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Old textiles are important elements of thecultural heritage. As a result of their composition mostly of natural elements old textiles are extremely prone to physical and chemical degradation due to fungal action. The treatments usually applied for the cleaning of heritage textiles target the use of synthetic fungicides, which are potentially harmful to both human health and the environment. Numerous studies highlight as an alternative to the use of conventional antifungals, the employment of essential oils and plant extracts, which are environmentally friendly and which have no adverse effects on human health. Against this background the present study aims to test six essential oils (Lavandula angustifolia, Citrus limon, Mentha piperita, Marjoram, Melaleuca alternifolia, Origanum vulgare) to establish their inhibitory effects against fungi identified on an old piece of traditional Romanian clothing from Maramureş. For the study, the types of fungi present on the objects was determined primarily through the open plates technique and microscopic identification. After identification, the essential oils were applied to the delimited surfaces, and their effects observed up to 32 days after application. The results show that these essential oils have a strong inhibitory effect on such fungal genera as Penicillinum sp., Cladosporium sp., Aspergillus spp., Candida guillermondii, Botrys sp., Mucor sp., having no observable side-effects on the physical properties of the materials concerned. The antimicrobial effects that essential oils and plant extracts have in the short term must be tested in future to ensure the enhanced preservation of heritage textiles and the health integrity of the restorers and visitors who view them in museums, collections or exhibitions.
Dorina Ilieș; Nicolaie Hodor; Liliana Indrie; Paula Dejeu; Alexandru Ilieș; Adina Albu; Tudor Caciora; Marin Ilieș; Lucian Barbu-Tudoran; Vasile Grama. Investigations of the Surface of Heritage Objects and Green Bioremediation: Case Study of Artefacts from Maramureş, Romania. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 6643 .
AMA StyleDorina Ilieș, Nicolaie Hodor, Liliana Indrie, Paula Dejeu, Alexandru Ilieș, Adina Albu, Tudor Caciora, Marin Ilieș, Lucian Barbu-Tudoran, Vasile Grama. Investigations of the Surface of Heritage Objects and Green Bioremediation: Case Study of Artefacts from Maramureş, Romania. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (14):6643.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDorina Ilieș; Nicolaie Hodor; Liliana Indrie; Paula Dejeu; Alexandru Ilieș; Adina Albu; Tudor Caciora; Marin Ilieș; Lucian Barbu-Tudoran; Vasile Grama. 2021. "Investigations of the Surface of Heritage Objects and Green Bioremediation: Case Study of Artefacts from Maramureş, Romania." Applied Sciences 11, no. 14: 6643.
This article follows two important interconnected aspects. On one hand, it investigates whether the political factors represented by the presence of ethnic minorities can be a catalyst for tourism development in cross-border regions, in addition to the development of transport infrastructure. On the other hand, it offers a comparative analysis and territorial diagnosis of the Bihor-Hajdú–Bihar and Maramureş–Zakarpattya cross border regions, analyzing the main tourist indicators and the advances made in the development of the transport infrastructure with a role in the development of tourism. The paper is based on desk and quantitative research involving national and regional statistic data. Research on the literature regarding Hungarian–Romanian and Romanian–Ukrainian borderland was also realized, in order to conduct comparative analysis useful to identify and evaluate the factors linked with tourism development. Using a multiscale approach, the objective is to determine if there is a correlation between the development of the transport network and the increase in tourist traffic. The results show that transport infrastructure plays a critical role in ensuring the connections of border regions. Although the two regions are contiguous, there is an obvious difference in cross-border traffic due to the presence of two different types of border. The transport network and tourism situation in Bihor has improved in the last years, especially under the impact of cross-border cooperation, but the accessibility remains relatively low. In Maramureş, the development of cross-border connections is based on cultural exchange, and less on economic relations. Transport accessibility is a strong point of the Hungarian–Romanian borderland and represents an obstacle for the development of tourism in the Romanian–Ukrainian borderland.
Jan Wendt; Vasile Grama; Gabriela Ilieş; Andrey Mikhaylov; Sorin Borza; Grigore Herman; Agnieszka Bógdał-Brzezińska. Transport Infrastructure and Political Factors as Determinants of Tourism Development in the Cross-Border Region of Bihor and Maramureş. A Comparative Analysis. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5385 .
AMA StyleJan Wendt, Vasile Grama, Gabriela Ilieş, Andrey Mikhaylov, Sorin Borza, Grigore Herman, Agnieszka Bógdał-Brzezińska. Transport Infrastructure and Political Factors as Determinants of Tourism Development in the Cross-Border Region of Bihor and Maramureş. A Comparative Analysis. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (10):5385.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJan Wendt; Vasile Grama; Gabriela Ilieş; Andrey Mikhaylov; Sorin Borza; Grigore Herman; Agnieszka Bógdał-Brzezińska. 2021. "Transport Infrastructure and Political Factors as Determinants of Tourism Development in the Cross-Border Region of Bihor and Maramureş. A Comparative Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 10: 5385.