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Populations of pollinating insects are in concrete decline globally
Angelo Canale; Giovanni Benelli. Bee and Beekeeping Research in a Rapidly Changing World: Advancements and Challenges. Molecules 2021, 26, 3066 .
AMA StyleAngelo Canale, Giovanni Benelli. Bee and Beekeeping Research in a Rapidly Changing World: Advancements and Challenges. Molecules. 2021; 26 (11):3066.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAngelo Canale; Giovanni Benelli. 2021. "Bee and Beekeeping Research in a Rapidly Changing World: Advancements and Challenges." Molecules 26, no. 11: 3066.
Several species of the family Apiaceae are aromatic herbs that produce essential oils usable on an industrial scale for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food purposes. In particular, some essential oils, such as green insecticides for example, may replace synthetic insecticides, keeping most of their efficacy and avoiding environmental pollution or human poisoning. In the present study, we explored the insecticidal potential of Ridolfia segetum (L.) Moris essential oil (EO) against three different pests: Culex quinquefasciatus Say, Musca domestica L., and Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval). For this purpose, the EO was obtained by hydrodistillation of flowers and its composition was achieved by gas chromatography/flame ionization detection (GC/FID) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). This EO was rich in α-phellandrene (49.3%), β-phellandrene (9.2%), terpinolene (20.7%), and piperitenone oxide (5.9%). Concerning the mosquitocidal efficacy, the EO showed noteworthy toxicity against C. quinquefasciatus 3rd instar larvae, with a LC50 = 27.1 µL L−1 and LC90 = 42.5 µL L−1. Regarding M. domestica, a different toxicity of the R. segetum EO was found on male and female flies, calculating LD50 values of 10.5 and 50.8 µg adult−1, respectively. The EO was also toxic to S. littoralis 3rd instar larvae, achieving LD50 and LD90 values of 37.9 and 99.6 µg larva−1, respectively. Overall, this flower EO, extracted from a traditional Sicilian food plant, merits further investigation for the development of green insecticide formulations to be used in real world conditions, pending a careful assessment of non-target toxicity on beneficial organisms.
Natale Badalamenti; Vincenzo Ilardi; Maurizio Bruno; Roman Pavela; Maria Boukouvala; Nickolas Kavallieratos; Filippo Maggi; Angelo Canale; Giovanni Benelli. Chemical Composition and Broad-Spectrum Insecticidal Activity of the Flower Essential Oil from an Ancient Sicilian Food Plant, Ridolfia segetum. Agriculture 2021, 11, 304 .
AMA StyleNatale Badalamenti, Vincenzo Ilardi, Maurizio Bruno, Roman Pavela, Maria Boukouvala, Nickolas Kavallieratos, Filippo Maggi, Angelo Canale, Giovanni Benelli. Chemical Composition and Broad-Spectrum Insecticidal Activity of the Flower Essential Oil from an Ancient Sicilian Food Plant, Ridolfia segetum. Agriculture. 2021; 11 (4):304.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNatale Badalamenti; Vincenzo Ilardi; Maurizio Bruno; Roman Pavela; Maria Boukouvala; Nickolas Kavallieratos; Filippo Maggi; Angelo Canale; Giovanni Benelli. 2021. "Chemical Composition and Broad-Spectrum Insecticidal Activity of the Flower Essential Oil from an Ancient Sicilian Food Plant, Ridolfia segetum." Agriculture 11, no. 4: 304.
Most insecticides commonly used in storage facilities are synthetic, an issue that generates concerns about food safety and public health. Therefore, the development of eco-friendly pest management tools is urgently needed. In the present study, a 6% (w/w) Hazomalania voyronii essential oil-based nanoemulsion (HvNE) was developed and evaluated for managing Tribolium confusum, T. castaneum, and Tenebrio molitor, as an eco-friendly wheat protectant. Larval and adult mortality was evaluated after 4, 8, and 16 h, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 days, testing two HvNE concentrations (500 ppm and 1000 ppm). T. confusum and T. castaneum adults and T. molitor larvae were tolerant to both concentrations of the HvNE, reaching 13.0%, 18.7%, and 10.3% mortality, respectively, at 1000 ppm after 7 days of exposure. However, testing HvNE at 1000 ppm, the mortality of T. confusum and T. castaneum larvae and T. molitor adults 7 days post-exposure reached 92.1%, 97.4%, and 100.0%, respectively. Overall, the HvNE can be considered as an effective adulticide or larvicide, depending on the target species. Our results highlight the potential of H. voyronii essential oil for developing green nanoinsecticides to be used in real-world conditions against key stored-product pests.
Nickolas Kavallieratos; Erifili Nika; Anna Skourti; Nikoletta Ntalli; Maria Boukouvala; Catherine Ntalaka; Filippo Maggi; Rianasoambolanoro Rakotosaona; Marco Cespi; Diego Perinelli; Angelo Canale; Giulia Bonacucina; Giovanni Benelli. Developing a Hazomalania voyronii Essential Oil Nanoemulsion for the Eco-Friendly Management of Tribolium confusum, Tribolium castaneum and Tenebrio molitor Larvae and Adults on Stored Wheat. Molecules 2021, 26, 1812 .
AMA StyleNickolas Kavallieratos, Erifili Nika, Anna Skourti, Nikoletta Ntalli, Maria Boukouvala, Catherine Ntalaka, Filippo Maggi, Rianasoambolanoro Rakotosaona, Marco Cespi, Diego Perinelli, Angelo Canale, Giulia Bonacucina, Giovanni Benelli. Developing a Hazomalania voyronii Essential Oil Nanoemulsion for the Eco-Friendly Management of Tribolium confusum, Tribolium castaneum and Tenebrio molitor Larvae and Adults on Stored Wheat. Molecules. 2021; 26 (6):1812.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNickolas Kavallieratos; Erifili Nika; Anna Skourti; Nikoletta Ntalli; Maria Boukouvala; Catherine Ntalaka; Filippo Maggi; Rianasoambolanoro Rakotosaona; Marco Cespi; Diego Perinelli; Angelo Canale; Giulia Bonacucina; Giovanni Benelli. 2021. "Developing a Hazomalania voyronii Essential Oil Nanoemulsion for the Eco-Friendly Management of Tribolium confusum, Tribolium castaneum and Tenebrio molitor Larvae and Adults on Stored Wheat." Molecules 26, no. 6: 1812.
