as its variable thickness is due to the fact that the original bed has been partially destroyed mainly by dissolution but also by deflation. Saline pond brines (Cl-SO4-Na [-Mg]) are strongly acidic reaching pH values lower than 2. The high temperature processes that caused the hydrothermal alteration in the Gorbea and Ignorado basins occurred in the Miocene (14 Ma) coinciding with a wet period that reached 9 Ma. Subsequently, the weather up to 120 ka was predominantly hyper-arid with a less arid interval between 6 and 3 Ma and the epithermal sulfates were recycled in saline lakes mainly in the Late Pleistocene wet period (120 to 11.7 ka). Evolution into the current salt flat occurred in the mid-early Holocene (11.7 to 4 ka), through a salt lake that first evolved into a ‘salina’ environment that gave rise to a selenitic gypsum layer (6.4 ka), and later to the final dryness. The highest values of δ34SVCDT and δ18OVSMOW found in the selenitic gypsum layer (+20‰ and + 28‰, respectively) show that the recycling was locally produced, mainly from isotopically heavier hypogene sulfates. The δ18OVSMOW (and less clearly, δ34SVCDT) values are higher in the basal part of the gypsum crust (about +27‰), which suggests an initial hypogene source that decreased towards the top due to mixing with supergene sulfate inputs. Bacterial activity, although catalyzing the supergene reactions, does not appear to have had a significant influence on the isotopic composition of sulfates. The crystallization water of the gypsum is isotopically lighter in the basal part of the selenitic layer (δ18OVSMOW ≈ +7‰), which indicates that the brines of the saline lake were still poorly evolved. These brines evolved to heavier (approximately +13‰) towards the top of the layer and towards the center of the salt flat, before the final drying. The partial destruction of the selenitic gypsum layer occurred during more recent wet periods over the last 4 ka that have been identified in wetlands and lakes in the Central Andean area. Isotopic data (δ34SVCDT and δ18OVSMOW) clearly suggest that sulfates in the saline compounds and evaporites from the entire Central Andean arid area have mostly a thermal origin with contributions from atmospheric deposition and locally, near the Pacific coast, marine aerosols. In addition, the great difference in altitude (approximately 3000 m) between the Altiplano and the lands located to the west, up to the Pacific coast, generated a constant flow of groundwater containing saline compounds that gave rise, to the salt flats of the basins located in lower topographic areas (Atacama, Punta Negra, Hilaricos, Soledad, Tamarugal, Salar de Pintados, Salar Grande) throughout the Cenozoic. Such salt flats have lower δ34SVCDT and δ18OVSMOW values mostly for two reasons: the secular mixing with atmospheric sulfate, and the isotope fractionation related to repetitive dissolution (or leaking)—migration—precipitation along the hydraulic gradient, a process that occurred throughout a large part of the Cenozoic. The last process also explains that the evaporites of some of these salt flats (e.g., Salar de Atacama, Salar Grande) display very high Cl/SO4 ratios.

ACS Style

Juanjosé Pueyo; Cecilia Demergasso; Lorena Escudero; Guillermo Chong; Paulina Cortéz-Rivera; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez; Virginia Carmona; Santiago Giralt. On the origin of saline compounds in acidic salt flats (Central Andean Altiplano). Chemical Geology 2021, 574, 120155 .

AMA Style

Juanjosé Pueyo, Cecilia Demergasso, Lorena Escudero, Guillermo Chong, Paulina Cortéz-Rivera, Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez, Virginia Carmona, Santiago Giralt. On the origin of saline compounds in acidic salt flats (Central Andean Altiplano). Chemical Geology. 2021; 574 ():120155.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Juanjosé Pueyo; Cecilia Demergasso; Lorena Escudero; Guillermo Chong; Paulina Cortéz-Rivera; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez; Virginia Carmona; Santiago Giralt. 2021. "On the origin of saline compounds in acidic salt flats (Central Andean Altiplano)." Chemical Geology 574, no. : 120155.

Journal article
Published: 28 December 2020 in Cadernos do Laboratorio Xeolóxico de Laxe. Revista de Xeoloxía Galega e do Hercínico Peninsular
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Fluvial sediments provide environmental records of the Quaternary. In some cases, fluvial deposits are caused by anthropogenic processes that cause changes in the water regime of some river stretches. This is the case of dams. It has been reported that some dams or partial damming systems existed in the past, at least from some thousands of years ago. Such dams were used for fishing purposes and are referred as fishing weirs. In a recently published work it has been demonstrated that a fluvial thick deposit was caused by a damming system in a river of NW Iberia (River Miño, Pontevedra). Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) provided the burial age of such fluvial deposit, showing a 1300-year-old fluvial record. The sedimentation rates of the record did not match with known climate fluctuations in the area. In this work, the sedimentation phases of such record are identified, and the detrital and organic matter content is studied to assess any change occurred in the environmental and fluvial conditions during the deposition period of the record that ranges from 814±134 to 1837±11 AD.

ACS Style

Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez; Carlos Arce-Chamorro; Víctor Barrientos; Ana Goy-Diz. Palaeoenvironmental data from fluvial deposits associated to ancient fishing weirs in the Miño river, NW Iberia. Cadernos do Laboratorio Xeolóxico de Laxe. Revista de Xeoloxía Galega e do Hercínico Peninsular 2020, 42, 53 -68.

