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Over the last twenty years, the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union has evolved into a multifunctional policy instrument. As part of this transformation, most farmer receipts are paid independently of production, granting this class of payment production-neutral or ‘fully decoupled’ status. In prospective agricultural market studies, simulation models routinely represent these payments as decoupled, despite academic evidence to the contrary that posits a number of ‘coupling-channels’. To explore the ramifications of differing degrees of coupling on the three pillars of sustainability, a natural-resources focused simulation model is employed. Comparing with a ‘standard’ decoupled baseline to 2030, higher coupling increases global agricultural employment and reduces production intensity on European Union agricultural land and agricultural emissions. Higher coupling also diminishes the Common Agricultural Policy’s capacity as a safety-net for European Union food-security and agricultural employment, whilst there is tentative evidence of increasing emissions ‘leakage’. At the very least, if the non-distorting status of decoupled payments is mis-specified, this has direct implications for the design of greener policy initiatives under the auspices of the Green Deal that promote sustainable fairer trade. As a result, further empirical research on the production distorting effects of the European Union’s decoupled payments is needed.
Pierre Boulanger; Kirsten Boysen-Urban; George Philippidis. European Union Agricultural Support ‘Coupling’ in Simulation Modelling: Measuring the Sustainability Impacts. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3264 .
AMA StylePierre Boulanger, Kirsten Boysen-Urban, George Philippidis. European Union Agricultural Support ‘Coupling’ in Simulation Modelling: Measuring the Sustainability Impacts. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (6):3264.
Chicago/Turabian StylePierre Boulanger; Kirsten Boysen-Urban; George Philippidis. 2021. "European Union Agricultural Support ‘Coupling’ in Simulation Modelling: Measuring the Sustainability Impacts." Sustainability 13, no. 6: 3264.
The importance of healthy diets is woven into the fabric of the Sustainable Development Goals, although there is no clear metric to define it. Employing a simulation model (MAGNET), this study examines the sustainability implications arising from the adoption of recommended daily nutrition requirements inspired by the ‘Lancet’ reference diet. To measure sustainability, changes in ‘virtual’ requirements and associated tier footprints for irrigation (blue) water, agricultural land and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) are calculated. Assuming business-as-usual food consumption trends, between 2015 and 2050 blue water, agricultural land and emissions rise 34%, 9% and 44%, respectively, whilst corresponding increases in Sub-Saharan Africa are much higher. By 2050, the switch to the reference diet decreases agricultural land use by -8% and emissions by -9%. Global blue water and cropland requirements increase by 5%, whilst significant concomitant savings in permanent pastureland (-21%) are expected. By region, the diet switch drives rising blue water consumption in Oceania and the EU and agricultural land savings in Latin America and Oceania, accompanied by cropland increases in the EU and North Africa. The reference diet generates substantial reductions in GHG emissions, particularly in Latin America. Interestingly, Sub-Saharan Africa which abstains from the reference diet due to affordability considerations, benefits from a ‘rebound’ effect from falling meat and dairy prices. Finally, the diet shift could result in marginal per capita food expenditure rises arising from demand driven fish price, particularly in more vulnerable world regions. This estimate does not capture, however, second-round economic growth effects arising from increased labour productivity and reduced public health expenditures.
George Philippidis; Hugo Ferrer-Pérez; Pilar Gracia-De-Rentería; Robert M'Barek; Ana Isabel Sanjuán López. Eating your greens: a global sustainability assessment. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2021, 168, 105460 .
AMA StyleGeorge Philippidis, Hugo Ferrer-Pérez, Pilar Gracia-De-Rentería, Robert M'Barek, Ana Isabel Sanjuán López. Eating your greens: a global sustainability assessment. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2021; 168 ():105460.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGeorge Philippidis; Hugo Ferrer-Pérez; Pilar Gracia-De-Rentería; Robert M'Barek; Ana Isabel Sanjuán López. 2021. "Eating your greens: a global sustainability assessment." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 168, no. : 105460.