The Comstock mealybug, Pseudococcus comstocki (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is a primary pest of orchards in the North and Northwest of China. This pest appeared recently in Europe, including Italy, where it is infesting mainly vineyards as well as apple and pear orchards. The present study investigated the efficacy of Anagyrus vladimiri, a known biological control agent (BCA) of Planococcus ficus, on P. comstocki to evaluate a potential use for the management of this new pest. No-choice tests were conducted to quantify the parasitoid behavior against P. ficus and P. comstocki. The parasitoid successfully parasitized both species (parasitization rate: 51% and 67% on P. comstocki and P. ficus, respectively). The A.vladimiri developmental time (19.67 ± 1.12 vs. 19.70 ± 1.07 days), sex ratio (1.16 ± 1.12 vs. 1.58 ± 1.07) and hind tibia length of the progeny showed no differences when P. comstocki and P. ficus, respectively, were exploited as hosts. Two-choice tests, conducted by providing the parasitoid with a mixed population of P. ficus and P. comstocki, showed no host preference for either of the two mealybug species (23 vs. 27 first choices on P. comstocki and P. ficus, respectively). The parasitization rate (61.5% and 64.5% in P. comstocki and P. ficus, respectively) did not differ between the two hosts. Overall, our study adds basic knowledge on parasitoid behavior and host preferences and confirms the use of this economically important encyrtid species as an effective BCA against the invasive Comstock mealybug.
Renato Ricciardi; Valeria Zeni; Davide Michelotti; Filippo Di Giovanni; Francesca Cosci; Angelo Canale; Lian-Sheng Zang; Andrea Lucchi; Giovanni Benelli. Old Parasitoids for New Mealybugs: Host Location Behavior and Parasitization Efficacy of Anagyrusvladimiri on Pseudococcuscomstocki. Insects 2021, 12, 257 .
AMA StyleRenato Ricciardi, Valeria Zeni, Davide Michelotti, Filippo Di Giovanni, Francesca Cosci, Angelo Canale, Lian-Sheng Zang, Andrea Lucchi, Giovanni Benelli. Old Parasitoids for New Mealybugs: Host Location Behavior and Parasitization Efficacy of Anagyrusvladimiri on Pseudococcuscomstocki. Insects. 2021; 12 (3):257.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRenato Ricciardi; Valeria Zeni; Davide Michelotti; Filippo Di Giovanni; Francesca Cosci; Angelo Canale; Lian-Sheng Zang; Andrea Lucchi; Giovanni Benelli. 2021. "Old Parasitoids for New Mealybugs: Host Location Behavior and Parasitization Efficacy of Anagyrusvladimiri on Pseudococcuscomstocki." Insects 12, no. 3: 257.
Discovering and validating effective drugs to manage arthropod-borne diseases (ABD) is a timely and important research challenge with major impacts on real-world control programs at the time of quick resistance development in the targeted pathogens. This editorial highlights major research advances in the development of drugs for the control of vector-borne diseases, with a significant focus on malaria, Chagas disease, dengue, human African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and Zika. Broad reviews providing new insights on ABD recently published in Molecules have also been covered in “The Editors’ pick” section.
Giovanni Benelli; Riccardo Petrelli; Angelo Canale. Arthropod-Borne Disease Control at a Glance: What’s New on Drug Development? Molecules 2020, 25, 5175 .
AMA StyleGiovanni Benelli, Riccardo Petrelli, Angelo Canale. Arthropod-Borne Disease Control at a Glance: What’s New on Drug Development? Molecules. 2020; 25 (21):5175.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiovanni Benelli; Riccardo Petrelli; Angelo Canale. 2020. "Arthropod-Borne Disease Control at a Glance: What’s New on Drug Development?" Molecules 25, no. 21: 5175.
In this study, the effect of different drying processes (freeze-drying (FD), microwave-assisted drying (MWD) and classic hot air drying (HAD)) on the polyphenols, flavonoids, and amino acids content was investigated on bee-collected chestnut, willow and ivy pollen for human consumption. Furthermore, the pollen chemical properties were monitored after three and six months of storage, and then analyzed using a multivariate approach. Chestnut pollen was the richest source of polyphenols, flavonoids, and rutin, while ivy pollen contained the highest amount of total and free amino acids, and total and free proline. Drying and storage affected pollen chemical composition with species-dependent effects. MWD allowed the best retention of flavonoids in chestnut pollen for up to six months of storage. All drying techniques led to a depletion of flavonoids in willow pollen; however, MWD ensured the highest flavonoids content after six months. FD and MWD did not lead to flavonoids depletion in ivy pollen during storage. Additionally, storage did not affect the rutin content, which was highest in FD willow samples after six months. Notably, both FD and MWD techniques are efficient in preserving amino acids-related quality of bee pollen up to six months of storage.
Antonella Castagna; Giovanni Benelli; Giuseppe Conte; Cristina Sgherri; Francesca Signorini; Cristiano Nicolella; Annamaria Ranieri; Angelo Canale. Drying Techniques and Storage: Do They Affect the Nutritional Value of Bee-Collected Pollen? Molecules 2020, 25, 4925 .
AMA StyleAntonella Castagna, Giovanni Benelli, Giuseppe Conte, Cristina Sgherri, Francesca Signorini, Cristiano Nicolella, Annamaria Ranieri, Angelo Canale. Drying Techniques and Storage: Do They Affect the Nutritional Value of Bee-Collected Pollen? Molecules. 2020; 25 (21):4925.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonella Castagna; Giovanni Benelli; Giuseppe Conte; Cristina Sgherri; Francesca Signorini; Cristiano Nicolella; Annamaria Ranieri; Angelo Canale. 2020. "Drying Techniques and Storage: Do They Affect the Nutritional Value of Bee-Collected Pollen?" Molecules 25, no. 21: 4925.
