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Dr. Patricia Arranz
Department of Animal Biology, University of La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain

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0 Conservation
0 Ecosystem Ecology
0 Ecology and Evolution
0 Marine Ecology

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Conference paper
Published: 06 January 2021 in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
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Echolocating animals that forage in social groups can potentially benefit from eavesdropping on other group members, cooperative foraging or social defence, but may also face problems of acoustic interference and intra-group competition for prey. Here, we investigate these potential trade-offs of sociality for extreme deep-diving Blainville′s and Cuvier's beaked whales. These species perform highly synchronous group dives as a presumed predator-avoidance behaviour, but the benefits and costs of this on foraging have not been investigated. We show that group members could hear their companions for a median of at least 91% of the vocal foraging phase of their dives. This enables whales to coordinate their mean travel direction despite differing individual headings as they pursue prey on a minute-by-minute basis. While beaked whales coordinate their echolocation-based foraging periods tightly, individual click and buzz rates are both independent of the number of whales in the group. Thus, their foraging performance is not affected by intra-group competition or interference from group members, and they do not seem to capitalize directly on eavesdropping on the echoes produced by the echolocation clicks of their companions. We conclude that the close diving and vocal synchronization of beaked whale groups that quantitatively reduces predation risk has little impact on foraging performance.

ACS Style

Jesús Alcázar-Treviño; Mark Johnson; Patricia Arranz; Victoria E. Warren; Carlos J. Pérez-González; Tiago Marques; Peter T. Madsen; Natacha Aguilar De Soto. Deep-diving beaked whales dive together but forage apart. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2021, 288, 20201905 .

AMA Style

Jesús Alcázar-Treviño, Mark Johnson, Patricia Arranz, Victoria E. Warren, Carlos J. Pérez-González, Tiago Marques, Peter T. Madsen, Natacha Aguilar De Soto. Deep-diving beaked whales dive together but forage apart. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2021; 288 (1942):20201905.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jesús Alcázar-Treviño; Mark Johnson; Patricia Arranz; Victoria E. Warren; Carlos J. Pérez-González; Tiago Marques; Peter T. Madsen; Natacha Aguilar De Soto. 2021. "Deep-diving beaked whales dive together but forage apart." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1942: 20201905.

Journal article
Published: 06 February 2020 in Scientific Reports
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Fear of predation can induce profound changes in the behaviour and physiology of prey species even if predator encounters are infrequent. For echolocating toothed whales, the use of sound to forage exposes them to detection by eavesdropping predators, but while some species exploit social defences or produce cryptic acoustic signals, deep-diving beaked whales, well known for mass-strandings induced by navy sonar, seem enigmatically defenceless against their main predator, killer whales. Here we test the hypothesis that the stereotyped group diving and vocal behaviour of beaked whales has benefits for abatement of predation risk and thus could have been driven by fear of predation over evolutionary time. Biologging data from 14 Blainville’s and 12 Cuvier’s beaked whales show that group members have an extreme synchronicity, overlapping vocal foraging time by 98% despite hunting individually, thereby reducing group temporal availability for acoustic detection by killer whales to

ACS Style

Natacha Aguilar de Soto; Fleur Visser; Peter Tyack; Jesús Alcazar; Graeme Ruxton; Patricia Arranz; Peter Madsen; Mark Johnson. Fear of Killer Whales Drives Extreme Synchrony in Deep Diving Beaked Whales. Scientific Reports 2020, 10, 1 -9.

AMA Style

Natacha Aguilar de Soto, Fleur Visser, Peter Tyack, Jesús Alcazar, Graeme Ruxton, Patricia Arranz, Peter Madsen, Mark Johnson. Fear of Killer Whales Drives Extreme Synchrony in Deep Diving Beaked Whales. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10 (1):1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Natacha Aguilar de Soto; Fleur Visser; Peter Tyack; Jesús Alcazar; Graeme Ruxton; Patricia Arranz; Peter Madsen; Mark Johnson. 2020. "Fear of Killer Whales Drives Extreme Synchrony in Deep Diving Beaked Whales." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1: 1-9.

