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Prof. Benjamin McLellan
Kyoto University, Graduate School of Energy Science

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Conference
Sendai, Japan
Date: 8-11 September 2020
Conference organizer :
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Benjamin McLellan
Journal article
Published: 15 June 2021 in Resources Policy
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China is the only country in the world with a complete rare earths industry supply chain. Therefore, it is a significant case study country to conduct a risk assessment and early warning evaluation of industry security. Industry security refers to a country having the autonomy, control, and development rights over its rare earths industry and a guarantee that the existing or potential rights and interests will remain unharmed. An industry security assessment framework is developed in this study, using 18 selected indicators with regards to four aspects: resources, politics, economy, and technology. The “catastrophe progression method” (CPM) and path analysis method (PATH) were used to identify the early warning status of the rare earths industry and to highlight influencing factors. This paper found that (1) China's rare earths industry is in a “secure” state in general. The security index of the technology subsystem shows a saturated growth of 135.7%; meanwhile, the politics subsystem's security index has a significant declining trend of 21.7%. (2) From 2006 to 2019, the security status of China's rare earths industry experienced three periods of significant fluctuation, which can be summarized as resource-driven, economic-driven and politically-driven respectively. To be more specific, the years of 2006, 2009, and 2012 are important points when the security status of China's rare earths industry underwent significant changes. (3) The security value of subsystem has changed significantly, mainly reflected in the surge of the technology subsystem in 2013 and the sharp drop in the political subsystem in 2017. (4) all the variables considered in the path model influence the security index significantly directly or indirectly or both. The resource subsystem has the largest impact on the security index, followed by the politics subsystem. Finally, based on the above findings and the status-quo of the rare earths industry, we highlight policy recommendations from resources management, international cooperation, market governance, and technology innovation perspectives respectively.

ACS Style

Zhili Zuo; Jinhua Cheng; Haixiang Guo; Benjamin Craig McLellan. Catastrophe progression method - path (CPM-PATH) early warning analysis of Chinese rare earths industry security. Resources Policy 2021, 73, 102161 .

AMA Style

Zhili Zuo, Jinhua Cheng, Haixiang Guo, Benjamin Craig McLellan. Catastrophe progression method - path (CPM-PATH) early warning analysis of Chinese rare earths industry security. Resources Policy. 2021; 73 ():102161.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhili Zuo; Jinhua Cheng; Haixiang Guo; Benjamin Craig McLellan. 2021. "Catastrophe progression method - path (CPM-PATH) early warning analysis of Chinese rare earths industry security." Resources Policy 73, no. : 102161.

Journal article
Published: 31 March 2021 in Marine Policy
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Japan is among the leading countries pursuing deep sea mining (DSM) – both in “The Area” and in its domestic waters. One of the key drivers for this is the dearth of national mineral resources and the government`s desire to secure supplies of metals for its economy. While Japan has been undertaking research and development on the technological and environmental aspects of DSM, it has largely neglected the engagement of the community. This paper presents the results of a survey about DSM and the preferences of society in Japan for alternative sources of minerals. Key results are that for Japanese respondents: (i) understanding of DSM is still low, (ii) they tend to prefer development of DSM domestically rather than overseas, (iii) they prefer recycling or development of substitutes rather than DSM, (iv) people care about the impact on other industries which already use the ocean (fishing, tourism) but are split on whether minor impacts should prevent DSM occurring. This is a preliminary survey and the issue requires further examination with more detailed surveys and sophisticated techniques, importantly there is a need to supply participants with the most recent scientific understanding of DSM and its environmental impacts relative to other industries and other resource supply methods. In terms of marine policy, it is clear that there is a need to engage in significant stakeholder consultation to ensure a social license to operate, including concrete scenarios and plans for local benefit and mitigation of local impacts.

ACS Style

Ran Motoori; Benjamin C. McLellan. Resource security strategies and preferences for deep ocean mining from a community survey in Japan. Marine Policy 2021, 128, 104511 .

AMA Style

Ran Motoori, Benjamin C. McLellan. Resource security strategies and preferences for deep ocean mining from a community survey in Japan. Marine Policy. 2021; 128 ():104511.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ran Motoori; Benjamin C. McLellan. 2021. "Resource security strategies and preferences for deep ocean mining from a community survey in Japan." Marine Policy 128, no. : 104511.