AMA Style

Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez, Carlos Arce-Chamorro, Víctor Barrientos, Ana Goy-Diz. Palaeoenvironmental data from fluvial deposits associated to ancient fishing weirs in the Miño river, NW Iberia. Cadernos do Laboratorio Xeolóxico de Laxe. Revista de Xeoloxía Galega e do Hercínico Peninsular. 2020; 42 ():53-68.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez; Carlos Arce-Chamorro; Víctor Barrientos; Ana Goy-Diz. 2020. "Palaeoenvironmental data from fluvial deposits associated to ancient fishing weirs in the Miño river, NW Iberia." Cadernos do Laboratorio Xeolóxico de Laxe. Revista de Xeoloxía Galega e do Hercínico Peninsular 42, no. : 53-68.

Journal article
Published: 28 December 2020 in Cadernos do Laboratorio Xeolóxico de Laxe. Revista de Xeoloxía Galega e do Hercínico Peninsular
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En este trabajo se han estudiado las dosis equivalentes (De) obtenidas de la señal OSL del cuarzo, para depósitos fluviales del Pleistoceno Superior de la cuenca del río Mero (A Coruña, Galicia, España) y conservados en el margen costero de la Ría de A Coruña (NO Península Ibérica). Estas De muestran distribuciones con una dispersión mayor a la esperada, obteniéndose porcentajes de sobre-dispersión elevados (OD>20%). Estos valores suelen asociarse al blanqueamiento incompleto de la señal OSL, debido al transporte de los granos de cuarzo en un medio turbio, debido una caga finos en supresión. No obstante, los gráficos y test de bondad de ajuste describen distribuciones normales, simétricas y centradas en la media. Tampoco indican evidencias de dos o más poblaciones de alícuotas conformadas por dos clases de granos de cuarzo agrupadas: (i) un grupo donde la señal de los granos ha sido bien blanqueada antes del último episodio de deposición y enterramiento y (ii) otro grupo que muestran señal heredada (residual). Sin embargo, los experimentos de Dose Recovery realizados indican que la dispersión se debe a factores extrínsecos y no intrínsecos al tipo de cuarzo estudiado. Por ello, se han analizado las concentraciones de radioisótopos en las muestras y la concentración de potasio en diferentes granulometrías, para estimar si el origen de la sobre-dispersión es la micro-dosimetria causada por el 40K del potasio, dada las bajas tasas de radiación y dosis anual medidas en las muestras. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que esta es la causa más probable de la dispersión, no encontrándose evidencias de blanqueamiento parcial.

ACS Style

Carlos Arce-Chamorro; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. Variabilidad en la micro-dosimetría beta del sedimento como principal causa de dispersión en la datación OSL de los depósitos fluviales costeros fini-pleistocenos conservados en la Cuenca del Río Mero (A Coruña, Galicia, España). Cadernos do Laboratorio Xeolóxico de Laxe. Revista de Xeoloxía Galega e do Hercínico Peninsular 2020, 42, 169 -192.

AMA Style

Carlos Arce-Chamorro, Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. Variabilidad en la micro-dosimetría beta del sedimento como principal causa de dispersión en la datación OSL de los depósitos fluviales costeros fini-pleistocenos conservados en la Cuenca del Río Mero (A Coruña, Galicia, España). Cadernos do Laboratorio Xeolóxico de Laxe. Revista de Xeoloxía Galega e do Hercínico Peninsular. 2020; 42 ():169-192.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos Arce-Chamorro; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. 2020. "Variabilidad en la micro-dosimetría beta del sedimento como principal causa de dispersión en la datación OSL de los depósitos fluviales costeros fini-pleistocenos conservados en la Cuenca del Río Mero (A Coruña, Galicia, España)." Cadernos do Laboratorio Xeolóxico de Laxe. Revista de Xeoloxía Galega e do Hercínico Peninsular 42, no. : 169-192.

Proceedings
Published: 01 December 2020 in Environmental Sciences Proceedings
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Water has always been a critical resource for humans and climate change could aggravate supply problems. In this context, groundwater could be an important reservoir of water, especially given the dispersion of places where it can be obtained and the widespread occurrence of surface marks (springs). Historically, places where groundwater is available have been marked by humans using built structures, with stone materials having a major role. These cultural objects tend to become a part of the collective memory and the historical record (when available) and frequently they stay on the original site along time (hence “marking a spot” for groundwater). However, the development of major water supply structures, especially in the 20th century, promoted the negligence of these ancient water sources. We present a general defense of the importance of recording and preserving cultural stone related to water sources, preferably in the original sites. Conservation of groundwater-related structures could help in the future exploration of this geological resource and converge with historical information on the fountains’ discharge, with geological studies of the terrains and geochemical features of the groundwaters involved, in order to characterize the hydrogeological systems and their potential future use (including the preservation of water quality and properties). These studies could promote a synergetic conservation of both heritage and water.

ACS Style

Carlos Alves; Carlos Figueiredo; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez; Ana C. Hernández. Geological Materials as Cultural Markers of Water Resources. Environmental Sciences Proceedings 2020, 5, 8 .