The bioeconomy encompasses the extraction, processing and transformation of renewable biological resources and waste streams, connected to activities as diverse as food, feed, energy and manufacturing. Under the auspices of the European Union’s ‘Green Deal' strategy, this broad collective of sectors is promoted as a cornerstone for achieving sustainable growth. Progress in developing ex-ante tools of economy-wide modelling analysis to assess its performance is, however, hindered by a paucity of consistent and comprehensive data. To overcome this shortcoming, the construction steps for a new set of open access social accounting matrices (dubbed ‘BioSAMs’) is described for a detailed and comprehensive selection of traditional and contemporary bio-based accounts for each of the EU member states. To illustrate its potential, a structural analysis based on three different and complementary methods (Rasmussen-Jones, hypothetical extraction method and eigenvector) is performed to classify bio-based sector wealth generating properties and to identify high performance (‘key') sectors.
Alfredo J. Mainar-Causapé; George Philippidis; Ana I. Sanjuán-López. Constructing an open access economy-wide database for bioeconomy impact assessment in the European Union member states. Economic Systems Research 2020, 33, 133 -156.
AMA StyleAlfredo J. Mainar-Causapé, George Philippidis, Ana I. Sanjuán-López. Constructing an open access economy-wide database for bioeconomy impact assessment in the European Union member states. Economic Systems Research. 2020; 33 (2):133-156.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlfredo J. Mainar-Causapé; George Philippidis; Ana I. Sanjuán-López. 2020. "Constructing an open access economy-wide database for bioeconomy impact assessment in the European Union member states." Economic Systems Research 33, no. 2: 133-156.
This paper estimates the effects of potential post-Brexit UK trade and domestic agricultural policy scenarios on the economic welfare (real income) of farm households, at both regional (devolved administrations) and national level. Results show that depending on the selected scenario, particularly the retention or elimination of direct payments as currently provided under Pillar 1 of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), the impact varies significantly across farm types and devolved administrations. Given the substantial contribution of CAP direct payments to farm business income, their removal amplifies farm vulnerability. Hence, non-farm income is critical in safeguarding the economic welfare of most UK farm households.
Oluwaseun Mercy Ojo; Carmen Hubbard; Michael Wallace; Andrew Moxey; Myles Patton; David Harvey; Shailesh Shrestha; Siyi Feng; Charles Scott; George Philippidis; John Davis; Anne Liddon. Brexit: potential impacts on the economic welfare of UK farm households. Regional Studies 2020, 1 -13.
AMA StyleOluwaseun Mercy Ojo, Carmen Hubbard, Michael Wallace, Andrew Moxey, Myles Patton, David Harvey, Shailesh Shrestha, Siyi Feng, Charles Scott, George Philippidis, John Davis, Anne Liddon. Brexit: potential impacts on the economic welfare of UK farm households. Regional Studies. 2020; ():1-13.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOluwaseun Mercy Ojo; Carmen Hubbard; Michael Wallace; Andrew Moxey; Myles Patton; David Harvey; Shailesh Shrestha; Siyi Feng; Charles Scott; George Philippidis; John Davis; Anne Liddon. 2020. "Brexit: potential impacts on the economic welfare of UK farm households." Regional Studies , no. : 1-13.
This paper takes three global visions of world development to 2050 and quantifies their implications for sustainable progress employing the metrics of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDG outcomes are structured through the interconnectivities of the three ‘wedding cake’ layers of ‘economy’, ‘society’ and ‘biosphere’, as posited by the Stockholm Resilience Centre. The key policy contribution is to quantify the resulting SDG synergies and trade-offs, whilst also decomposing and calculating the part-worth of the market drivers which contribute to these outcomes. The paper employs a global economic simulation model that combines rational market behaviour with environmental constraints (MAGNET) and is further extended with an SDG metrics module. A ‘non-sustainable’ world reveals trade-offs between economy and biosphere SDGs, with population growth of particular concern to a safe planetary operating space in the world’s poorest regions. Sustainable visions could reduce natural resource pressures and emissions and meet energy requirements at potentially limited economic cost. Notwithstanding, these futures do not address income inequalities and potentially increase food security concerns for the most vulnerable members of society. Consequently, developed region led international cooperation and in-kind income transfers to developing countries, constitutes a necessary prerequisite to help remedy the SDG trade-offs exhibited within the more sustainable global pathways.
George Philippidis; Lindsay Shutes; Robert M’Barek; Tévécia Ronzon; Andrzej Tabeau; Hans van Meijl. Snakes and ladders: World development pathways’ synergies and trade-offs through the lens of the Sustainable Development Goals. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 267, 122147 .