Journal article
Published: 29 March 2021 in Energies
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Energy transitions are complex and involve interrelated changes in the socio-technical dimensions of society. One major barrier to renewable energy transitions is lock-in from the incumbent socio-technical regime. This study evaluates Energy Product–Service Systems (EPSS) as a renewable energy market mechanism. EPSS offer electricity service performance instead of energy products and appliances for household consumers. Through consumers buying the service, the provider company is enabled to choose, manage and control electrical appliances for best-matched service delivery. Given the heterogenous market players and future uncertainties, this study aims to identify the necessary conditions to achieve a sustainable renewable energy market. Simulation-Based Design for EPSS framework is implemented to assess various hypothetical market conditions’ impact on market efficiency in the short term and long term. The results reveal the specific market characteristics that have a higher chance of causing unexpected results. Ultimately, this paper demonstrates the advantage of implementing Simulation-Based Design for EPSS to design retail electricity markets for renewable energy under competing market mechanisms with heterogenous economic agents.

ACS Style

Widha Kusumaningdyah; Tetsuo Tezuka; Benjamin McLellan. Investigating Preconditions for Sustainable Renewable Energy Product–Service Systems in Retail Electricity Markets. Energies 2021, 14, 1877 .

AMA Style

Widha Kusumaningdyah, Tetsuo Tezuka, Benjamin McLellan. Investigating Preconditions for Sustainable Renewable Energy Product–Service Systems in Retail Electricity Markets. Energies. 2021; 14 (7):1877.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Widha Kusumaningdyah; Tetsuo Tezuka; Benjamin McLellan. 2021. "Investigating Preconditions for Sustainable Renewable Energy Product–Service Systems in Retail Electricity Markets." Energies 14, no. 7: 1877.

Research article
Published: 11 September 2020 in Environmental Science & Technology
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Metals underpin essential functions in modern society, yet their production currently intensifies climate change. This paper develops global targets for metal flows, stocks, and use intensity in the global economy out to 2100. These targets are consistent with emissions pathways to achieve a 2 °C climate goal and cover six major metals (iron, aluminum, copper, zinc, lead, and nickel). Results indicate that despite advances in low-carbon metal production, a transformative system change to meet the society’s needs with less metal is required to remain within a 2 °C pathway. Globally, demand for goods and services over the 21st century needs to be met with approximately 7 t/capita of metal stock—roughly half the current level in high-income countries. This systemic change will require a peak in global metal production by 2030 and deep decoupling of economic growth from both metal flows and stocks. Importantly, the identified science-based targets are theoretically achievable through such measures as efficient design, more intensive use, and longer product lifetime, but immediate action is crucial before middle- and low-income countries complete full-scale urbanization.

ACS Style

Takuma Watari; Keisuke Nansai; Damien Giurco; Kenichi Nakajima; Benjamin McLellan; Christoph Helbig. Global Metal Use Targets in Line with Climate Goals. Environmental Science & Technology 2020, 54, 12476 -12483.

AMA Style

Takuma Watari, Keisuke Nansai, Damien Giurco, Kenichi Nakajima, Benjamin McLellan, Christoph Helbig. Global Metal Use Targets in Line with Climate Goals. Environmental Science & Technology. 2020; 54 (19):12476-12483.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Takuma Watari; Keisuke Nansai; Damien Giurco; Kenichi Nakajima; Benjamin McLellan; Christoph Helbig. 2020. "Global Metal Use Targets in Line with Climate Goals." Environmental Science & Technology 54, no. 19: 12476-12483.

Review
Published: 31 August 2020 in Journal of Environmental Management
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Over recent decades, the use of geothermal energy for heating supply and power generation has increased significantly across the world, owing to its low carbon emissions. However, a series of emerging environmental risks from geothermal energy development and operation have been drawing increasing attention from governments and the publics. In this context, the present study provides an overview of methods for quantitatively assessing the environmental risks of geothermal energy. These include seismic hazards, human health, ecological damage and economic loss. The constraints on constructing assessment frameworks are also discussed. Furthermore, a preliminary concept for an integrated framework is proposed to assess environmental risks of geothermal energy comprehensively from multiple perspectives. To enhance the accuracy and reliability of the proposed framework, a data-sharing platform needs to be built to develop multi-disciplinary modeling further.