Report
Published: 12 December 2019 in Science
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The largest animals are marine filter feeders, but the underlying mechanism of their large size remains unexplained. We measured feeding performance and prey quality to demonstrate how whale gigantism is driven by the interplay of prey abundance and harvesting mechanisms that increase prey capture rates and energy intake. The foraging efficiency of toothed whales that feed on single prey is constrained by the abundance of large prey, whereas filter-feeding baleen whales seasonally exploit vast swarms of small prey at high efficiencies. Given temporally and spatially aggregated prey, filter feeding provides an evolutionary pathway to extremes in body size that are not available to lineages that must feed on one prey at a time. Maximum size in filter feeders is likely constrained by prey availability across space and time.

ACS Style

J. A. Goldbogen; D. E. Cade; D. M. Wisniewska; J. Potvin; P. S. Segre; M. S. Savoca; E. L. Hazen; M. F. Czapanskiy; S. R. Kahane-Rapport; S. L. DeRuiter; S. Gero; P. Tønnesen; W. T. Gough; M. B. Hanson; M. M. Holt; F. H. Jensen; M. Simon; A. K. Stimpert; P. Arranz; D. W. Johnston; D. P. Nowacek; S. E. Parks; F. Visser; A. S. Friedlaender; P. L. Tyack; P. T. Madsen; N. D. Pyenson. Why whales are big but not bigger: Physiological drivers and ecological limits in the age of ocean giants. Science 2019, 366, 1367 -1372.

AMA Style

J. A. Goldbogen, D. E. Cade, D. M. Wisniewska, J. Potvin, P. S. Segre, M. S. Savoca, E. L. Hazen, M. F. Czapanskiy, S. R. Kahane-Rapport, S. L. DeRuiter, S. Gero, P. Tønnesen, W. T. Gough, M. B. Hanson, M. M. Holt, F. H. Jensen, M. Simon, A. K. Stimpert, P. Arranz, D. W. Johnston, D. P. Nowacek, S. E. Parks, F. Visser, A. S. Friedlaender, P. L. Tyack, P. T. Madsen, N. D. Pyenson. Why whales are big but not bigger: Physiological drivers and ecological limits in the age of ocean giants. Science. 2019; 366 (6471):1367-1372.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. A. Goldbogen; D. E. Cade; D. M. Wisniewska; J. Potvin; P. S. Segre; M. S. Savoca; E. L. Hazen; M. F. Czapanskiy; S. R. Kahane-Rapport; S. L. DeRuiter; S. Gero; P. Tønnesen; W. T. Gough; M. B. Hanson; M. M. Holt; F. H. Jensen; M. Simon; A. K. Stimpert; P. Arranz; D. W. Johnston; D. P. Nowacek; S. E. Parks; F. Visser; A. S. Friedlaender; P. L. Tyack; P. T. Madsen; N. D. Pyenson. 2019. "Why whales are big but not bigger: Physiological drivers and ecological limits in the age of ocean giants." Science 366, no. 6471: 1367-1372.

Journal article
Published: 04 April 2019 in Animal Biotelemetry
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The desire of animal behaviorists for more flexible methods of conducting inter-study and inter-specific comparisons and meta-analysis of various animal behaviors compelled us to design an automated, animal behavior peak detection method that is potentially generalizable to a wide variety of data types, animals, and behaviors. We detected the times of feeding attempts by 12 Risso’s dolphins (Grampus griseus) and 36 blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) using the norm-jerk (rate of change of acceleration) time series. The automated peak detection algorithm identified median true-positive rates of 0.881 for blue whale lunges and 0.410 for Risso’s dolphin prey capture attempts, with median false-positive rates of 0.096 and 0.007 and median miss rates of 0.113 and 0.314, respectively. Our study demonstrates that our peak detection method is efficient at automatically detecting animal behaviors from multisensor tag data with high accuracy for behaviors that are appropriately characterized by the data time series.

ACS Style

David A. Sweeney; Stacy L. DeRuiter; Ye Joo McNamara-Oh; Tiago A. Marques; Patricia Arranz; John Calambokidis. Automated peak detection method for behavioral event identification: detecting Balaenoptera musculus and Grampus griseus feeding attempts. Animal Biotelemetry 2019, 7, 7 .

AMA Style

David A. Sweeney, Stacy L. DeRuiter, Ye Joo McNamara-Oh, Tiago A. Marques, Patricia Arranz, John Calambokidis. Automated peak detection method for behavioral event identification: detecting Balaenoptera musculus and Grampus griseus feeding attempts. Animal Biotelemetry. 2019; 7 (1):7.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David A. Sweeney; Stacy L. DeRuiter; Ye Joo McNamara-Oh; Tiago A. Marques; Patricia Arranz; John Calambokidis. 2019. "Automated peak detection method for behavioral event identification: detecting Balaenoptera musculus and Grampus griseus feeding attempts." Animal Biotelemetry 7, no. 1: 7.