AMA StyleGeorge Philippidis, Lindsay Shutes, Robert M’Barek, Tévécia Ronzon, Andrzej Tabeau, Hans van Meijl. Snakes and ladders: World development pathways’ synergies and trade-offs through the lens of the Sustainable Development Goals. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 267 ():122147.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGeorge Philippidis; Lindsay Shutes; Robert M’Barek; Tévécia Ronzon; Andrzej Tabeau; Hans van Meijl. 2020. "Snakes and ladders: World development pathways’ synergies and trade-offs through the lens of the Sustainable Development Goals." Journal of Cleaner Production 267, no. : 122147.
As part of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) for ensuring clean water and sanitation worldwide by 2030, SDG target 6.4 seeks to attain sustainable withdrawals of freshwater through efficiency gains with a view to relieving water stress in vulnerable populated areas. The water footprint (WF) is a key metric to measure this concept, although the dynamics of the drivers of the WF through space and time remain relatively under-researched, whilst in foresight studies, the WF is often subject to simplistic assumptions. Thus, constructing a panel dataset of 130 countries and 156 crops for the period 2002–2016, this paper empirically assesses the sign and magnitude of WF drivers of agricultural crop activities, employing a careful selection of demographic, economic and climatic drivers. The study uncovers evidence of significant deviations in WF drivers across regions segmented by relative wealth, relating specifically to the stage of economic development and the presence (absence) of economies of scale, whilst we confirm that geographical coordinates have a major bearing on the climatic WF driver. Moreover, examining the temporal dimension, there is compelling evidence supporting a structural break in the role that technical progress exerted on the WF prior to, and in the wake of, the 2008 financial crisis.
Pilar Gracia-De-Rentería; George Philippidis; Hugo Ferrer-Pérez; Ana Isabel Sanjuán. Living at the Water’s Edge: A World-Wide Econometric Panel Estimation of Arable Water Footprint Drivers. Water 2020, 12, 1060 .
AMA StylePilar Gracia-De-Rentería, George Philippidis, Hugo Ferrer-Pérez, Ana Isabel Sanjuán. Living at the Water’s Edge: A World-Wide Econometric Panel Estimation of Arable Water Footprint Drivers. Water. 2020; 12 (4):1060.
Chicago/Turabian StylePilar Gracia-De-Rentería; George Philippidis; Hugo Ferrer-Pérez; Ana Isabel Sanjuán. 2020. "Living at the Water’s Edge: A World-Wide Econometric Panel Estimation of Arable Water Footprint Drivers." Water 12, no. 4: 1060.
This study evaluates the performance of European Union (EU) member state biobased activities. More specifically, statistical clustering techniques, based on biobased sectors’ demand and supply driven multipliers, identify regional EU typologies of biobased sector performance. The aim is to establish sector-region combinations of biobased driven economic growth. The study employs a consistent macroeconomic accounting dataset, known as a social accounting matrix (SAM). The dataset (dubbed BioSAM), is enriched with detailed accounts for agrifood activities, as well as further contemporary sources and uses of biomass. The results identify cases where biobased activities are potentially important engines of growth, although this result varies considerably by EU region. Confirming previous literature, the influence of biobased sectors is very much dominated by demand driven economic growth, whilst one-in-three biobased activities is defined as ‘key’. Examining the regional EU cluster typologies, the ‘Eastern and Mediterranean’ region exhibits the strongest biobased wealth generation, whilst weak biobased economic performance is observed in the ‘Mediterranean Islands and Luxembourg’ regional cluster. Finally, a comparison with previous studies tentatively confirms that structural change, accelerated by the financial crisis, has elevated the relative economy-wide contribution of biobased sectors.
George Philippidis; Ana I. Sanjuán-López. A Re-Examination of the Structural Diversity of Biobased Activities and Regions across the EU. Sustainability 2018, 10, 4325 .
AMA StyleGeorge Philippidis, Ana I. Sanjuán-López. A Re-Examination of the Structural Diversity of Biobased Activities and Regions across the EU. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (11):4325.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGeorge Philippidis; Ana I. Sanjuán-López. 2018. "A Re-Examination of the Structural Diversity of Biobased Activities and Regions across the EU." Sustainability 10, no. 11: 4325.