ACS Style

Siyuan Chen; Qi Zhang; Philip Andrews-Speed; Benjamin Mclellan. Quantitative assessment of the environmental risks of geothermal energy: A review. Journal of Environmental Management 2020, 276, 111287 .

AMA Style

Siyuan Chen, Qi Zhang, Philip Andrews-Speed, Benjamin Mclellan. Quantitative assessment of the environmental risks of geothermal energy: A review. Journal of Environmental Management. 2020; 276 ():111287.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Siyuan Chen; Qi Zhang; Philip Andrews-Speed; Benjamin Mclellan. 2020. "Quantitative assessment of the environmental risks of geothermal energy: A review." Journal of Environmental Management 276, no. : 111287.

Review
Published: 30 August 2020 in Petroleum Science
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The petroleum industry plays an essential role in driving China’s economic development. In the past few decades, several reforms in the petroleum industry have been implemented; however, there are still some issues that have not been resolved. Moreover, with the new-normal economy, the transition to green energy and international trade disputes, the petroleum market is also facing emerging challenges. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to review the historical development of China’s petroleum market, identify the current challenges and propose corresponding countermeasures for future prospects. As a conclusion, five main challenges are highlighted totally, namely lack of marketization, excess oil refining capacity, high external dependency, environment pollution and unstable international trading relationship. To address these challenges, it is encouraged to deepen petroleum market reform, accelerate the elimination of inefficient refining capacity, diversify oil supply sources, as well as improve domestic petroleum enterprises’ ability to resist price risks.

ACS Style

Si-Yuan Chen; Qi Zhang; Benjamin Mclellan; Tian-Tian Zhang. Review on the petroleum market in China: history, challenges and prospects. Petroleum Science 2020, 17, 1779 -1794.

AMA Style

Si-Yuan Chen, Qi Zhang, Benjamin Mclellan, Tian-Tian Zhang. Review on the petroleum market in China: history, challenges and prospects. Petroleum Science. 2020; 17 (6):1779-1794.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Si-Yuan Chen; Qi Zhang; Benjamin Mclellan; Tian-Tian Zhang. 2020. "Review on the petroleum market in China: history, challenges and prospects." Petroleum Science 17, no. 6: 1779-1794.

Journal article
Published: 20 August 2020 in Renewable Energy
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This study investigates the role of the water-energy-nexus in transition plans to achieve a future system with a higher share of renewable energy and lower excess water extraction. Applying a novel nexus approach, an interactive multi-period model is proposed to study the synergies of sustainable water and energy supply planning, taking into account operational flexibility of the water sector and its compatibility with inherent intermittency of variable renewable resources. For investigating synergies in designing both energy systems and water systems together, the path of technology cost reduction is assumed to be a function of experience and knowledge and estimated using two-factor learning curves. The learning-by-searching rate was higher than the learning-by-doing rate for utility-scale wind, photovoltaic and reverse osmosis desalination technologies, ensuring research & development investment can play a chief role in the development of these industries. The levelized cost and capacity factor of photovoltaic and wind resources in the Middle East were calculated using data from 81 projects. The results showed that planning the water and energy sectors as endogenous parts one integrated system brings potential synergies. The levelized cost of variable renewable energy decreased by 20% and the levelized cost of desalinated water dropped 4%.

ACS Style

Esmaeil Ahmadi; Benjamin McLellan; Tetsuo Tezuka. The economic synergies of modelling the renewable energy-water nexus towards sustainability. Renewable Energy 2020, 162, 1347 -1366.

AMA Style

Esmaeil Ahmadi, Benjamin McLellan, Tetsuo Tezuka. The economic synergies of modelling the renewable energy-water nexus towards sustainability. Renewable Energy. 2020; 162 ():1347-1366.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Esmaeil Ahmadi; Benjamin McLellan; Tetsuo Tezuka. 2020. "The economic synergies of modelling the renewable energy-water nexus towards sustainability." Renewable Energy 162, no. : 1347-1366.

Book chapter
Published: 07 August 2020 in The Material Basis of Energy Transitions
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The transition to clean energy—notably renewable energy for power generation—is prompting a shift in the commodities and scale of mining being undertaken. This chapter examines the environmental impacts from the global or generalized perspective as well as the local perspective, within the context of renewable energy and the energy transition. It notes some of the important areas of trade-off across the supply chain.