AMA Style

Carlos Alves, Carlos Figueiredo, Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez, Ana C. Hernández. Geological Materials as Cultural Markers of Water Resources. Environmental Sciences Proceedings. 2020; 5 (1):8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos Alves; Carlos Figueiredo; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez; Ana C. Hernández. 2020. "Geological Materials as Cultural Markers of Water Resources." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 5, no. 1: 8.

Proceedings
Published: 01 December 2020 in Environmental Sciences Proceedings
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The current COVID-19 pandemic has created havoc in the regular workings of many institutions, such as those dedicated to teaching; therefore, there is an urge for alternatives to traditional face-to-face teaching. However, for certain subjects, such as Earth Sciences, distance-teaching approaches could be seen as counterintuitive to the essential foundations of the subject (where empirical information, especially from fieldwork, is considered paramount for its foundation and growth). In this work, we consider remote operations that could complement, improve, and perhaps even replace the traditional approach for teaching Earth Sciences, potentially producing better learning outcomes, even in relation to laboratory and fieldwork, including studies involving locations outside of planet Earth. Additionally, we consider the possible advantages for other professional settings related to this area, such as those concerning terrain characterization for engineering works, mineral resources, and environmental studies, as well as possible support for space missions and stations in other astronomical bodies (where mineral exploration and extraction could be developed and, hence, benefit from remote operations).

ACS Style

Carlos Alves; Carlos Figueiredo; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. Remote Operations Could Be the Future for Earth Sciences Teaching: A Speculative Discussion. Environmental Sciences Proceedings 2020, 5, 9 .

AMA Style

Carlos Alves, Carlos Figueiredo, Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. Remote Operations Could Be the Future for Earth Sciences Teaching: A Speculative Discussion. Environmental Sciences Proceedings. 2020; 5 (1):9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos Alves; Carlos Figueiredo; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. 2020. "Remote Operations Could Be the Future for Earth Sciences Teaching: A Speculative Discussion." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 5, no. 1: 9.

Proceedings
Published: 01 December 2020 in Environmental Sciences Proceedings
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Crystallography concepts are usually among the most demanding subjects for Mineralogy students. Traditional onsite teaching of Mineralogy starts with physical models of crystal polyhedra and frequently also includes the observation of models of crystal structures. These teaching strategies could be difficult to implement under pandemic situations like the present one. But they also have other disadvantages under the usual access conditions as their use by the students is restricted by the number of students in relation to the number of models and by the availability of the models and teaching staff. Additionally, onsite teaching can pose challenges to both students and teachers with temporal or permanent disabilities. We consider here some possibilities of teaching with virtual models of crystal polyhedra, twinning, and crystal structures, based on some of the available freeware options and considering the main concepts taught in the usual Mineralogy syllabus.

ACS Style

Carlos Alves; Carlos Figueiredo; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. Virtual Models for Crystallography Teaching in Mineralogy: Some Suggestions. Environmental Sciences Proceedings 2020, 5, 10 .

AMA Style

Carlos Alves, Carlos Figueiredo, Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. Virtual Models for Crystallography Teaching in Mineralogy: Some Suggestions. Environmental Sciences Proceedings. 2020; 5 (1):10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos Alves; Carlos Figueiredo; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. 2020. "Virtual Models for Crystallography Teaching in Mineralogy: Some Suggestions." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 5, no. 1: 10.

Conference paper
Published: 30 October 2020 in La mode des sixties
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The COVID-19 pandemic has caused havoc in many economic areas such as those related to tourism. This creates the need for alternative activities in this sector, especially given that it is not clear when the present emergency will end and there could be new situations of this kind. We consider here two main possibilities (virtual models and remote observations) for tourism related to geological objects (including those used by humans) and processes. These approaches could help to promote remote-operated tourism in other celestial bodies, helping to promote this kind of enterprise. These activities could be prepared with variable connection to education (for publics with diverse age ranges), prompting their use at any time of the year (hence minimizing the issue of seasonality). Our discussion suggests that remote observations will be the most interesting option since they could potentially give the users an unlimited diversity of experiences, it might give higher returns to local communities (but also higher loads on local environments) and they could find additional value in other geological applications. While our analysis is certainly very speculative at present, it can be submitted to falsification by the financial results.

ACS Style

Carlos Alves; Carlos Figueiredo; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. Electronic Systems and Offsite Touristic Activities Based on Geological Concepts: A Speculative Discussion. La mode des sixties 2020, 3, 4 .

AMA Style

Carlos Alves, Carlos Figueiredo, Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. Electronic Systems and Offsite Touristic Activities Based on Geological Concepts: A Speculative Discussion. La mode des sixties. 2020; 3 (1):4.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos Alves; Carlos Figueiredo; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. 2020. "Electronic Systems and Offsite Touristic Activities Based on Geological Concepts: A Speculative Discussion." La mode des sixties 3, no. 1: 4.