There is little doubt that Brexit would have significant implications for UK agriculture, a sector with strong trade links to the EU and strong reliance on CAP income support. This article reports preliminary results from employing a Computable General Equilibrium Model, a Partial Equilibrium Model and Farm Level Models to explore selected trade and domestic policy scenarios post‐Brexit. These allow for the estimation of changes in producer prices, production and farm incomes against a baseline scenario of continued EU membership. Under a Free Trade Agreement with the EU, agricultural impacts are relatively modest. By contrast, unilateral removal of import tariffs has significant negative impacts on prices, production and incomes. Adoption of the EU's WTO tariff schedule for all imports favours net importers (e.g. dairy) and harms net exporters (e.g. sheep). Given the strong dependence of most UK farms on direct payments, their removal worsens negative impacts of new trade arrangements and offsets positive impacts. Impacts vary across different types and sizes of farm, but also regionally. However, the period of adjustment to new trade and domestic policy conditions may prove very challenging for a large number of farm businesses.
Carmen Hubbard; John Davis; Siyi Feng; David Harvey; Anne Liddon; Andrew Moxey; Oluwaseun Mercy Ojo; Myles Patton; George Philippidis; Charles Scott; Shailesh Shrestha; Michael Wallace. Brexit: How Will UK Agriculture Fare? EuroChoices 2018, 17, 19 -26.
AMA StyleCarmen Hubbard, John Davis, Siyi Feng, David Harvey, Anne Liddon, Andrew Moxey, Oluwaseun Mercy Ojo, Myles Patton, George Philippidis, Charles Scott, Shailesh Shrestha, Michael Wallace. Brexit: How Will UK Agriculture Fare? EuroChoices. 2018; 17 (2):19-26.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarmen Hubbard; John Davis; Siyi Feng; David Harvey; Anne Liddon; Andrew Moxey; Oluwaseun Mercy Ojo; Myles Patton; George Philippidis; Charles Scott; Shailesh Shrestha; Michael Wallace. 2018. "Brexit: How Will UK Agriculture Fare?" EuroChoices 17, no. 2: 19-26.
The publication of the Fifth Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has underlined once again the serious consequences of failing to act sufficiently to bring down global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. These consequences include (although are not restricted to) disrupted livelihoods from increased flooding; risks resulting from damage to infrastructure from extreme weather events; increased morbidity and mortality rates from periods of extreme heat and issues of food insecurity resulting from droughts, floods, and precipitation volatility. At the global level, the successor to the Kyoto agreement, the Paris Conference of Parties (COP) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) ratified in December 2015, faces new uncertainty with the United States having pulled out of the agreement. For its part, since the launch of its Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) in 2005, the European Union (EU) has set its own relatively ambitious unilateral GHG reduction targets to 2020, with mooted GHG reductions of up to 40% (EC 2014) by 2030 (compared with 1990 levels).
M. Bourne; G. Philippidis. CGE Models in Environmental Policy Analysis: A Review and Spanish Case Study. Economic Tools and Methods for the Analysis of Global Change Impacts on Agriculture and Food Security 2018, 89 -117.
AMA StyleM. Bourne, G. Philippidis. CGE Models in Environmental Policy Analysis: A Review and Spanish Case Study. Economic Tools and Methods for the Analysis of Global Change Impacts on Agriculture and Food Security. 2018; ():89-117.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Bourne; G. Philippidis. 2018. "CGE Models in Environmental Policy Analysis: A Review and Spanish Case Study." Economic Tools and Methods for the Analysis of Global Change Impacts on Agriculture and Food Security , no. : 89-117.
This study suggests UK equivalent variation (EV) gains of €8.9 billion on withdrawal from the EU budget. Factoring in associated trade facilitation costs from the loss of UK access to the single market, annual UK EV losses could be as high as €14.0 billion, with the EU-28 facing a corresponding loss of €40.4 billion. Interestingly, the extrapolated UK gain arising from withdrawal from the ‘CAP’ component of the EU budget exceeds estimated lower and upper bound trade facilitation costs exclusively on EU agrofood trade. Accordingly, the UK should realistically remain as an EU member, although continue to lobby for reductions in the CAP budget.
