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Younha Kim
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg 2361, Austria

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Concept paper
Published: 24 September 2020 in Sustainability
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A bottom-up emissions inventory is one of the most important data sets needed to understand air quality (AQ) and climate change (CC). Several emission inventories have been developed for Asia, including Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P), Regional Emission Inventory in Asia (REAS), and Inter-Continental Chemical Transport Experiment (INTEX) and, while these have been used successfully for many international studies, they have limitations including restricted amounts of information on pollutant types and low levels of transparency with respect to the polluting sectors or fuel types involved. To address these shortcomings, we developed: 1) a base-year, bottom-up anthropogenic emissions inventory for Asia, using the most current parameters and international frameworks (i.e., the Greenhouse gas—Air pollution INteractions and Synergies (GAINS) model); and 2) a base-year, natural emissions inventory for biogenic and biomass burning. For 1), we focused mainly on China, South Korea, and Japan; however, we also covered emission inventories for other regions in Asia using data covering recent energy/industry statistics, emission factors, and control technology penetration. The emissions inventory (Comprehensive Regional Emissions inventory for Atmospheric Transport Experiment (CREATE)) covers 54 fuel classes, 201 subsectors, and 13 pollutants, namely SO2, NOx, CO, non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), NH3, OC, BC, PM10, PM2.5, CO2, CH4, N2O, and Hg. For the base-year natural emissions inventory, the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) and BlueSky-Asia frameworks were used to estimate biogenic and biomass burning emissions, respectively. Since the CREATE emission inventory was designed/developed using international climate change/air quality (CC/AQ) assessment frameworks, such as GAINS, and has been fully connected with the most comprehensive emissions modeling systems—such as the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Chemical Manufacturing Area Source (CMAS) system—it can be used to support various climate and AQ integrated modeling studies, both now and in the future.

ACS Style

Jung-Hun Woo; Younha Kim; Hyeon-Kook Kim; Ki-Chul Choi; Jeong-Hee Eum; Jae-Bum Lee; Jae-Hyun Lim; Jiyoung Kim; Miae Seong. Development of the CREATE Inventory in Support of Integrated Climate and Air Quality Modeling for Asia. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7930 .

AMA Style

Jung-Hun Woo, Younha Kim, Hyeon-Kook Kim, Ki-Chul Choi, Jeong-Hee Eum, Jae-Bum Lee, Jae-Hyun Lim, Jiyoung Kim, Miae Seong. Development of the CREATE Inventory in Support of Integrated Climate and Air Quality Modeling for Asia. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (19):7930.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jung-Hun Woo; Younha Kim; Hyeon-Kook Kim; Ki-Chul Choi; Jeong-Hee Eum; Jae-Bum Lee; Jae-Hyun Lim; Jiyoung Kim; Miae Seong. 2020. "Development of the CREATE Inventory in Support of Integrated Climate and Air Quality Modeling for Asia." Sustainability 12, no. 19: 7930.

Journal article
Published: 30 July 2020 in Atmosphere
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Biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOCs) emissions are the largest VOC emission source globally, and are precursors to ozone and secondary organic aerosols, both of which are strong, short-lived climate pollutants. BVOC emissions are usually estimated using the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN), which requires Plant Functional Types (PFTs) and Leaf Area Indexes (LAIs) as inputs. Herein, the effects of refined input data on regional BVOC emission estimates are analyzed. For LAIs, lower resolution MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and higher spatio-temporal resolution Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model (STARFM) LAI were generated. For PFTs, local land cover maps were developed, in addition to MODIS PFT. In South Korea, annual emissions of isoprene and monoterpenes in 2015 were estimated as 384 and 160 Gg/year, respectively, using STARFM LAI and Local PFT (Case 4). For North Korea, 340 Gg/year isoprene and 72 Gg/year monoterpenes emissions were estimated using STARFM LAI and MODIS PFT. These estimates were 14–110% higher than when using MODIS LAI and MODIS PFT (Case 1). Inter-comparison with satellite-based inverse isoprene emission estimates from GlobEmission shows 32% (North Korea) to 34% (South Korea) overestimation in bottom-up data. Our new vegetation inputs improve MEGAN performance and resulting BVOC emission estimations. Performance of Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) meteorological modeling requires improvement, especially for solar radiation, to avoid overestimation of isoprene emissions.