In the One Health scenario, a deep understanding of the dynamics potentially threatening the development and implementation of useful pest and vector management tools is of key importance. The New World screwworm fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), is characterized by a wide host range. It acts as an important agent of myiasis in humans and warm-blooded animals in the Neotropics, and has been eliminated from a wide region through genetic methods. Of note, Serebrovsky had already proposed in 1940 the principles of autocidal control by the translocation of segments between two chromosomes, but his work was negated by Lysenko, based on the negation of Mendelian genetics. This entomological case study emphasizes the danger of politics interfering with science, a still contemporary hot issue. The negation of global warming or current pandemics are further examples of this noxious influence.
Carlos Brisola Marcondes; Angelo Canale; Giovanni Benelli. Lysenko and the Screwworm Fly—When Politics Interferes with Science and Public Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 6687 .
AMA StyleCarlos Brisola Marcondes, Angelo Canale, Giovanni Benelli. Lysenko and the Screwworm Fly—When Politics Interferes with Science and Public Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (18):6687.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlos Brisola Marcondes; Angelo Canale; Giovanni Benelli. 2020. "Lysenko and the Screwworm Fly—When Politics Interferes with Science and Public Health." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18: 6687.
The use of Hazomalania voyronii, popularly known as hazomalana, to repel mosquitoes and resist against insect attacks is handed down from generation to generation in Madagascar. In the present study, we investigated the ability of the essential oils (EOs) obtained from the stem wood, fresh and dry bark of H. voyronii to keep important mosquito vectors (Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus) away, as well as their toxicity on three insect species of agricultural and public health importance (Cx. quinquefasciatus, Musca domestica and Spodoptera littoralis). Hydrodistillation was used to obtain EOs from stem wood, fresh and dry bark. The chemical compositions were achieved by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Toxicity assays using stem wood and bark EOs were performed on larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus and S. littoralis, and adults of M. domestica by WHO and topical application methods, respectively. Mosquito repellent activity of the most effective EO, i.e. the bark one, was determined on human volunteers by arm-in-cage tests, and results were compared with that of the commercial repellent N,N-ddiethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). The H. voyronii EOs were characterized by oxygenated monoterpenes with perilla aldehyde (30.9–47.9%) and 1,8-cineole (19.7–33.2%) as the main constituents. The fresh and dry bark EOs were the most active on Cx. quinquefasciatus and S. littoralis larvae, respectively, with LC50/LD50 of 65.5 mg L−1, and 50.5 μg larva−1; the EOs from wood and fresh bark displayed the highest toxicity on M. domestica (LD50 values 60.8 and 65.8 μg adult−1, respectively). Repellence assay revealed an almost complete protection (>80%) from both mosquito species for 30 min when pure fresh bark EO was applied on the volunteers’ arm, while DEET 10% repelled >80% of the mosquitoes up to 120 min from application. The traditional use of the bark EO to repel insects has been demonstrated although an extended-release formulation based on H. voyronii EOs is needed to increase the repellent effect over time. A wide spectrum of insecticidal activity has been provided as well, suggesting a possible use of H. voyronii EOs in the fabrication of green repellents and insecticides useful to control mosquito vectors and agricultural pests.
Giovanni Benelli; Roman Pavela; Rianasoambolanoro Rakotosaona; Franks Kamgang Nzekoue; Angelo Canale; Marcello Nicoletti; Filippo Maggi. Insecticidal and mosquito repellent efficacy of the essential oils from stem bark and wood of Hazomalania voyronii. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2019, 248, 112333 .
AMA StyleGiovanni Benelli, Roman Pavela, Rianasoambolanoro Rakotosaona, Franks Kamgang Nzekoue, Angelo Canale, Marcello Nicoletti, Filippo Maggi. Insecticidal and mosquito repellent efficacy of the essential oils from stem bark and wood of Hazomalania voyronii. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2019; 248 ():112333.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiovanni Benelli; Roman Pavela; Rianasoambolanoro Rakotosaona; Franks Kamgang Nzekoue; Angelo Canale; Marcello Nicoletti; Filippo Maggi. 2019. "Insecticidal and mosquito repellent efficacy of the essential oils from stem bark and wood of Hazomalania voyronii." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 248, no. : 112333.
The management of parasites, insect pests and vectors requests development of novel, effective and eco-friendly tools. The development of resistance towards many drugs and pesticides pushed scientists to look for novel bioactive compounds endowed with multiple modes of action, and with no risk to human health and environment. Several natural products are used as alternative/complementary approaches to manage parasites, insect pests and vectors due to their high efficacy and often limited non-target toxicity. Their encapsulation into nanosystems helps overcome some hurdles related to their physicochemical properties, for instance limited stability and handling, enhancing the overall efficacy. Among different nanosystems, micro- and nanoemulsions are easy-to-use systems in terms of preparation and industrial scale-up. Different reports support their efficacy against parasites of medical importance, including Leishmania, Plasmodium and Trypanosoma as well as agricultural and stored product insect pests and vectors of human diseases, such as Aedes and Culex mosquitoes. Overall, micro- and nanoemulsions are valid options for developing promising eco-friendly tools in pest and vector management, pending proper field validation. Future research on the improvement of technical aspects as well as chronic toxicity experiments on non-target species is needed.
Lucia Pavoni; Roman Pavela; Marco Cespi; Giulia Bonacucina; Filippo Maggi; Valeria Zeni; Angelo Canale; Andrea Lucchi; Fabrizio Bruschi; Giovanni Benelli. Green Micro- and Nanoemulsions for Managing Parasites, Vectors and Pests. Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 1285 .
AMA StyleLucia Pavoni, Roman Pavela, Marco Cespi, Giulia Bonacucina, Filippo Maggi, Valeria Zeni, Angelo Canale, Andrea Lucchi, Fabrizio Bruschi, Giovanni Benelli. Green Micro- and Nanoemulsions for Managing Parasites, Vectors and Pests. Nanomaterials. 2019; 9 (9):1285.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLucia Pavoni; Roman Pavela; Marco Cespi; Giulia Bonacucina; Filippo Maggi; Valeria Zeni; Angelo Canale; Andrea Lucchi; Fabrizio Bruschi; Giovanni Benelli. 2019. "Green Micro- and Nanoemulsions for Managing Parasites, Vectors and Pests." Nanomaterials 9, no. 9: 1285.