Original research article
Published: 12 March 2019 in Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
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Air-breathing marine predators must balance the conflicting demands of oxygen conservation during breath-hold and the cost of diving and locomotion to capture prey. However, it remains poorly understood how predators modulate foraging performance when feeding at different depths and in response to changes in prey distribution and type. Here, we used high-resolution multi-sensor tags attached to Risso's dolphins (Grampus griseus) and concurrent prey surveys to quantify their foraging performance over a range of depths and prey types. Dolphins (N = 33) foraged in shallow and deep habitats [seabed depths less or more than 560 m, respectively] and within the deep habitat, in vertically stratified prey features occurring at several aggregation levels. Generalized linear mixed-effects models indicated that dive kinematics were driven by foraging depth rather than habitat. Bottom-phase duration and number of buzzes (attempts to capture prey) per dive increased with depth. In deep dives, dolphins were gliding for >50% of descent and adopted higher pitch angles both during descent and ascents, which was likely to reduce energetic cost of longer transits. This lower cost of transit was counteracted by the record of highest vertical swim speeds, rolling maneuvers and stroke rates at depth, together with a 4-fold increase in the inter-buzz interval (IBI), suggesting higher costs of pursuing, and handling prey compared to shallow-water feeding. In spite of the increased capture effort at depth, dolphins managed to keep their estimated overall metabolic rate comparable across dive types. This indicates that adjustments in swimming modes may enable energy balance in deeper dives. If we think of the surface as a central place where divers return to breathe, our data match predictions that central place foragers should increase the number and likely quality of prey items at greater distances. These dolphins forage efficiently from near-shore benthic communities to depth-stratified scattering layers, enabling them to maximize their fitness.

ACS Style

Patricia Arranz; Kelly J. Benoit-Bird; Ari S. Friedlaender; Elliott Hazen; Jeremy A. Goldbogen; Alison K. Stimpert; Stacy L. DeRuiter; John Calambokidis; Brandon L. Southall; Andreas Fahlman; Peter L. Tyack. Diving Behavior and Fine-Scale Kinematics of Free-Ranging Risso's Dolphins Foraging in Shallow and Deep-Water Habitats. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 2019, 7, 1 .

AMA Style

Patricia Arranz, Kelly J. Benoit-Bird, Ari S. Friedlaender, Elliott Hazen, Jeremy A. Goldbogen, Alison K. Stimpert, Stacy L. DeRuiter, John Calambokidis, Brandon L. Southall, Andreas Fahlman, Peter L. Tyack. Diving Behavior and Fine-Scale Kinematics of Free-Ranging Risso's Dolphins Foraging in Shallow and Deep-Water Habitats. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 2019; 7 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patricia Arranz; Kelly J. Benoit-Bird; Ari S. Friedlaender; Elliott Hazen; Jeremy A. Goldbogen; Alison K. Stimpert; Stacy L. DeRuiter; John Calambokidis; Brandon L. Southall; Andreas Fahlman; Peter L. Tyack. 2019. "Diving Behavior and Fine-Scale Kinematics of Free-Ranging Risso's Dolphins Foraging in Shallow and Deep-Water Habitats." Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 7, no. : 1.

Preprint
Published: 18 April 2018
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Animals aggregate to obtain a range of fitness benefits, but a common cost of aggregation is increased detection by predators. Here we show that, in contrast to visual and chemical signallers, aggregated acoustic signallers need not face higher predator encounter rate. This is the case for prey groups that synchronize vocal behaviour but have negligible signal time-overlap in their vocalizations. Beaked whales tagged with sound and movement loggers exemplify this scenario: they precisely synchronize group vocal and diving activity but produce non-overlapping short acoustic cues. They combine this with acoustic hiding when within reach of eavesdropping predators to effectively annul the cost of aggregation for predation risk from their main predator, the killer whale. We generalize this finding in a mathematical model that predicts the key parameters that social vocal prey, which are widespread across taxa and ecosystems, can use to mitigate detection by eavesdropping predators.