ACS Style

Youjung Jang; Yangdam Eo; Meongdo Jang; Jung-Hun Woo; Younha Kim; Jae-Bum Lee; Jae-Hyun Lim. Impact of Land Cover and Leaf Area Index on BVOC Emissions over the Korean Peninsula. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 806 .

AMA Style

Youjung Jang, Yangdam Eo, Meongdo Jang, Jung-Hun Woo, Younha Kim, Jae-Bum Lee, Jae-Hyun Lim. Impact of Land Cover and Leaf Area Index on BVOC Emissions over the Korean Peninsula. Atmosphere. 2020; 11 (8):806.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Youjung Jang; Yangdam Eo; Meongdo Jang; Jung-Hun Woo; Younha Kim; Jae-Bum Lee; Jae-Hyun Lim. 2020. "Impact of Land Cover and Leaf Area Index on BVOC Emissions over the Korean Peninsula." Atmosphere 11, no. 8: 806.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2020 in Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene
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The Korea-United States Air Quality Study (KORUS-AQ) took place in spring 2016 to better understand air pollution in Korea. In support of KORUS-AQ, 2554 whole air samples (WAS) were collected aboard the NASA DC-8 research aircraft and analyzed for 82 C1–C10 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using multi-column gas chromatography. Together with fast-response measurements from other groups, the air samples were used to characterize the VOC composition in Seoul and surrounding regions, determine which VOCs are major ozone precursors in Seoul, and identify the sources of these reactive VOCs. (1) The WAS VOCs showed distinct signatures depending on their source origins. Air collected over Seoul had abundant ethane, propane, toluene and n-butane while plumes from the Daesan petrochemical complex were rich in ethene, C2–C6 alkanes and benzene. Carbonyl sulfide (COS), CFC-113, CFC-114, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and 1,2-dichloroethane were good tracers of air originating from China. CFC-11 was also elevated in air from China but was surprisingly more elevated in air over Seoul. (2) Methanol, isoprene, toluene, xylenes and ethene were strong individual contributors to OH reactivity in Seoul. However methanol contributed less to ozone formation based on photochemical box modeling, which better accounts for radical chemistry. (3) Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and other techniques indicated a mix of VOC source influences in Seoul, including solvents, traffic, biogenic, and long-range transport. The solvent and traffic sources were roughly equal using PMF, and the solvents source was stronger in the KORUS-AQ emission inventory. Based on PMF, ethene and propene were primarily associated with traffic, and toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes with solvents, especially non-paint solvents for toluene and paint solvents for ethylbenzene and xylenes. This suggests that VOC control strategies in Seoul could continue to target vehicle exhaust and paint solvents, with additional regulations to limit the VOC content in a variety of non-paint solvents.

ACS Style

Isobel J. Simpson; Donald R. Blake; Nicola J. Blake; Simone Meinardi; Barbara Barletta; Stacey C. Hughes; Lauren T. Fleming; James H. Crawford; Glenn S. Diskin; Louisa K. Emmons; Alan Fried; Hai Guo; David A. Peterson; Armin Wisthaler; Jung-Hun Woo; Jerome Barré; Benjamin Gaubert; Jinseok Kim; Michelle J. Kim; Younha Kim; Christoph Knote; Tomas Mikoviny; Sally E. Pusede; Jason R. Schroeder; Yu Wang; Paul O. Wennberg; Lewei Zeng. Characterization, sources and reactivity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Seoul and surrounding regions during KORUS-AQ. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene 2020, 8, 1 .

AMA Style

Isobel J. Simpson, Donald R. Blake, Nicola J. Blake, Simone Meinardi, Barbara Barletta, Stacey C. Hughes, Lauren T. Fleming, James H. Crawford, Glenn S. Diskin, Louisa K. Emmons, Alan Fried, Hai Guo, David A. Peterson, Armin Wisthaler, Jung-Hun Woo, Jerome Barré, Benjamin Gaubert, Jinseok Kim, Michelle J. Kim, Younha Kim, Christoph Knote, Tomas Mikoviny, Sally E. Pusede, Jason R. Schroeder, Yu Wang, Paul O. Wennberg, Lewei Zeng. Characterization, sources and reactivity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Seoul and surrounding regions during KORUS-AQ. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene. 2020; 8 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Isobel J. Simpson; Donald R. Blake; Nicola J. Blake; Simone Meinardi; Barbara Barletta; Stacey C. Hughes; Lauren T. Fleming; James H. Crawford; Glenn S. Diskin; Louisa K. Emmons; Alan Fried; Hai Guo; David A. Peterson; Armin Wisthaler; Jung-Hun Woo; Jerome Barré; Benjamin Gaubert; Jinseok Kim; Michelle J. Kim; Younha Kim; Christoph Knote; Tomas Mikoviny; Sally E. Pusede; Jason R. Schroeder; Yu Wang; Paul O. Wennberg; Lewei Zeng. 2020. "Characterization, sources and reactivity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Seoul and surrounding regions during KORUS-AQ." Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene 8, no. 1: 1.