ACS Style

Benjamin McLellan. Environmental impacts of mineral sourcing and their impacts on criticality. The Material Basis of Energy Transitions 2020, 109 -120.

AMA Style

Benjamin McLellan. Environmental impacts of mineral sourcing and their impacts on criticality. The Material Basis of Energy Transitions. 2020; ():109-120.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Benjamin McLellan. 2020. "Environmental impacts of mineral sourcing and their impacts on criticality." The Material Basis of Energy Transitions , no. : 109-120.

Journal article
Published: 28 June 2020 in Sustainability
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Desalination is becoming a practical option to meet water demand in an increasing number of locations that are facing water scarcity. Currently, more than 150 countries in the world are already using desalination technologies, which account for about one percent of the world’s drinking water. Although for specific regions, desalination is the only feasible solution to close the supply–demand gap (for example the production of desalinated seawater in the Middle East is predicted to rise almost fourteen-fold by 2040), the sustainability of desalination systems is still remarkably under question. This review aims first to investigate the technical and economic trends and environmental and social aspects of desalination systems and then, in the second stage, to give an overview of the role of renewable energy technologies in the sustainability of the future water systems with an increasing share of desalination.

ACS Style

Esmaeil Ahmadi; Benjamin McLellan; Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo; Tetsuo Tezuka. The Role of Renewable Energy Resources in Sustainability of Water Desalination as a Potential Fresh-Water Source: An Updated Review. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5233 .

AMA Style

Esmaeil Ahmadi, Benjamin McLellan, Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo, Tetsuo Tezuka. The Role of Renewable Energy Resources in Sustainability of Water Desalination as a Potential Fresh-Water Source: An Updated Review. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (13):5233.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Esmaeil Ahmadi; Benjamin McLellan; Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo; Tetsuo Tezuka. 2020. "The Role of Renewable Energy Resources in Sustainability of Water Desalination as a Potential Fresh-Water Source: An Updated Review." Sustainability 12, no. 13: 5233.

Journal article
Published: 24 May 2020 in Sustainability
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This study aims to reveal the economic, technical, and environmental impacts of different system configurations (centralized or decentralized, components, and technologies) on transition plans to achieve a higher share of renewable energy and desalination supplies for regions facing water scarcity. The main contribution of this research is the comparative evaluation of on-grid decentralized or distributed renewable-powered desalination systems for sustainable water and energy supply planning. Applying a novel nexus approach, an interactive multi-period planning model is developed to highlight synergies and to identify conflicts of planning both energy and water sectors at the same time as endogenous subsystems of one overall system. For studying these synergies in this study, the pace of technology deployment and the path of decline in overall costs are assumed to be a function of experience and knowledge as two-factor learning curves. Using data from 81 projects, the levelized cost and capacity factor of utility-scale photovoltaic and wind supplies in the Middle East were calculated. The results indicate that a scenario with a decentralized water sector and renewable-powered multiple-effect distillation technology has the best overall performance among the proposed scenarios.

ACS Style

Esmaeil Ahmadi; Benjamin McLellan; Seiichi Ogata; Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo; Tetsuo Tezuka. An Integrated Planning Framework for Sustainable Water and Energy Supply. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4295 .

AMA Style

Esmaeil Ahmadi, Benjamin McLellan, Seiichi Ogata, Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo, Tetsuo Tezuka. An Integrated Planning Framework for Sustainable Water and Energy Supply. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (10):4295.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Esmaeil Ahmadi; Benjamin McLellan; Seiichi Ogata; Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo; Tetsuo Tezuka. 2020. "An Integrated Planning Framework for Sustainable Water and Energy Supply." Sustainability 12, no. 10: 4295.