ACS Style

Natacha Aguilar De Soto; Fleur Visser; Peter T Madsen; Peter Tyack; Graeme Ruxton; Patricia Arranz; Jesus Alcazar; Mark Johnson. Beaked and Killer Whales Show How Collective Prey Behaviour Foils Acoustic Predators. 2018, 303743 .

AMA Style

Natacha Aguilar De Soto, Fleur Visser, Peter T Madsen, Peter Tyack, Graeme Ruxton, Patricia Arranz, Jesus Alcazar, Mark Johnson. Beaked and Killer Whales Show How Collective Prey Behaviour Foils Acoustic Predators. . 2018; ():303743.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Natacha Aguilar De Soto; Fleur Visser; Peter T Madsen; Peter Tyack; Graeme Ruxton; Patricia Arranz; Jesus Alcazar; Mark Johnson. 2018. "Beaked and Killer Whales Show How Collective Prey Behaviour Foils Acoustic Predators." , no. : 303743.

Journal article
Published: 15 February 2018 in Journal of Experimental Biology
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Humans remember the past and use that information to plan future actions. Lab experiments that test memory for the location of food show that animals have a similar capability to act in anticipation of future needs, but less work has been done on animals foraging in the wild. We hypothesized that planning abilities are critical and common in breath-hold divers who adjust each dive to forage on prey varying in quality, location and predictability within constraints of limited oxygen availability. We equipped Risso's dolphins with sound-and-motion recording tags to reveal where they focus their attention through their externally observable echolocation and how they fine tune search strategies in response to expected and observed prey distribution. The information from the dolphins was integrated with synoptic prey data obtained from echosounders on an underwater vehicle. At the start of the dives, whales adjusted their echolocation inspection ranges in ways that suggest planning to forage at a particular depth. Once entering a productive prey layer, dolphins reduced their search range comparable to the scale of patches within the layer, suggesting that they were using echolocation to select prey within the patch. On ascent, their search range increased, indicating that they decided to stop foraging within that layer and started searching for prey in shallower layers. Information about prey, learned throughout the dive, was used to plan foraging in the next dive. Our results demonstrate that planning for future dives is modulated by spatial memory derived from multi-modal prey sampling (echoic, visual and capture) during earlier dives.

ACS Style

Patricia Arranz; Kelly J. Benoit-Bird; Brandon L. Southall; John Calambokidis; Ari S. Friedlaender; Peter Tyack. Risso's dolphins plan foraging dives. Journal of Experimental Biology 2018, 221, jeb165209 .

AMA Style

Patricia Arranz, Kelly J. Benoit-Bird, Brandon L. Southall, John Calambokidis, Ari S. Friedlaender, Peter Tyack. Risso's dolphins plan foraging dives. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2018; 221 (4):jeb165209.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patricia Arranz; Kelly J. Benoit-Bird; Brandon L. Southall; John Calambokidis; Ari S. Friedlaender; Peter Tyack. 2018. "Risso's dolphins plan foraging dives." Journal of Experimental Biology 221, no. 4: jeb165209.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2016 in Journal of Experimental Biology
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Early studies that categorized odontocete pulsed sounds had few means of discriminating signals used for biosonar-based foraging from those used for communication. This capability to identify the function of sounds is important for understanding and interpreting behavior; it is also essential for monitoring and mitigating potential disturbance from human activities. Archival tags were placed on free-ranging Grampus griseus to quantify and discriminate between pulsed sounds used for echolocation-based foraging and those used for communication. Two types of rapid click-series pulsed sounds, buzzes and burst pulses, were identified as produced by the tagged dolphins and classified using a Gaussian mixture model based on their duration, association with jerk (i.e., rapid change of acceleration), and temporal association with click trains. Buzzes followed regular echolocation clicks and coincided with a strong jerk signal from accelerometers on the tag. They consisted of series averaging 359 ± 210 (mean ± SD) clicks with an increasing repetition rate and relatively low amplitude. Burst pulses consisted of relatively short click series averaging 45 ± 54 clicks with decreasing repetition rate and longer inter-click interval that were less likely to be associated with regular echolocation and the jerk signal. These results suggest that the longer, relatively lower amplitude, jerk-associated buzzes are used in this species to capture prey, mostly during the bottom phase of foraging dives, as seen in other odontocetes. In contrast, the shorter, isolated burst pulses that are generally emitted by the dolphins while at or near the surface are used outside of a direct, known foraging context.