Developing effective and eco-friendly antiparasitic drugs and insecticides is an issue of high importance nowadays. In this study, we evaluated the anthelminthic and insecticidal potential of the leaf essential oil obtained from Origanum syriacum against the L3 larvae of the parasitic nematode Anisakis simplex and larvae and adults of the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. Tests on A. simplex were performed by standard larvicidal and penetration assays, while mosquito toxicity was assessed relying on larvicidal, tarsal contact, and fumigation tests. To shed light on the possible mode of action, we analyzed the oil impact as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. This oil was particularly active on L3 larvae of A. simplex, showing a LC50 of 0.087 and 0.067 mg mL−1 after 24 and 48 h treatment, respectively. O. syriacum essential oil was highly effective on both larvae and adults of C. quinquefasciatus, showing LC50 values of 32.4 mg L−1 and 28.1 µg cm−2, respectively. Its main constituent, carvacrol, achieved larvicidal LC50(90) of 29.5 and 39.2 mg L−1, while contact toxicity assays on adults had an LC50(90) of 25.5 and 35.8 µg cm−2, respectively. In fumigation assays, the LC50 was 12.1 µL L−1 after 1 h and decreased to 1.3 µL L−1 in 24 h of exposure. Similarly, the fumigation LC50 of carvacrol was 8.2 µL L−1 after 1 h of exposure, strongly decreasing to 0.8 µL L−1 after 24 h of exposure. These results support the folk usage of Lebanese oregano as an antiparasitic agent, providing new insights about its utilization for developing new effective and eco-friendly nematocidal and insecticidal products.
Víctor López; Roman Pavela; Carlota Gómez-Rincón; Francisco Les; Fabrizio Bartolucci; Veronica Galiffa; Riccardo Petrelli; Loredana Cappellacci; Filippo Maggi; Angelo Canale; Domenico Otranto; Stefania Sut; Stefano Dall’Acqua; Giovanni Benelli. Efficacy of Origanum syriacum Essential Oil against the Mosquito Vector Culex quinquefasciatus and the Gastrointestinal Parasite Anisakis simplex, with Insights on Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition. Molecules 2019, 24, 2563 .
AMA StyleVíctor López, Roman Pavela, Carlota Gómez-Rincón, Francisco Les, Fabrizio Bartolucci, Veronica Galiffa, Riccardo Petrelli, Loredana Cappellacci, Filippo Maggi, Angelo Canale, Domenico Otranto, Stefania Sut, Stefano Dall’Acqua, Giovanni Benelli. Efficacy of Origanum syriacum Essential Oil against the Mosquito Vector Culex quinquefasciatus and the Gastrointestinal Parasite Anisakis simplex, with Insights on Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition. Molecules. 2019; 24 (14):2563.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVíctor López; Roman Pavela; Carlota Gómez-Rincón; Francisco Les; Fabrizio Bartolucci; Veronica Galiffa; Riccardo Petrelli; Loredana Cappellacci; Filippo Maggi; Angelo Canale; Domenico Otranto; Stefania Sut; Stefano Dall’Acqua; Giovanni Benelli. 2019. "Efficacy of Origanum syriacum Essential Oil against the Mosquito Vector Culex quinquefasciatus and the Gastrointestinal Parasite Anisakis simplex, with Insights on Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition." Molecules 24, no. 14: 2563.
Culex mosquitoes can act as vectors of several important diseases, including Japanese encephalitis, West Nile virus, St. Louis encephalitis and equine encephalitis. Besides the neurological sequel caused in humans, Japanese encephalitis can lead to abortion in sows and encephalitis in horses. Effective vector control and early diagnosis, along with continuous serosurveillance in animals are crucial to fight this arboviral disease. However, the success of vector control operations is linked with the fast and reliable identification of targeted species and knowledge about their biology and ecology. Since the DNA barcoding of Culex vectors of Japanese encephalitis is scarcely explored, here we evaluated the efficacy of this tool to identify and analyze the variations among five overlooked Culex vectors of Japanese encephalitis, Culex fuscocephala, Culex gelidus, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Culex pseudovishnui and Culex vishnui, relying to the analysis of mitochondrial CO1 gene. Variations in their base pair range were elucidated by the entropy H plot. The differences among individual conspecifics and on base pair range across the same were studied. The C (501-750 bp) region showed a moderate variation among all the selected species. C. tritaeniorhynchus exhibited the highest variation in all the ranges. The observed genetic divergence was partially non-discriminatory. i.e., the overall intra- and inter nucleotide divergence was 0.0920 (0.92%) and 0.125 (1.25%) respectively. However, 10X rule fits accurately for the intraspecies divergence of <3% for all the selected five Culex species. The analysis of individual scatter plots showed the threshold values (10X) of 0.008 (0.08%), 0.005 (0.05%), 0.123 (1.23%), 0.033 (0.33%) and 0.019 (0.19%) for the C. fuscocephala, C. gelidus, C. tritaeniorhynchus, C. pseudovishnui and C. vishnui respectively. The divergence between the following haplotypes of C. tritaeniorhynchus KU497604, KU497603, AB690847, AB690854 exhibited the high divergence range from 0.465 -0.546. Comparatively, the intra-divergence among the other haplotypes of C. tritaeniorhynchus ranged from 0- 0.056. The maximum parsimony tree was formed by distinctive conspecific clusters with appreciable branch values illustrating their close congruence and extensive genetic deviations. Overall, this study adds valuable knowledge to the molecular biology and systematics of five overlooked mosquito species acting as major vectors of Japanese encephalitis in Asian countries.