Journal article
Published: 05 October 2020 in Quaternary Science Reviews
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In glaciated areas, the environmental evolution before MIS 2 is usually poorly constrained mainly due to the later glacial erosion during the global Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). However, in carbonate areas, karst caves can preserve records of pre-LGM paleoenvironment. We studied a cave (1350 m altitude) to establish the paleoenvironmental evolution of a glaciated karst area in Picos de Europa (SW Europe). For this objective, a glacial reconstruction, cave sedimentology analyses, and macro- and micromammal remains are com bined with ten U–Th, OSL and AMS 14C ages. The paleo-glacial reconstruction indicates glaciers descended down to 810–1040 m of altitude covering an area of 36.18 km2 in the surroundings of Covadonga Lakes during the glacial local maximum, with the equilibrium line altitude located at 1524 ± 36 m. The geomorphological study of the cave and the U–Th and OSL dates reveal the presence of three allochthonous alluvial sediment sequences at 132–135, 98–60 and ca. 36 ka. These last two sequences would come from the erosion of fluvioglacial sediments including teeth fragments of Pliomys coronensis (=P. lenki), an unusual species in high areas of NW Spain during the Upper Pleistocene. In addition, remains of chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica) dated in 37–33 cal ka BP constitutes the oldest evidence of chamois above 800 m asl in the region. All the presented data indicate the development of alpine glacier-free areas covered by fluvioglacial sediments at ca. 1450 m altitude at 98–60 and 37–33 ka, corresponding to glacial retreat stages.

ACS Style

Daniel Ballesteros; Adrián Álvarez-Vena; Mael Monod-Del Dago; Laura Rodríguez-Rodríguez; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez; Diego Álvarez-Lao; Carlos Pérez-Mejías; Pablo Valenzuela; Irene DeFelipe; César Laplana; Hai Cheng; Montserrat Jiménez-Sánchez. Paleoenvironmental evolution of Picos de Europa (Spain) during marine isotopic stages 5c to 3 combining glacial reconstruction, cave sedimentology and paleontological findings. Quaternary Science Reviews 2020, 248, 106581 .

AMA Style

Daniel Ballesteros, Adrián Álvarez-Vena, Mael Monod-Del Dago, Laura Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez, Diego Álvarez-Lao, Carlos Pérez-Mejías, Pablo Valenzuela, Irene DeFelipe, César Laplana, Hai Cheng, Montserrat Jiménez-Sánchez. Paleoenvironmental evolution of Picos de Europa (Spain) during marine isotopic stages 5c to 3 combining glacial reconstruction, cave sedimentology and paleontological findings. Quaternary Science Reviews. 2020; 248 ():106581.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel Ballesteros; Adrián Álvarez-Vena; Mael Monod-Del Dago; Laura Rodríguez-Rodríguez; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez; Diego Álvarez-Lao; Carlos Pérez-Mejías; Pablo Valenzuela; Irene DeFelipe; César Laplana; Hai Cheng; Montserrat Jiménez-Sánchez. 2020. "Paleoenvironmental evolution of Picos de Europa (Spain) during marine isotopic stages 5c to 3 combining glacial reconstruction, cave sedimentology and paleontological findings." Quaternary Science Reviews 248, no. : 106581.

Journal article
Published: 27 June 2020 in Geomorphology
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In the western Huallaga basin, located in the Peruvian Subandes, a series of nine fluvial terraces with elevations of up to 160 m above current floodplain level (+FP) were formed against the Biabo anticline. The terraces are progressively more folded with age and terrace elevation and present growth strata, suggesting ongoing folding of the anticline. Optically and InfraRed Stimulated Luminescence (OSL and IRSL) dating of fluvial terrace sediments yielded ages of 10.8 ± 0.7 ka for the T2, 24.2 ± 2 ka for the T4 and 46 ± 9 ka for the T7 terrace. Uniform uplift rates of 2 mm a−1 for the past 46 ka were calculated. Terrace profiles and two new seismic profiles that cross the Biabo anticline longitudinally and transversally were used to calculate shortening rates of 2.6 mm a−1 for the anticline over the past 46 ka. Our calculations took into account potential contributions of detachment thrusting parallel to the Biabo fold and reverse tear faulting perpendicular to the fold tip as visible on the seismic sections. A maximum uplift rate of 0.62 mm a−1 due to reverse thrusting of the Bellavista tear fault for the past 46 ka could have contributed to the overall uplift of the Bellavista terraces. Based on trigonometric relationships, a reverse fault slip rate of 0.86 mm a−1 and an age of 137 ka were calculated for this fault. In the eastern part of the Huallaga basin, a series of two fluvial terraces were formed with elevations of 13–15 m and 30 m + FP and with OSL ages of 6.9 ± 0.7 ka for T1 and 30.2 ± 3.1 ka for T2. The interpretation of a third new seismic profile crossing the study area in combination with field observations and trigonometric relationships shows that the terraces were formed by a complex system of oblique ramp and strike-slip faulting resulting in uplift and shortening rates of 1 mm a−1 and 1.96 mm a−1 between 30.2 ka and 6.9 ka respectively; and uplift and shortening rates of 2 mm a−1 and 3.70 mm a−1 from 6.9 ka until the present. Reverse slip of the Shapaja oblique ramp, that was responsible for uplift of the terraces, was calculated at 2.19 mm a−1 for the period 30.2 to 6.9 ka and 4.15 mm a−1 from 6.9 ka until the present. Measured total slip in combination with the calculated slip rates allowed an age calculation of 181 ka for the Shapaja thrust ramp. Our inferences showed that the studied tectonic structures absorb most of the present-day deformation in the Huallaga basin. The calculated uplift and shortening rates are compatible with published, present-day crustal movement velocities, and Miocene to present shortening rates for various, studied sites of the tropical Subandes and suggest that it is deforming at a relatively uniform rate. The timing of sedimentation of the terrace sediments may have corresponded to periods of increased precipitation which occurred coeval with the Heinrich events of the Northern Hemisphere. Terrace records similar as ours have been described for other, tectonically highly active areas in the tropical Subandes, but not in the tectonically less active Amazonian lowlands. It is suggested that uplift rates of at least 1 mm a−1 are needed to preserve suborbital climate cycles as individual terraces. The tropical Subandes could therefore be a new key area to investigate the interactions between tectonics, suborbital climate forcing and fluvial response during the late Quaternary.