ACS Style

P. Arranz; S. L. DeRuiter; Alison Stimpert; S. Neves; A. S. Friedlaender; J. A. Goldbogen; F. Visser; J. Calambokidis; B. L. Southall; Peter Tyack. Discrimination of fast click series produced by tagged Risso's dolphins (Grampus griseus) for echolocation or communication. Journal of Experimental Biology 2016, 219, jeb.144295 -2907.

AMA Style

P. Arranz, S. L. DeRuiter, Alison Stimpert, S. Neves, A. S. Friedlaender, J. A. Goldbogen, F. Visser, J. Calambokidis, B. L. Southall, Peter Tyack. Discrimination of fast click series produced by tagged Risso's dolphins (Grampus griseus) for echolocation or communication. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2016; 219 ():jeb.144295-2907.

Chicago/Turabian Style

P. Arranz; S. L. DeRuiter; Alison Stimpert; S. Neves; A. S. Friedlaender; J. A. Goldbogen; F. Visser; J. Calambokidis; B. L. Southall; Peter Tyack. 2016. "Discrimination of fast click series produced by tagged Risso's dolphins (Grampus griseus) for echolocation or communication." Journal of Experimental Biology 219, no. : jeb.144295-2907.

Journal article
Published: 16 October 2013 in Marine Mammal Science
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ACS Style

Patricia Arranz; David Borchers; Natacha Aguilar De Soto; Mark P. Johnson; Martin J. Cox. A new method to study inshore whale cue distribution from land-based observations. Marine Mammal Science 2013, 30, 810 -818.

AMA Style

Patricia Arranz, David Borchers, Natacha Aguilar De Soto, Mark P. Johnson, Martin J. Cox. A new method to study inshore whale cue distribution from land-based observations. Marine Mammal Science. 2013; 30 (2):810-818.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patricia Arranz; David Borchers; Natacha Aguilar De Soto; Mark P. Johnson; Martin J. Cox. 2013. "A new method to study inshore whale cue distribution from land-based observations." Marine Mammal Science 30, no. 2: 810-818.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2013 in Journal of Comparative Physiology A
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Here we use sound and movement recording tags to study how deep-diving Blainville's beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris) use echolocation to forage in their natural mesopelagic habitat. These whales ensonify thousands of organisms per dive but select only about 25 prey for capture. They negotiate their cluttered environment by radiating sound in a narrow 20° field of view which they sample with 1.5-3 clicks per metre travelled requiring only some 60 clicks to locate, select and approach each prey. Sampling rates do not appear to be defined by the range to individual targets, but rather by the movement of the predator. Whales sample faster when they encounter patches of prey allowing them to search new water volumes while turning rapidly to stay within a patch. This implies that the Griffin search-approach-capture model of biosonar foraging must be expanded to account for sampling behaviours adapted to the overall prey distribution. Beaked whales can classify prey at more than 15 m range adopting stereotyped motor patterns when approaching some prey. This long detection range relative to swimming speed facilitates a deliberate mode of sensory-motor operation in which prey and capture tactics can be selected to optimize energy returns during long breath-hold dives.

ACS Style

P. T. Madsen; Natacha Aguilar De Soto; Patricia Arranz; M. Johnson. Echolocation in Blainville’s beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris). Journal of Comparative Physiology A 2013, 199, 451 -469.

AMA Style

P. T. Madsen, Natacha Aguilar De Soto, Patricia Arranz, M. Johnson. Echolocation in Blainville’s beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris). Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 2013; 199 (6):451-469.

Chicago/Turabian Style

P. T. Madsen; Natacha Aguilar De Soto; Patricia Arranz; M. Johnson. 2013. "Echolocation in Blainville’s beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris)." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 199, no. 6: 451-469.