Journal article
Published: 18 May 2020 in Ocean & Coastal Management
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In 2017 the Japanese government reported that its state-owned mining company had successfully extracted zinc from the seabed off the coast of Okinawa. This piloting of technology is currently the world's only example of large-scale extractive activity operating at such depths. Alongside Japan's innovations, the global deep sea mining (DSM) industry is moving towards commercial viability. This paper draws upon critical theoretical perspectives to better understand the complex debates being provoked. While there has been an increasing range of scholarship focusing on DSM from both the natural and social sciences, this paper cautions that the social sciences are not merely tools for assessing public and stakeholder acceptability. They require and deserve a central role in defining the purpose, nature and scope of commercial DSM. This paper therefore develops an approach that seeks to diversify and broaden engagements with DSM and that is well-placed to navigate the political questions that emerge from mining on the seabed. These perspectives also enable us to interrogate claims that DSM offers greater ‘sustainability’ than terrestrial mining does. This paper's interdisciplinary approach draws on empirical reference to, and examples from, the Japanese context, highlighting four main areas of concern for DSM: geography, geopolitics, law and political economy. These areas of critical enquiry reveal DSM's complexities and caution against perceiving DSM as a singular phenomenon. The emergent complex and multi-scalar questions from seabed mining therefore require a more holistic approach. Mining the seabed produces, and is underpinned by, a multitude of social, cultural and political dimensions and the potential consequences of DSM will not be experienced evenly. As this paper demonstrates, DSM is an interdisciplinary issue. The confines of disciplinary norms must therefore be exceeded to facilitate a deeper understanding of both the practices of DSM and their consequences.

ACS Style

R. Carver; J. Childs; P. Steinberg; L. Mabon; H. Matsuda; R. Squire; Benjamin McLellan; M. Esteban. A critical social perspective on deep sea mining: Lessons from the emergent industry in Japan. Ocean & Coastal Management 2020, 193, 105242 .

AMA Style

R. Carver, J. Childs, P. Steinberg, L. Mabon, H. Matsuda, R. Squire, Benjamin McLellan, M. Esteban. A critical social perspective on deep sea mining: Lessons from the emergent industry in Japan. Ocean & Coastal Management. 2020; 193 ():105242.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R. Carver; J. Childs; P. Steinberg; L. Mabon; H. Matsuda; R. Squire; Benjamin McLellan; M. Esteban. 2020. "A critical social perspective on deep sea mining: Lessons from the emergent industry in Japan." Ocean & Coastal Management 193, no. : 105242.

Journal article
Published: 07 February 2020 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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With the increasing competition for limited metal ore resources, nexus between economics society and mineral resource utilization has been studied broadly. However, the driving forces and pathways of metal footprint change still haven’t been fully understood. Therefore, in the present study, the additive structural decomposition analysis based on an environmental input-output model is adopted to decompose the world metal footprint from 1995 to 2013 into five major driving factors: metal consumption intensity effect, production structure effect, category effect, consumption patterns effect and consumption volume effect. The obtained results indicate that: i) the modern production structure has been becoming increasingly dependent upon metal resources; ii)the production structure effect and consumption volume effect are dominant factors driving the metal footprint increase, yet the metal consumption intensity effect is the main force offsetting this inclining trend; iii) distinct patterns can be observed among different kinds of metals due to the production structure effect; iv) all the driving factors in developing countries tend to be more divergent comparing with developed countries consistent with their economic growth characteristics. The findings of this study are significant for policy makers to understand the deep causes for domestic metal footprint change and propose proper relevant polices.

ACS Style

Boyu Liu; Xinzhu Zheng; Qi Zhang; Xunzhang Pan; Benjamin Mclellan. Drivers of global metal footprint during 1995–2013. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 256, 120467 .

AMA Style

Boyu Liu, Xinzhu Zheng, Qi Zhang, Xunzhang Pan, Benjamin Mclellan. Drivers of global metal footprint during 1995–2013. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 256 ():120467.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Boyu Liu; Xinzhu Zheng; Qi Zhang; Xunzhang Pan; Benjamin Mclellan. 2020. "Drivers of global metal footprint during 1995–2013." Journal of Cleaner Production 256, no. : 120467.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2019 in One Earth
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Clean energy is essential for meeting global greenhouse gas mitigation targets, but the technology requires increasing quantities of minerals, the mining of which can inflict social, political, and environmental damage. Local environmental issues and global emission reductions present a trade-off that could prove pivotal for future mineral supply.

ACS Style

Benjamin Craig McLellan. “Dark” Materials for a Brighter Energy Future. One Earth 2019, 1, 402 -404.

AMA Style

Benjamin Craig McLellan. “Dark” Materials for a Brighter Energy Future. One Earth. 2019; 1 (4):402-404.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Benjamin Craig McLellan. 2019. "“Dark” Materials for a Brighter Energy Future." One Earth 1, no. 4: 402-404.