ACS Style

Willem Viveen; Patrice Baby; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sanchez; Christian Hurtado-Enríquez. Fluvial terraces as quantitative markers of late Quaternary detachment folding and creeping thrust faulting in the Peruvian Huallaga basin. Geomorphology 2020, 367, 107315 .

AMA Style

Willem Viveen, Patrice Baby, Jorge Sanjurjo-Sanchez, Christian Hurtado-Enríquez. Fluvial terraces as quantitative markers of late Quaternary detachment folding and creeping thrust faulting in the Peruvian Huallaga basin. Geomorphology. 2020; 367 ():107315.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Willem Viveen; Patrice Baby; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sanchez; Christian Hurtado-Enríquez. 2020. "Fluvial terraces as quantitative markers of late Quaternary detachment folding and creeping thrust faulting in the Peruvian Huallaga basin." Geomorphology 367, no. : 107315.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2020 in Radiocarbon
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There are few papers that focus on optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of earthen mortars. These mortars are abundant in historical buildings in northwestern Spain. The Basílica da AscensiónyForno da Santa building is an unfinished church built on a previous structure that was transformed into a crypt (Allariz, Ourense, NW Spain). Previous archaeological studies established a sequence of phases of construction, the first dating back to the Iron Age, with significant changes occurring in the Early and Late Medieval ages. The only datable material in the crypt is earthen mortar. Thus, eight mortar samples (seven joint mortars and one wall infill) were taken, seven of them dated by OSL. The dose rate was assessed, and the expected equivalent doses estimated based on the established archaeological age. Several grain sizes (from fine to coarse) were used in small multigrain aliquots to assess the equivalent doses and ages. No evidence of partial bleaching was observed in most samples and grain sizes. The resulting ages are younger than expected for most samples. This is explained by the fact that joints were repaired with new mortar from the 16th century onwards.

ACS Style

Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez; Rebeca Blanco-Rotea; Marco V García-Quintela; Christopher Ian Burbidge. OSL Dating of Earthen Mortars from a Medieval Building in Northwestern Spain: Crypt of Basílica da AscensiÓn (Allariz, Ourense). Radiocarbon 2020, 62, 679 -692.

AMA Style

Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez, Rebeca Blanco-Rotea, Marco V García-Quintela, Christopher Ian Burbidge. OSL Dating of Earthen Mortars from a Medieval Building in Northwestern Spain: Crypt of Basílica da AscensiÓn (Allariz, Ourense). Radiocarbon. 2020; 62 (3):679-692.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez; Rebeca Blanco-Rotea; Marco V García-Quintela; Christopher Ian Burbidge. 2020. "OSL Dating of Earthen Mortars from a Medieval Building in Northwestern Spain: Crypt of Basílica da AscensiÓn (Allariz, Ourense)." Radiocarbon 62, no. 3: 679-692.

Journal article
Published: 17 March 2020 in Revista Electrónica Interuniversitaria de Formación del Profesorado
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Estudios previos demuestran que el uso de películas en el aula incrementa la retención de información, aunque su falta de rigor científico debe ser evaluada, evitando integrar errores en la base de conocimiento del alumnado. Películas de los últimos siete años muestran acertadas reconstrucciones de tsunamis pero incluyen errores sobre las áreas de bordes de placa y en la reconstrucción de procesos geológicos. Para este trabajo se prepararon fichas didácticas con escenas de corta duración de tres películas: La Ola (2015), París: infierno helado (2013) y San Andrés (2015). Todas ellas vertebradas en competencias de geología que se repiten en ESO y bachillerato, como son la tectónica de placas y los minerales y rocas, a la vez que relacionadas con otros contenidos del currículo en esos niveles. El objetivo del trabajo fue hacer un análisis científico de los fragmentos seleccionados y una ficha didáctica de cada uno, que presentara actividades adecuadas a los cuatro niveles, 3° y 4° de ESO y 1° y 2° de BAC, donde la geología es materia de estudio en secundaria.

ACS Style

Patricia Sanmartín; María Sacedón; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. Rigor científico en películas recientes de catástrofes. Validación de materiales para el profesorado de geología. Revista Electrónica Interuniversitaria de Formación del Profesorado 2020, 23, 1 .

AMA Style

Patricia Sanmartín, María Sacedón, Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. Rigor científico en películas recientes de catástrofes. Validación de materiales para el profesorado de geología. Revista Electrónica Interuniversitaria de Formación del Profesorado. 2020; 23 (2):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patricia Sanmartín; María Sacedón; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. 2020. "Rigor científico en películas recientes de catástrofes. Validación de materiales para el profesorado de geología." Revista Electrónica Interuniversitaria de Formación del Profesorado 23, no. 2: 1.