Original article
Published: 13 June 2019 in Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences
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The emission of pollution from Chinese point sources, and its migration to Korea, downwind of China, is an important issue in terms of Korean air quality management. Therefore, this study intended to improve the Asian Emission Inventory, NIER/KU-CREATE, by improving information about the point source emissions, their location, and discharge conditions, in China. By using the Global dataset, we can establish point source location information for Coal Power Plants and Non-Coal Power Plants in the Chinese power sector, and calculate and allocate emissions in the inventory. In addition, the emission inventory of NH3, as a by-product of NOx abatement processing, was regarded as being insufficiently characterized in the previous emission inventory, and has been re-estimated. As a result, 3798 LPSs in China were identified, and NH3 emissions from those power plants have increased significantly. In addition, the vertical distribution of emissions through the allocation stack height parameters showed atmospheric injection heights of between 250 m and 1000 m. Using this information, HY-SPLIT trajectory modeling found that during periods of active westerly from China to Korea, emissions from the higher injection height were more prone to move towards Korea, than those from the lower height.

ACS Style

Youjung Jang; Yungu Lee; Jinseok Kim; Younha Kim; Jung-Hun Woo. Improvement China Point Source for Improving Bottom-Up Emission Inventory. Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 2019, 56, 107 -118.

AMA Style

Youjung Jang, Yungu Lee, Jinseok Kim, Younha Kim, Jung-Hun Woo. Improvement China Point Source for Improving Bottom-Up Emission Inventory. Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences. 2019; 56 (1):107-118.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Youjung Jang; Yungu Lee; Jinseok Kim; Younha Kim; Jung-Hun Woo. 2019. "Improvement China Point Source for Improving Bottom-Up Emission Inventory." Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 56, no. 1: 107-118.

Journal article
Published: 13 April 2016 in Sustainability
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Many studies have found that larger parks might be needed to counteract the Urban Heat Island effects typical in densely populated Asian megacities. However, it is not easy to establish large parks to serve as urban cool islands in Asian megacities, where little space exists for large urban neighborhood parks. Officials in these cities would rather use small areas by replacing heat-absorbing artificial land cover with natural cover. The main objective of this study was to understand the cooling effect of changes in land cover on surface and air temperatures in urban micro-scale environments for supporting sustainable green-space planning and policy in densely built-up areas. This was achieved using measurements at different heights (ground surface, 0.1 m, and 1.5 m) for five land cover types (LCTs) and modeling with the micro-scale climate model ENVI-met. At all vertical measuring points, the average temperature over the entire measurement period had the same hot-to-cold order: asphalt > soil > grass > water > forest. However, the value dramatically decreased as the measuring points became higher. The intensity of hot and cool spots showed the highest value at surface by 18.2 °C, and declined with the height, showing 4.1 °C at 0.1 m and 3.1 °C at 1.5 m. The modeling results indicated that the well-known diurnal variation in surface insolation also occurred in our small domain, among the various LCTs. Based on these findings, providing small-scale green infrastructure in densely built-up areas could be an effective way to improve urban micro-scale thermal conditions.

ACS Style

Younha Kim; Seung Man An; Jeong-Hee Eum; Jung-Hun Woo. Analysis of Thermal Environment over a Small-Scale Landscape in a Densely Built-Up Asian Megacity. Sustainability 2016, 8, 358 .

AMA Style

Younha Kim, Seung Man An, Jeong-Hee Eum, Jung-Hun Woo. Analysis of Thermal Environment over a Small-Scale Landscape in a Densely Built-Up Asian Megacity. Sustainability. 2016; 8 (4):358.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Younha Kim; Seung Man An; Jeong-Hee Eum; Jung-Hun Woo. 2016. "Analysis of Thermal Environment over a Small-Scale Landscape in a Densely Built-Up Asian Megacity." Sustainability 8, no. 4: 358.