Journal article
Published: 19 November 2019 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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The dual-credit policy for passenger vehicles was implemented in China in 2018 to continue to nurture the growth of new energy vehicles and effectively alleviate the government’s financial subsidy pressure. The policy innovatively introduced the cap-and-trade system into the transport sector and has achieved an initial success in a short term. However, from a long-term viewpoint, there is still a need to formulate the annual percentage targets for new energy vehicle credits to ensure its ongoing sustainable development. To investigate this issue, a multi-period credit market dynamic equilibrium model was developed. Four scenarios, including a decelerated growth scenario, an accelerated growth scenario, a constant growth scenario and a benchmark scenario with a constant percentage, were proposed, in order to comprehensively reflect the changes in new energy vehicle production, credit performance and profits of automakers under different growth scenarios. Compared from the perspectives of automakers and the government, the obtained results showed that: (1) increasingly stricter new energy vehicle credit targets can slow down the growth of internal combustion engine vehicle production and promote substantial growth of new energy vehicles; (2) without the adjustment of the rules of credit calculation, increasingly more stringent new energy vehicle credit targets will be harmful to energy saving goals of corporate average fuel consumption credit management; (3) with the realization of scale advantages and the maturity of battery technology, new energy vehicles could achieve cost-effective breakeven points; (4) from the perspective of new energy vehicle promotion cost, the lowest cost can be achieved in the accelerated growth scenario.

ACS Style

Yaoming Li; Qi Zhang; Yanyan Tang; Benjamin Mclellan; Huiying Ye; Hiroshi Shimoda; Keiichi Ishihara. Dynamic optimization management of the dual-credit policy for passenger vehicles. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 249, 119384 .

AMA Style

Yaoming Li, Qi Zhang, Yanyan Tang, Benjamin Mclellan, Huiying Ye, Hiroshi Shimoda, Keiichi Ishihara. Dynamic optimization management of the dual-credit policy for passenger vehicles. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 249 ():119384.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yaoming Li; Qi Zhang; Yanyan Tang; Benjamin Mclellan; Huiying Ye; Hiroshi Shimoda; Keiichi Ishihara. 2019. "Dynamic optimization management of the dual-credit policy for passenger vehicles." Journal of Cleaner Production 249, no. : 119384.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2019 in Applied Energy
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ACS Style

Siyuan Chen; Qi Zhang; Hailong Li; Benjamin McLellan; Tiantian Zhang; Zhizhou Tan. Investment decision on shallow geothermal heating & cooling based on compound options model: A case study of China. Applied Energy 2019, 254, 1 .

AMA Style

Siyuan Chen, Qi Zhang, Hailong Li, Benjamin McLellan, Tiantian Zhang, Zhizhou Tan. Investment decision on shallow geothermal heating & cooling based on compound options model: A case study of China. Applied Energy. 2019; 254 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Siyuan Chen; Qi Zhang; Hailong Li; Benjamin McLellan; Tiantian Zhang; Zhizhou Tan. 2019. "Investment decision on shallow geothermal heating & cooling based on compound options model: A case study of China." Applied Energy 254, no. : 1.

Research article
Published: 02 October 2019 in Environmental Science & Technology
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Electrification of the transport sector will support its decarbonization, yet significantly change material requirements. This calls for an integrated modeling approach internalizing metal demand-supply dynamics in low-carbon scenarios to support the Paris agreement on climate change and sustainable material circulation. Here we develop a step toward the integrated simulation of energy-materials scenarios by unifying a stock-flow dynamics model for low-carbon scenarios using linear programming. The modeling framework incorporates lithium supply from both mines and end-of-life (EoL) recycling for projected use in electric vehicles on a global basis. The results show that supply constraints, which could become apparent from around 2030 in the case of current recycling rates (<1%), would impede the deployment of battery electric vehicles (BEVs), leading to the generation of an additional 300 Mt-CO2 of emissions for vehicle operation in 2050. Another important finding is that increasing the recycling rate to 80% could substantially relieve restrictions on the introduction of BEVs without requiring primary supply from natural deposits far beyond historical rates of expansion. While EoL recycling is important from a long-term perspective, an EoL-oriented strategy has little effect on the short/medium-term (such as to 2030) lithium demand-supply balance because of exponential demand growth and long living batteries. Importantly, findings in this study emphasize the necessity of tackling climate change and resource circulation in an integrated manner.