Review
Published: 28 February 2020 in Geosciences
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This work presents a review of recent publications, with publication date between 2017 and 2019, with information on the relation between rock characteristics and the effects of diverse agents associated with alteration of stone materials in the built environment. It considers information obtained from ageing tests performed under laboratory conditions and by exposure to outdoor agents. Several lithological groups were considered, with sedimentary carbonate rocks being the most frequently studied lithotypes and silicate metamorphic rocks being the group with scarcer information. In terms of ageing tests, salt weathering was the most frequent one while there was a noticeable lesser amount of information from tests with biological colonization. The collected data showed the influence of diverse features, from specific minerals to whole-rock properties and the presence of heterogeneities. These information are discussed in the context of formulating a general framework for stone decay.

ACS Style

Carlos Alves; Carlos Figueiredo; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. Rock Features and Alteration of Stone Materials Used for the Built Environment: A Review of Recent Publications on Ageing Tests. Geosciences 2020, 10, 91 .

AMA Style

Carlos Alves, Carlos Figueiredo, Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. Rock Features and Alteration of Stone Materials Used for the Built Environment: A Review of Recent Publications on Ageing Tests. Geosciences. 2020; 10 (3):91.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos Alves; Carlos Figueiredo; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez. 2020. "Rock Features and Alteration of Stone Materials Used for the Built Environment: A Review of Recent Publications on Ageing Tests." Geosciences 10, no. 3: 91.

Brief report
Published: 04 February 2020 in Coatings
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Illustrated glossaries on stone pathologies help to describe deterioration forms in built heritage without resorting to any laboratory analyses. In this way, terms such as crust, deposit, and soiling which according to ICOMOS-ISCS: Illustrated Glossary on Stone Deterioration Patterns may include exogenic material, a patina which results from ageing of the material in an endogenous process, and a film included under the broad term of a coating layer in the glossary, can be macroscopically identified on site. However, a definition on the basis of characteristics only observable with the naked eye (without further analysis in the laboratory) is certainly complicated, and if in addition, the case studies are on granitic rock (a major building stone used across Europe), the picture becomes even more complicated. The intention of this brief report is to engender an open, constructive debate about the casuistry of the covering layers on granite (a poorly reactive and less porous rock) and the difficulty of using the ICOMOS nomenclature on them.

ACS Style

Patricia Sanmartín; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez; Beatriz Prieto. Covering Layers on Granite Buildings of Northwestern Iberian Peninsula: When Observable Characteristics and Lab Characterization Do Not Match. Coatings 2020, 10, 137 .

AMA Style

Patricia Sanmartín, Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez, Beatriz Prieto. Covering Layers on Granite Buildings of Northwestern Iberian Peninsula: When Observable Characteristics and Lab Characterization Do Not Match. Coatings. 2020; 10 (2):137.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patricia Sanmartín; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez; Beatriz Prieto. 2020. "Covering Layers on Granite Buildings of Northwestern Iberian Peninsula: When Observable Characteristics and Lab Characterization Do Not Match." Coatings 10, no. 2: 137.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2020 in SPAL. Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Sevilla
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José Carlos Sánchez-Pardo; Rebeca Blanco-Rotea; José Manuel Costa-García; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez; Victor Barrientos; Francisco Alonso-Toucido. Hacia una reinterpretación de la secuencia de ocupación del Yacimiento de a Cidadela (A Coruña). SPAL. Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Sevilla 2020, 1, 157 -188.

AMA Style

José Carlos Sánchez-Pardo, Rebeca Blanco-Rotea, José Manuel Costa-García, Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez, Victor Barrientos, Francisco Alonso-Toucido. Hacia una reinterpretación de la secuencia de ocupación del Yacimiento de a Cidadela (A Coruña). SPAL. Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Sevilla. 2020; 1 (29):157-188.

Chicago/Turabian Style

José Carlos Sánchez-Pardo; Rebeca Blanco-Rotea; José Manuel Costa-García; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez; Victor Barrientos; Francisco Alonso-Toucido. 2020. "Hacia una reinterpretación de la secuencia de ocupación del Yacimiento de a Cidadela (A Coruña)." SPAL. Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Sevilla 1, no. 29: 157-188.

Original paper
Published: 30 July 2019 in Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
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The results of the excavations carried out by one of the authors in the early Christian baptisteries of Idanha-a-Velha, in Suebi-Visigothic Egitania, are presented. Chronostratigraphic data (stratigraphic sequence, typological analysis) are compared with radiocarbon and luminescence dates in order to establish a hypothesis concerning the construction date of both north and south baptisteries. The results have shown that the baptisteries are dated earlier than what had been proposed based on their constructive typology. The dates proposed in this article will generate a change in the paradigm established for this type of constructions in the Iberian Peninsula.

ACS Style

Adolfo Fernández Fernández; Pedro C. Carvalho; José Cristóvão; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez; Patrícia Dias. Dating the early Christian baptisteries from Idanha-a-Velha—the Suebi-Visigothic Egitania: stratigraphy, radiocarbon and OSL. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 2019, 11, 5691 -5704.