Pushparaj Karthika; Chithravel Vadivalagan; Durairaj Thirumurugan; Rangaswamy Ravi Kumar; Kadarkarai Murugan; Angelo Canale; Giovanni Benelli. DNA barcoding of five Japanese encephalitis mosquito vectors (Culex fuscocephala, Culex gelidus, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Culex pseudovishnui and Culex vishnui). Acta Tropica 2018, 183, 84 -91.
AMA StylePushparaj Karthika, Chithravel Vadivalagan, Durairaj Thirumurugan, Rangaswamy Ravi Kumar, Kadarkarai Murugan, Angelo Canale, Giovanni Benelli. DNA barcoding of five Japanese encephalitis mosquito vectors (Culex fuscocephala, Culex gelidus, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Culex pseudovishnui and Culex vishnui). Acta Tropica. 2018; 183 ():84-91.
Chicago/Turabian StylePushparaj Karthika; Chithravel Vadivalagan; Durairaj Thirumurugan; Rangaswamy Ravi Kumar; Kadarkarai Murugan; Angelo Canale; Giovanni Benelli. 2018. "DNA barcoding of five Japanese encephalitis mosquito vectors (Culex fuscocephala, Culex gelidus, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Culex pseudovishnui and Culex vishnui)." Acta Tropica 183, no. : 84-91.
Kadarkarai Murugan; Mathath Roni; Chellasamy Panneerselvam; Al Thabiani Aziz; Udaiyan Suresh; Rajapandian Rajaganesh; Rajasekar Aruliah; Jazem A. Mahyoub; Subrata Trivedi; Hasibur Rehman; Hatem Ahmed Naji Al-Aoh; Suresh Kumar S; Akon Higuchi; Baskaralingam Vaseeharan; Hui Wei; Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan; Angelo Canale; Giovanni Benelli. Sargassum wightii -synthesized ZnO nanoparticles reduce the fitness and reproduction of the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi and cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 2018, 101, 202 -213.
AMA StyleKadarkarai Murugan, Mathath Roni, Chellasamy Panneerselvam, Al Thabiani Aziz, Udaiyan Suresh, Rajapandian Rajaganesh, Rajasekar Aruliah, Jazem A. Mahyoub, Subrata Trivedi, Hasibur Rehman, Hatem Ahmed Naji Al-Aoh, Suresh Kumar S, Akon Higuchi, Baskaralingam Vaseeharan, Hui Wei, Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan, Angelo Canale, Giovanni Benelli. Sargassum wightii -synthesized ZnO nanoparticles reduce the fitness and reproduction of the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi and cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology. 2018; 101 ():202-213.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKadarkarai Murugan; Mathath Roni; Chellasamy Panneerselvam; Al Thabiani Aziz; Udaiyan Suresh; Rajapandian Rajaganesh; Rajasekar Aruliah; Jazem A. Mahyoub; Subrata Trivedi; Hasibur Rehman; Hatem Ahmed Naji Al-Aoh; Suresh Kumar S; Akon Higuchi; Baskaralingam Vaseeharan; Hui Wei; Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan; Angelo Canale; Giovanni Benelli. 2018. "Sargassum wightii -synthesized ZnO nanoparticles reduce the fitness and reproduction of the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi and cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera." Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 101, no. : 202-213.
Udaiyan Suresh; Kadarkarai Murugan; Chellasamy Panneerselvam; Rajapandian Rajaganesh; Mathath Roni; Al Thabiani Aziz; Hatem Ahmed Naji Al-Aoh; Subrata Trivedi; Hasibur Rehman; Suresh Kumar S; Akon Higuchi; Angelo Canale; Giovanni Benelli. Suaeda maritima -based herbal coils and green nanoparticles as potential biopesticides against the dengue vector Aedes aegypti and the tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 2018, 101, 225 -235.
AMA StyleUdaiyan Suresh, Kadarkarai Murugan, Chellasamy Panneerselvam, Rajapandian Rajaganesh, Mathath Roni, Al Thabiani Aziz, Hatem Ahmed Naji Al-Aoh, Subrata Trivedi, Hasibur Rehman, Suresh Kumar S, Akon Higuchi, Angelo Canale, Giovanni Benelli. Suaeda maritima -based herbal coils and green nanoparticles as potential biopesticides against the dengue vector Aedes aegypti and the tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology. 2018; 101 ():225-235.
Chicago/Turabian StyleUdaiyan Suresh; Kadarkarai Murugan; Chellasamy Panneerselvam; Rajapandian Rajaganesh; Mathath Roni; Al Thabiani Aziz; Hatem Ahmed Naji Al-Aoh; Subrata Trivedi; Hasibur Rehman; Suresh Kumar S; Akon Higuchi; Angelo Canale; Giovanni Benelli. 2018. "Suaeda maritima -based herbal coils and green nanoparticles as potential biopesticides against the dengue vector Aedes aegypti and the tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura." Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 101, no. : 225-235.
The chewing lice (Mallophaga) are common parasites of different animals. Most of them infest terrestrial and marine birds, including pigeons, doves, swans, cormorants and penguins. Mallophaga have not been found on marine mammals but only on terrestrial ones, including livestock and pets. Their bites damage cattle, sheep, goats, horses and poultry, causing itch and scratch and arousing phthiriasis and dermatitis. Notably, Mallophaga can vector important parasites, such as the filarial heartworm Sarconema eurycerca. Livestock losses due to chewing lice are often underestimated, maybe because farmers notice the presence of the biting lice only when the infestation is too high. In this review, we examined current knowledge on the various strategies available for Mallophaga control. The effective management of their populations has been obtained through the employ of several synthetic insecticides. However, pesticide overuse led to serious concerns for human health and the environment. Natural enemies of Mallophaga are scarcely studied. Their biological control with predators and parasites has not been explored yet. However, the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae has been reported as effective in vitro and in vivo experiments against Damalinia bovis infestation on cattle. Furthermore, different Bacillus thuringiensis preparations have been tested against Mallophaga, the most effective were B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki, kenyae and morrisoni. Lastly, plant-borne insecticides have been evaluated against Mallophaga. Tested products mainly contained bioactive principles from two Meliaceae, Azadirachta indica, and Carapa guianensis. High efficacy of neem-borne preparations was reported, leading to the development of several products currently marketed. Overall, our review highlighted that our knowledge about Mallophaga vector activity and control is extremely patchy. Their control still relied on the employ of chemical pesticides widely used to fight other primary pests and vectors of livestock, such as ticks, while the development of eco-friendly control tool is scarce. Behavior-based control of Mallophaga, using pheromone-based lures or even the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) may also represent a potential route for their control, but our limited knowledge on their behavioral ecology and chemical communication strongly limit any possible approach
Giovanni Benelli; Alice Caselli; Graziano Di Giuseppe; Angelo Canale. Control of biting lice, Mallophaga − a review. Acta Tropica 2018, 177, 211 -219.