ACS Style

Takuma Watari; Keisuke Nansai; Kenichi Nakajima; Benjamin C. McLellan; Elsa Dominish; Damien Giurco. Integrating Circular Economy Strategies with Low-Carbon Scenarios: Lithium Use in Electric Vehicles. Environmental Science & Technology 2019, 53, 11657 -11665.

AMA Style

Takuma Watari, Keisuke Nansai, Kenichi Nakajima, Benjamin C. McLellan, Elsa Dominish, Damien Giurco. Integrating Circular Economy Strategies with Low-Carbon Scenarios: Lithium Use in Electric Vehicles. Environmental Science & Technology. 2019; 53 (20):11657-11665.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Takuma Watari; Keisuke Nansai; Kenichi Nakajima; Benjamin C. McLellan; Elsa Dominish; Damien Giurco. 2019. "Integrating Circular Economy Strategies with Low-Carbon Scenarios: Lithium Use in Electric Vehicles." Environmental Science & Technology 53, no. 20: 11657-11665.

Journal article
Published: 30 September 2019 in Energies
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Climate change mitigation strategies offer significant societal co-benefits such as improvement in public health, air quality, local economy, and even safety. By considering these co-benefits during the transportation planning process, local governments would be able to link their local appreciate mitigation actions into the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), where diverse objectives should be achieved simultaneously. This study first clarifies the co-benefits approach to climate change mitigation in the transport system, by introducing an integrated multiple-impact framework known as A-S-I (Avoid-Shift-Improve) to evaluate the co-benefits. Thereafter, it applies the quantitative modeling approach to assess public health and environmental co-benefits of the implementation of the Tehran Transportation Master Plan, “the TTMP” in the city of Tehran, Iran, which includes targeted interventions such as shifting from private vehicles to the urban transport system, improving vehicle technologies and introducing alternative fuels. The results from the application of “the TTMP” reveal a significant reduction of CO2 and other local air pollutant emissions by 12.9 and 1.4 million tons, respectively, prevention of about 10,000 mortality cases, and more than USD 35 million savings by 2030.

ACS Style

Hooman Farzaneh; Jose A. Puppim De Oliveira; Benjamin McLellan; Hideaki Ohgaki. Towards a Low Emission Transport System: Evaluating the Public Health and Environmental Benefits. Energies 2019, 12, 3747 .

AMA Style

Hooman Farzaneh, Jose A. Puppim De Oliveira, Benjamin McLellan, Hideaki Ohgaki. Towards a Low Emission Transport System: Evaluating the Public Health and Environmental Benefits. Energies. 2019; 12 (19):3747.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hooman Farzaneh; Jose A. Puppim De Oliveira; Benjamin McLellan; Hideaki Ohgaki. 2019. "Towards a Low Emission Transport System: Evaluating the Public Health and Environmental Benefits." Energies 12, no. 19: 3747.

Journal article
Published: 21 August 2019 in International Journal of Sustainable Future for Human Security
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ACS Style

Benjamin C. McLellan; Nick Florin. The Energy-X-Nexus for Sustainable Futures and Human Security. International Journal of Sustainable Future for Human Security 2019, 7, 20 -21.

AMA Style

Benjamin C. McLellan, Nick Florin. The Energy-X-Nexus for Sustainable Futures and Human Security. International Journal of Sustainable Future for Human Security. 2019; 7 (1):20-21.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Benjamin C. McLellan; Nick Florin. 2019. "The Energy-X-Nexus for Sustainable Futures and Human Security." International Journal of Sustainable Future for Human Security 7, no. 1: 20-21.

Journal article
Published: 21 August 2019 in International Journal of Sustainable Future for Human Security
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ACS Style

Benjamin C. McLellan; Brawijaya University; Hooman Farzaneh. Clean Energy Development for Sustainable and Secure Cities. International Journal of Sustainable Future for Human Security 2019, 7, 18 -19.

AMA Style

Benjamin C. McLellan, Brawijaya University, Hooman Farzaneh. Clean Energy Development for Sustainable and Secure Cities. International Journal of Sustainable Future for Human Security. 2019; 7 (1):18-19.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Benjamin C. McLellan; Brawijaya University; Hooman Farzaneh. 2019. "Clean Energy Development for Sustainable and Secure Cities." International Journal of Sustainable Future for Human Security 7, no. 1: 18-19.