Research article
Published: 07 December 2011 in PLOS ONE
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Simultaneous high resolution sampling of predator behavior and habitat characteristics is often difficult to achieve despite its importance in understanding the foraging decisions and habitat use of predators. Here we tap into the biosonar system of Blainville's beaked whales, Mesoplodon densirostris, using sound and orientation recording tags to uncover prey-finding cues available to echolocating predators in the deep-sea. Echolocation sounds indicate where whales search and encounter prey, as well as the altitude of whales above the sea-floor and the density of organisms around them, providing a link between foraging activity and the bio-physical environment. Tagged whales (n = 9) hunted exclusively at depth, investing most of their search time either in the lower part of the deep scattering layer (DSL) or near the sea-floor with little diel change. At least 43% (420/974) of recorded prey-capture attempts were performed within the benthic boundary layer despite a wide range of dive depths, and many dives included both meso- and bentho-pelagic foraging. Blainville's beaked whales only initiate searching when already deep in the descent and encounter prey suitable for capture within 2 min of the start of echolocation, suggesting that these whales are accessing prey in reliable vertical strata. Moreover, these prey resources are sufficiently dense to feed the animals in what is effectively four hours of hunting per day enabling a strategy in which long dives to exploit numerous deep-prey with low nutritional value require protracted recovery periods (average 1.5 h) between dives. This apparent searching efficiency maybe aided by inhabiting steep undersea slopes with access to both the DSL and the sea-floor over small spatial scales. Aggregations of prey in these biotopes are located using biosonar-derived landmarks and represent stable and abundant resources for Blainville's beaked whales in the otherwise food-limited deep-ocean.

ACS Style

Patricia Arranz; Natacha Aguilar De Soto; Peter T. Madsen; Alberto Brito; Fernando Bordes; Mark P. Johnson. Following a Foraging Fish-Finder: Diel Habitat Use of Blainville's Beaked Whales Revealed by Echolocation. PLOS ONE 2011, 6, e28353 .

AMA Style

Patricia Arranz, Natacha Aguilar De Soto, Peter T. Madsen, Alberto Brito, Fernando Bordes, Mark P. Johnson. Following a Foraging Fish-Finder: Diel Habitat Use of Blainville's Beaked Whales Revealed by Echolocation. PLOS ONE. 2011; 6 (12):e28353.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patricia Arranz; Natacha Aguilar De Soto; Peter T. Madsen; Alberto Brito; Fernando Bordes; Mark P. Johnson. 2011. "Following a Foraging Fish-Finder: Diel Habitat Use of Blainville's Beaked Whales Revealed by Echolocation." PLOS ONE 6, no. 12: e28353.

Journal article
Published: 15 July 2011 in Marine Mammal Science
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Communicating animals must balance fitness benefits against the costs of signaling, such as increased predation risk. Cetaceans communicate mainly with sound and near‐surface vocalizations can place signalers at risk from shallow‐diving top‐predators with acute hearing such as killer whales. Beaked whales are deep divers living in small cohesive groups with little social defense from predation. Little if anything is known about their acoustic communication. Here, eight Blainville's beaked whales were studied with suction cup attached DTags to provide the first report on social communication as a function of diving behavior for any of the 21 ziphiid species. Tagged whales produced two previously unrecorded signals with apparent communicative functions: (1) fast series of ultrasonic frequency modulated clicks (rasps) were recorded from six individuals, and (2) harmonically rich short whistles with a mean fundamental frequency of 12 kHz were recorded from one whale at up to 900 m depth, the deepest whistles recorded from a marine mammal. Blainville's were silent 80% of the time, whenever shallower than 170 m depth and during the prolonged (19 min) silent ascents from vocal dives. This behavior limits the ability of shallow‐diving predators to track Blainville's acoustically and may provide a striking example of the evolutionary influence of the risk of predation on animal communication.

ACS Style

Natacha Aguilar De Soto; Peter T. Madsen; Peter Tyack; Patricia Arranz; Jacobo Marrero; Andrea Fais; Eletta Revelli; Mark Johnson. No shallow talk: Cryptic strategy in the vocal communication of Blainville's beaked whales. Marine Mammal Science 2011, 28, E75 -E92.

AMA Style

Natacha Aguilar De Soto, Peter T. Madsen, Peter Tyack, Patricia Arranz, Jacobo Marrero, Andrea Fais, Eletta Revelli, Mark Johnson. No shallow talk: Cryptic strategy in the vocal communication of Blainville's beaked whales. Marine Mammal Science. 2011; 28 (2):E75-E92.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Natacha Aguilar De Soto; Peter T. Madsen; Peter Tyack; Patricia Arranz; Jacobo Marrero; Andrea Fais; Eletta Revelli; Mark Johnson. 2011. "No shallow talk: Cryptic strategy in the vocal communication of Blainville's beaked whales." Marine Mammal Science 28, no. 2: E75-E92.