AMA StyleGiovanni Benelli, Alice Caselli, Graziano Di Giuseppe, Angelo Canale. Control of biting lice, Mallophaga − a review. Acta Tropica. 2018; 177 ():211-219.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiovanni Benelli; Alice Caselli; Graziano Di Giuseppe; Angelo Canale. 2018. "Control of biting lice, Mallophaga − a review." Acta Tropica 177, no. : 211-219.
Several arthropod-borne diseases are now rising with increasing impact and risks for public health, due to environmental changes and resistance to pesticides currently marketed. In addition to community surveillance programs and a careful management of herds, a next-generation of effective products is urgently needed to control the spread of these diseases, with special reference to arboviral ones. Natural product research can afford alternative solutions. Recently, a re-emerging of bluetongue disease is ongoing in Italy. Bluetongue is a viral disease that affects ruminants and is spread through the bite of bloodsucking insects, especially Culicoides species. In this review, we focused on the importance of vector control programs for prevention or bluetongue outbreaks, outlining the lack of effective tools in the fight against Culicoides vectors. Then, we analyzed a field case study in Sardinia (Italy) concerning the utilization of the neem cake (Azadirachta indica), to control young instar populations of Culicoides biting midges, the vectors of bluetongue virus. Neem cake is a cheap and eco-friendly by-product obtained from the extraction of neem oil. Overall, we propose that the employ of neem extraction by-products as aqueous formulations in muddy sites close to livestock grazing areas may represent an effective tool in the fight against the spread of bluetongue virus in the Mediterranean areas
Giovanni Benelli; Luca Buttazzoni; Angelo Canale; Armando D'Andrea; Paola Del Serrone; Gavino Delrio; Cipriano Foxi; Susanna Mariani; Giovanni Savini; Chithravel Vadivalagan; Kadarkarai Murugan; Chiara Toniolo; Marcello Nicoletti; Mauro Serafini. Bluetongue outbreaks: Looking for effective control strategies against Culicoides vectors. Research in Veterinary Science 2017, 115, 263 -270.
AMA StyleGiovanni Benelli, Luca Buttazzoni, Angelo Canale, Armando D'Andrea, Paola Del Serrone, Gavino Delrio, Cipriano Foxi, Susanna Mariani, Giovanni Savini, Chithravel Vadivalagan, Kadarkarai Murugan, Chiara Toniolo, Marcello Nicoletti, Mauro Serafini. Bluetongue outbreaks: Looking for effective control strategies against Culicoides vectors. Research in Veterinary Science. 2017; 115 ():263-270.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiovanni Benelli; Luca Buttazzoni; Angelo Canale; Armando D'Andrea; Paola Del Serrone; Gavino Delrio; Cipriano Foxi; Susanna Mariani; Giovanni Savini; Chithravel Vadivalagan; Kadarkarai Murugan; Chiara Toniolo; Marcello Nicoletti; Mauro Serafini. 2017. "Bluetongue outbreaks: Looking for effective control strategies against Culicoides vectors." Research in Veterinary Science 115, no. : 263-270.
Mosquito control programs are facing important and timely challenges, including the\ud recent outbreaks of novel arbovirus, the development of resistance in several Culicidae species,\ud and the rapid spreading of highly invasive mosquitoes worldwide. Current control tools mainly rely\ud on the employment of (i) synthetic or microbial pesticides, (ii) insecticide-treated bed nets, (iii) adult\ud repellents, (iv) biological control agents against mosquito young instars (mainly fishes, amphibians\ud and copepods) (v) Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), (vi) ‘‘boosted SIT”, (vii) symbiont-based methods\ud and (viii) transgenic mosquitoes. Currently, none of these single strategies is fully successful. Novel\ud eco-friendly strategies to manage mosquito vectors are urgently needed. The plant-mediated fabrication\ud of nanoparticles is advantageous over chemical and physical methods, since it is cheap,\ud single-step, and does not require high pressure, energy, temperature, or the use of highly toxic chemicals.\ud In the latest years, a growing number of plant-borne compounds have been proposed for efficient\ud and rapid extracellular synthesis of metal nanoparticles effective against mosquitoes at very\ud low doses (i.e. 1–30 ppm). In this review, we focused on the promising potential of greenfabricated\ud nanoparticles as toxic agents against mosquito young instars, and as adult oviposition\ud deterrents. Furthermore, we analyzed current evidences about non-target effects of these nanocomposites\ud used for mosquito control, pointing out their moderate acute toxicity for non-target aquatic\ud organisms, absence of genotoxicity at the doses tested against mosquitoes, and the possibility to\ud boost the predation rates of biological control agents against mosquitoes treating the aquatic environment\ud with ultra-low doses (e.g. 1–3 ppm) of green-synthesized nanoparticles, which reduce the\ud motility of mosquito larvae. Challenges for future research should shed light on (i) the precise\ud mechanism(s) of action of green-fabricated metal nanoparticles, (ii) their fate in the aquatic\ud environment, and (iii) the possible toxicity of residual silver ions in the aquatic ecosystems, (iv) the standardization of chemical composition of botanical products used as sources of reducing and\ud capping metabolites, (v) the optimization of the green nanosynthetic routes, in order to develop\ud large-scale production of eco-friendly nanomosquitocides
Giovanni Benelli; Alice Caselli; Angelo Canale. Nanoparticles for mosquito control: Challenges and constraints. Journal of King Saud University - Science 2017, 29, 424 -435.