AMA Style

Adolfo Fernández Fernández, Pedro C. Carvalho, José Cristóvão, Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez, Patrícia Dias. Dating the early Christian baptisteries from Idanha-a-Velha—the Suebi-Visigothic Egitania: stratigraphy, radiocarbon and OSL. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 2019; 11 (10):5691-5704.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Adolfo Fernández Fernández; Pedro C. Carvalho; José Cristóvão; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez; Patrícia Dias. 2019. "Dating the early Christian baptisteries from Idanha-a-Velha—the Suebi-Visigothic Egitania: stratigraphy, radiocarbon and OSL." Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11, no. 10: 5691-5704.

Research paper
Published: 11 June 2019 in Journal of Iberian Geology
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Palynological, geochronological, and sedimentological analyses were conducted on samples from different depositional units of well-preserved marine, fluvial and palustrine sedimentary deposits from Vila Nova de Gaia located at the northwestern Portuguese coast. The studied deposits occur on two terraces: Terrace A—Lavadores (18 m to 33 m) and Terrace B—Canidelo (50 m). Chronological and sedimentological features allowed to date the deposits to the Upper Pleistocene until the last glacial period, being observed an evolution from a depositional setting in a marine intertidal zone, passing to a fluvial environment and ending in a palustrine/lagunar environment with possible periglacial influence. Pollen assemblages collected in the fluvial sedimentary horizons also suggested changes in the environmental conditions. A pollen content with good representation of arboreal species (Quercus, Pinus, Castanea, Fraxinus, Salix, Betula and Corylus), changed to a vegetation environment dominated by non-arboreal species, such as Poaceae, Plantago and Asteraceae. The top horizons, corresponding to a palustrine/lagunar environment, presented a pollen profile completely dominated by non-arboreal species, with minimal tree representation (Prunus, Quercus, Pinus and Castanea) which, combined with sedimentological characteristics may point to a more dry and cold climate than nowadays. En este estudio, se realizaron análisis palinológicos, geocronológicos y sedimentológicos en muestras de diferentes unidades de depósitos sedimentarios marinos, fluviales y palustres bien conservados de Vila Nova de Gaia, ubicados en el margen portugués del Atlántico norte. Los depósitos estudiados se sitúan en dos terrazas: Terraza A - Lavadores (de 8 a 33 m) y Terraza B - Canidelo (50 m). Las características cronológicas y sedimentológicas permitieron datar los depósitos desde el Pleistoceno superior hasta el último período glacial, observándose una evolución desde un entorno de deposición en una zona intermareal marina, pasando a un entorno fluvial y terminando en un entorno palustre/lagunar en un área con posible influencia periglacial. Los datos de polen recolectados de los horizontes sedimentarios fluviales también sugirieron cambios en las condiciones ambientales. Un contenido de polen con una buena representación del estrato arbóreo (Quercus, Pinus, Castanea, Fraxinus, Salix, Betula y Corylus), à cambiado a un entorno de vegetación dominado por especies no arbóreas, tales como Poaceae, Plantago y Asteraceae, y con mínima representación de árboles. Los horizontes superiores, correspondientes a un entorno palustre/lagunar, presentaron un perfil de polen completamente dominado por especies no arbóreas, indicando un entorno de vegetación abierta con una representación mínima de árboles (Prunus, Quercus, Pinus y Castanea) lo que, combinado con las características sedimentológicas, puede apuntar un clima más seco y frío que hoy en día.

ACS Style

H. Ribeiro; A. Pinto De Jesus; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sanchez; I. Abreu; J. R. Vidal Romani; Fernando Noronha. Multidisciplinary study of the quaternary deposits of the Vila Nova de Gaia, NW Portugal, and its climate significance. Journal of Iberian Geology 2019, 45, 553 -563.

AMA Style

H. Ribeiro, A. Pinto De Jesus, Jorge Sanjurjo-Sanchez, I. Abreu, J. R. Vidal Romani, Fernando Noronha. Multidisciplinary study of the quaternary deposits of the Vila Nova de Gaia, NW Portugal, and its climate significance. Journal of Iberian Geology. 2019; 45 (4):553-563.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H. Ribeiro; A. Pinto De Jesus; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sanchez; I. Abreu; J. R. Vidal Romani; Fernando Noronha. 2019. "Multidisciplinary study of the quaternary deposits of the Vila Nova de Gaia, NW Portugal, and its climate significance." Journal of Iberian Geology 45, no. 4: 553-563.