AMA StyleGiovanni Benelli, Alice Caselli, Angelo Canale. Nanoparticles for mosquito control: Challenges and constraints. Journal of King Saud University - Science. 2017; 29 (4):424-435.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiovanni Benelli; Alice Caselli; Angelo Canale. 2017. "Nanoparticles for mosquito control: Challenges and constraints." Journal of King Saud University - Science 29, no. 4: 424-435.
Ticks serve as vectors of a wide range of infectious agents deleterious to humans and animals. Tick bite prevention is based to a large extent on the use of chemical repellents and acaricides. However, development of resistance in targeted ticks, environmental pollution, and contamination of livestock meat and milk are major concerns. Recently, metal, metal oxide and carbon nanoparticles, particularly those obtained through green fabrication routes, were found to be highly effective against a wide array of arthropod pests and vectors. We summarize current knowledge on the toxicity of nanoparticles against tick vectors of medical and veterinary importance. We also discuss the toxicity of products from botanical- and bacterial-based as well as classic chemical nanosynthesis routes, showing differences in bioactivity against ticks based on the products used for the fabrication of nanoparticles. Further research is needed, to validate the efficacy of nanoparticle-based acaricides in the field and clarify mechanisms of action of nanoparticles against ticks. From a technical point of view, the literature analyzed here showed little standardization of size and weight of tested ticks, a lack of uniform methods to assess toxicity and concerns related to data analysis. Finally, an important challenge for future research is the need for ecotoxicology studies to evaluate potential negative effects on non-target organisms and site contamination arising from nanoparticle-based treatments in close proximity of livestock and farmers.
Giovanni Benelli; Filippo Maggi; Donato Romano; Cesare Stefanini; Baskaralingam Vaseeharan; Suresh Kumar S; Akon Higuchi; Abdullah A. Alarfaj; Heinz Mehlhorn; Angelo Canale. Nanoparticles as effective acaricides against ticks—A review. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases 2017, 8, 821 -826.
AMA StyleGiovanni Benelli, Filippo Maggi, Donato Romano, Cesare Stefanini, Baskaralingam Vaseeharan, Suresh Kumar S, Akon Higuchi, Abdullah A. Alarfaj, Heinz Mehlhorn, Angelo Canale. Nanoparticles as effective acaricides against ticks—A review. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. 2017; 8 (6):821-826.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiovanni Benelli; Filippo Maggi; Donato Romano; Cesare Stefanini; Baskaralingam Vaseeharan; Suresh Kumar S; Akon Higuchi; Abdullah A. Alarfaj; Heinz Mehlhorn; Angelo Canale. 2017. "Nanoparticles as effective acaricides against ticks—A review." Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases 8, no. 6: 821-826.
Currently, nano-formulated mosquito larvicides have been widely proposed to control young instars of malaria vector populations. However, the fate of nanoparticles in the aquatic environment is scarcely known, with special reference to the impact of nanoparticles on enzymatic activity of non-target aquatic invertebrates. In this study, we synthesized CdS nanoparticles using a green protocol relying on the cheap extract of Valoniopsis pachynema algae. CdS nanoparticles showed high toxicity on young instars of the malaria vectors Anopheles stephensi and A. sundaicus. The antimalarial activity of the nano-synthesized product against chloroquine-resistant (CQ-r) Plasmodium falciparum parasites was investigated. From a non-target perspective, we focused on the impact of this novel nano-pesticide on antioxidant enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities of the mud crab Scylla serrata. The characterization of nanomaterials was carried out by UV-vis and FTIR spectroscopy, as well as SEM and XRD analyses. In mosquitocidal assays, LC of V. pachynema-synthesized CdS nanoparticles on A. stephensi ranged from 16.856 (larva I), to 30.301μg/ml (pupa), while for An. sundaicus they ranged from 13.584 to 22.496μg/ml. The antiplasmodial activity of V. pachynema extract and CdS nanoparticles was evaluated against CQ-r and CQ-sensitive (CQ-s) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. IC of V. pachynema extract was 58.1μg/ml (CQ-s) and 71.46μg/ml (CQ-r), while nano-CdS IC was 76.14μg/ml (CQ-s) and 89.21μg/ml (CQ-r). In enzymatic assays, S. serrata crabs were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations, i.e. 4, 6 and 8μg/ml of CdS nanoparticles, assessing changes in GST and AChE activity after 16days. We observed significantly higher activity of GST, if compared to the control, during the whole experiment period. In addition, a single treatment with CdS nanoparticles led to a significant decrease in AChE activity over time. The toxicity of CdS nanoparticles and Cd ions in aqueous solution was also assessed in mud crabs, showing higher toxicity of aqueous Cd ions if compared to nano-CdS. Overall, our results underlined the efficacy of green-synthesized CdS nanoparticles in malaria vector control, outlining also significant impacts on the enzymatic activity of non-target aquatic organisms, with special reference to mud crabs.
Vasu Sujitha; Kadarkarai Murugan; Devakumar Dinesh; Amuthvalli Pandiyan; Rajasekar Aruliah; Jiang-Shiou Hwang; Kandasamy Kalimuthu; Chellasamy Panneerselvam; Akon Higuchi; Al Thabiani Aziz; Suresh Kumar S; Abdullah A. Alarfaj; Baskaralingam Vaseeharan; Angelo Canale; Giovanni Benelli. Green-synthesized CdS nano-pesticides: Toxicity on young instars of malaria vectors and impact on enzymatic activities of the non-target mud crab Scylla serrata. Aquatic Toxicology 2017, 188, 100 -108.
AMA StyleVasu Sujitha, Kadarkarai Murugan, Devakumar Dinesh, Amuthvalli Pandiyan, Rajasekar Aruliah, Jiang-Shiou Hwang, Kandasamy Kalimuthu, Chellasamy Panneerselvam, Akon Higuchi, Al Thabiani Aziz, Suresh Kumar S, Abdullah A. Alarfaj, Baskaralingam Vaseeharan, Angelo Canale, Giovanni Benelli. Green-synthesized CdS nano-pesticides: Toxicity on young instars of malaria vectors and impact on enzymatic activities of the non-target mud crab Scylla serrata. Aquatic Toxicology. 2017; 188 ():100-108.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVasu Sujitha; Kadarkarai Murugan; Devakumar Dinesh; Amuthvalli Pandiyan; Rajasekar Aruliah; Jiang-Shiou Hwang; Kandasamy Kalimuthu; Chellasamy Panneerselvam; Akon Higuchi; Al Thabiani Aziz; Suresh Kumar S; Abdullah A. Alarfaj; Baskaralingam Vaseeharan; Angelo Canale; Giovanni Benelli. 2017. "Green-synthesized CdS nano-pesticides: Toxicity on young instars of malaria vectors and impact on enzymatic activities of the non-target mud crab Scylla serrata." Aquatic Toxicology 188, no. : 100-108.
Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) act as vectors of medical and veterinary importance, due to their ability to transmit many pathogens and parasites. Renewed interest has been recently devoted to the potential of sterile insect technique (SIT) for mosquito suppression. However, the success of the SIT is mostly dependent on the ability of sterile males to compete for mates with the wild ones in the field. Nevertheless, little is known on the sexual chemical ecology of mosquitoes, with special reference to the role of chemical signals in males. We reviewed the current knowledge on mosquito sexual chemical ecology and other key cues affecting courtship and mating behavior. The information available on the aggregation and sex pheromones in mosquito males is rather limited. To the best of our knowledge, the components of the aggregation pheromone stimulating swarming mechanisms have been fully characterized only for Aedes aegypti, while evidence for aggregation pheromones in other mosquito species remains elusive. Further research on this issue is needed, as well as to dissect the relative importance of visual (with special reference to swarming landmarks), vibrational, olfactory and tactile cues perceived during swarming and mate. On the other hand, more knowledge is available for cuticular hydrocarbons, which modulate mating behavior in several species of economic importance. These compounds, coupled with volatile aggregation components, have potential interest for the development of monitoring and trapping systems. In addition, the analyses of cuticular hydrocarbons are essential for discrimination between closely related mosquito species and/or populations
Lucie Vaníčková; Angelo Canale; Giovanni Benelli. Sexual chemoecology of mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae): Current knowledge and implications for vector control programs. Parasitology International 2017, 66, 190 -195.
AMA StyleLucie Vaníčková, Angelo Canale, Giovanni Benelli. Sexual chemoecology of mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae): Current knowledge and implications for vector control programs. Parasitology International. 2017; 66 (2):190-195.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLucie Vaníčková; Angelo Canale; Giovanni Benelli. 2017. "Sexual chemoecology of mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae): Current knowledge and implications for vector control programs." Parasitology International 66, no. 2: 190-195.
Mosquito vector control is facing a number of important and timely challenges, mainly due to the rapid development of pesticide resistance and environmental concerns. In this scenario, screening of botanical resources for their mosquitocidal activity may offer effective and eco-friendly tools against Culicidae vectors. Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) is a vector of lymphatic filariasis and of dangerous arboviral diseases, such as West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis. In this study, the chemical composition of five essential oils obtained from different plants, namely Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold var. italica (Pinaceae), Hyssopus officinalis L. subsp. aristatus (Lamiaceae), Satureja montana L. subsp. montana (Lamiaceae), Aloysia citriodora Palau (Verbenaceae) and Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér (Geraniaceae), was investigated by GC-MS analysis. Furthermore, it was evaluated their acute toxicity on larvae of C. quinquefasciatus. Then, the most effective oils were selected, in order to focus on the potential synergistic and antagonistic effects, testing them in binary mixtures on C. quinquefasciatus larvae. Results showed that the higher effectiveness was obtained by S. montana subsp. montana essential oil (LC=25.6μL·L), followed by P. nigra var. italica (LC=49.8μL·L) and A. citriodora (LC=65.6μL·L), while the other essential oils showed LC values higher than 90μL·L. The larvicidal effectiveness can be enhanced by preparing simple binary mixtures of essential oils, such as S. montana+A. citriodora (ratio 1:1), which showed higher larvicidal toxicity (LC=18.3μL·L). On the other hand, testing S. montana+P. nigra (1:1) an antagonistic effect was detected, leading to a LC (72.5μL·L) higher than the LC values calculated for the two oils tested separately. Overall, our results add useful knowledge to allow the employ of synergistic essential oil blends as effective, cheap and eco-friendly mosquito larvicides.
Giovanni Benelli; Roman Pavela; Angelo Canale; Kevin Cianfaglione; Giampiero Ciaschetti; Fabio Conti; Marcello Nicoletti; Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan; Heinz Mehlhorn; Filippo Maggi. Acute larvicidal toxicity of five essential oils ( Pinus nigra , Hyssopus officinalis , Satureja montana , Aloysia citrodora and Pelargonium graveolens ) against the filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus : Synergistic and antagonistic effects. Parasitology International 2017, 66, 166 -171.
AMA StyleGiovanni Benelli, Roman Pavela, Angelo Canale, Kevin Cianfaglione, Giampiero Ciaschetti, Fabio Conti, Marcello Nicoletti, Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan, Heinz Mehlhorn, Filippo Maggi. Acute larvicidal toxicity of five essential oils ( Pinus nigra , Hyssopus officinalis , Satureja montana , Aloysia citrodora and Pelargonium graveolens ) against the filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus : Synergistic and antagonistic effects. Parasitology International. 2017; 66 (2):166-171.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiovanni Benelli; Roman Pavela; Angelo Canale; Kevin Cianfaglione; Giampiero Ciaschetti; Fabio Conti; Marcello Nicoletti; Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan; Heinz Mehlhorn; Filippo Maggi. 2017. "Acute larvicidal toxicity of five essential oils ( Pinus nigra , Hyssopus officinalis , Satureja montana , Aloysia citrodora and Pelargonium graveolens ) against the filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus : Synergistic and antagonistic effects." Parasitology International 66, no. 2: 166-171.