Journal article
Published: 04 March 2019 in Global and Planetary Change
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The occurrence of Holocene changes in the South American Summer Monsoon (SASM) in the Peruvian Andes has been well established in paleoclimatological records such as speleothem, lake and glacier records. How river systems responded to these events has, however, hardly been investigated. Here, we present evidence based on sedimentological, stratigraphical and geomorphological data as well as radiometric (optically stimulated luminescence and radiocarbon) dating that rivers from the Peruvian Andes are extremely sensitive to changes in SASM activity. The presence of lake sediments shows that from at least 12,000 years ago until 4153 ± 988 years ago a lake was present in the Mantaro River valley, possibly due to damming by a glacier or glacial landforms. A reconstruction of fluvial terrace profiles shows that 4418 ± 500 years ago the Mantaro and its tributary, the Cunas River, incised and laid down sediments simultaneously as a response to changes in regional base-level and increased SASM activity. The latter was largely subdued during a large part of the Holocene as evidenced by paleoclimatological records in the region. Between 2245 ± 217 years ago and the present, the frequency of SASM events increased drastically and both rivers formed the majority of their fluvial terraces. In total, over the past ~4000 years, the Mantaro River formed five terrace levels and the Cunas River formed seven main terraces. Locally, 11 terrace levels were recognised. Terrace formation occurred at intervals of approximately 250 to 300 years between 2245 ± 217 and 1188 ± 60 years ago and approximately every 150 years after 824 ± 66 years ago until the present. A comparison with paleoclimatological data shows that sedimentation events correlate to periods of increased precipitation and glacier retreat in the Peruvian Andes, whereas phases of incision are attributed to continuous adjustments in base-level fall. Thirty-four metres of incision has occurred since 4418 ± 500 years ago averaging 7.7 mm yr−1. A comparison with data from other river systems in the Peruvian Andes shows that many rivers responded in a similar way to centennial-scale variations in SASM activity. Fluvial activity is thus not related to interannual variations in the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) contrary to previous proposals.

ACS Style

Willem Viveen; Leonardo Miguel Zevallos-Valdivia; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sanchez. The influence of centennial-scale variations in the South American summer monsoon and base-level fall on Holocene fluvial systems in the Peruvian Andes. Global and Planetary Change 2019, 176, 1 -22.

AMA Style

Willem Viveen, Leonardo Miguel Zevallos-Valdivia, Jorge Sanjurjo-Sanchez. The influence of centennial-scale variations in the South American summer monsoon and base-level fall on Holocene fluvial systems in the Peruvian Andes. Global and Planetary Change. 2019; 176 ():1-22.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Willem Viveen; Leonardo Miguel Zevallos-Valdivia; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sanchez. 2019. "The influence of centennial-scale variations in the South American summer monsoon and base-level fall on Holocene fluvial systems in the Peruvian Andes." Global and Planetary Change 176, no. : 1-22.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2019 in Quintana: revista do Departamento de Historia da Arte
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En este trabajo se pretende, primeramente, revisar y analizar de forma crítica y comparada toda la información histórico-artística y arqueológica existente sobre San Martiño de Mondoñedo, para posteriormente ofrecer algunos nuevos datos sobre los orígenes y evolución de este emblemático edificio entre la Alta y Plena Edad Media. Para ello nos basaremos en una aproximación arqueológica a los paramentos del edificio así como en la datación mediante Luminiscencia y Radiocarbono de diversos elementos de la cúpula de este edificio. Frente a las ideas tradicionalmente sostenidas, los resultados preliminares, a falta de nuevos y necesarios estudios, sugieren que no hay indicios para hablar de una ocupación del siglo VI en el lugar, y que el edificio románico actual, pese a emplear piezas reutilizadas, no parece presentar restos de muros prerrománicos en pie. Por su parte, la datación de morteros de la cúpula confirma su construcción en el siglo XII.

ACS Style

José Carlos Sánchez Pardo; Javier Castiñeiras López; Jorge Sanjurjo Sánchez. Arqueología y arquitectura de San Martiño de Mondoñedo (Foz, Lugo). Revisión crítica y nuevas aportaciones. Quintana: revista do Departamento de Historia da Arte 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

José Carlos Sánchez Pardo, Javier Castiñeiras López, Jorge Sanjurjo Sánchez. Arqueología y arquitectura de San Martiño de Mondoñedo (Foz, Lugo). Revisión crítica y nuevas aportaciones. Quintana: revista do Departamento de Historia da Arte. 2019; (17):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

José Carlos Sánchez Pardo; Javier Castiñeiras López; Jorge Sanjurjo Sánchez. 2019. "Arqueología y arquitectura de San Martiño de Mondoñedo (Foz, Lugo). Revisión crítica y nuevas aportaciones." Quintana: revista do Departamento de Historia da Arte , no. 17: 1.

Journal article
Published: 12 February 2019 in Heritage
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Over the last five years, the EMCHAHE (Early Medieval Churches: History, Archaeology and Heritage) Project has analysed the architecture, archaeology and history of numerous rural churches of the High Middle Ages in Galicia (NW Spain), through its historical, stratigraphic and chronological study. As a result, the knowledge of this historical period has been broadened and even changed, as well as an interdisciplinary methodology on how to approach this type of study. According to the results obtained, the project has allowed us to reflect on two issues, the potential of a relatively low-cost type of study to understand, assess and disseminate this type of heritage and the special appreciation and ownership that local communities have towards these churches as an engine of sustainable social development.

ACS Style

Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez; Rebeca Blanco-Rotea; José Carlos Sánchez-Pardo. An Interdisciplinary Study of Early Mediaeval Churches in North-Western Spain (Galicia). Heritage 2019, 2, 599 -610.

AMA Style

Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez, Rebeca Blanco-Rotea, José Carlos Sánchez-Pardo. An Interdisciplinary Study of Early Mediaeval Churches in North-Western Spain (Galicia). Heritage. 2019; 2 (1):599-610.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez; Rebeca Blanco-Rotea; José Carlos Sánchez-Pardo. 2019. "An Interdisciplinary Study of Early Mediaeval Churches in North-Western Spain (Galicia)." Heritage 2, no. 1: 599-610.