Pierre H. Boulanger; George Philippidis. The End of a Romance? A Note on the Quantitative Impacts of a ‘Brexit’ from the EU. Journal of Agricultural Economics 2015, 66, 832 -842.
AMA StylePierre H. Boulanger, George Philippidis. The End of a Romance? A Note on the Quantitative Impacts of a ‘Brexit’ from the EU. Journal of Agricultural Economics. 2015; 66 (3):832-842.
Chicago/Turabian StylePierre H. Boulanger; George Philippidis. 2015. "The End of a Romance? A Note on the Quantitative Impacts of a ‘Brexit’ from the EU." Journal of Agricultural Economics 66, no. 3: 832-842.
G. Philippidis; H. Resano; A.I. Sanjuán. Shifting Armington trade preferences: A re-examination of the Mercosur–EU negotiations. Economic Modelling 2014, 40, 21 -32.
AMA StyleG. Philippidis, H. Resano, A.I. Sanjuán. Shifting Armington trade preferences: A re-examination of the Mercosur–EU negotiations. Economic Modelling. 2014; 40 ():21-32.
Chicago/Turabian StyleG. Philippidis; H. Resano; A.I. Sanjuán. 2014. "Shifting Armington trade preferences: A re-examination of the Mercosur–EU negotiations." Economic Modelling 40, no. : 21-32.
This study examines the impacts of a Canadian–EU preferential trade agreement. A carefully designed contemporary baseline scenario and additional HS6 tariff offer data are incorporated to establish the degree of ambition of the negotiations whilst assessing the sectoral trade opportunities and threats facing both partners. Initial tariff offer real income gains are estimated at 76% of full liberalisation in both regions, rising to 91% (Canada) and 84% (EU) under the second tariff offer. Given higher levels of applied tariff protection, potentially significant impacts are measured in dairy, meat and wheat sectors. Trade diversion losses on third countries are negligible.
George Philippidis; Elisavet Kitou. Quantifying opportunities and threats: examining the Canada–EU trade negotiations. Journal of Economic Policy Reform 2012, 15, 301 -320.
AMA StyleGeorge Philippidis, Elisavet Kitou. Quantifying opportunities and threats: examining the Canada–EU trade negotiations. Journal of Economic Policy Reform. 2012; 15 (4):301-320.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGeorge Philippidis; Elisavet Kitou. 2012. "Quantifying opportunities and threats: examining the Canada–EU trade negotiations." Journal of Economic Policy Reform 15, no. 4: 301-320.
Employing a recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the Spanish economy, this study explicitly aims to characterise the potential impact of Kyoto and European Union environmental policy targets on specific agricultural activities up to 2020. The model code is modified to characterise the emissions trading scheme (ETS), emissions quotas and carbon taxes, whilst emissions reductions are applied to all six registered greenhouse gases (GHGs). Compared to a ‘business-as-usual’ baseline scenario, by 2020, GDP and employment fall 2.1% and 2.4%, respectively, whilst the retail price index rises 3.4%. In agriculture, the indices of output (4.3% fall), and supply price (7.7% rise) perform relatively worse, whilst there is a concomitant cumulative fall in aggregate farm incomes of €1,510 million by 2020. The more notable impact in agriculture is attributed to its relatively higher emissions intensity. Consequently, we record an agricultural marginal abatement cost estimate of €86 ton-1 of CO2 equivalent by 2020, which is consistent with other estimates in the literature. In addition, we find that the optimal mix of emissions reductions across specific agricultural sectors is a function of the degree of substitutability of their emitting activities. In light of estimated income losses within the strategically important farm sector, a final simulation contemplates an ‘agricultural cost-neutral’ emissions reduction policy akin to a cross compliance payment between 2013 and 2020. This is found to reduce food price rises, whilst altering the optimum mix of agricultural emissions reductions across specific agricultural activities.
M. Bourne; J. Childs; G. Philippidis; M. Feijóo. Controlling greenhouse gas emissions in Spain: what are the costs for agricultural sectors? Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 2012, 10, 567 .
AMA StyleM. Bourne, J. Childs, G. Philippidis, M. Feijóo. Controlling greenhouse gas emissions in Spain: what are the costs for agricultural sectors? Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research. 2012; 10 (3):567.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Bourne; J. Childs; G. Philippidis; M. Feijóo. 2012. "Controlling greenhouse gas emissions in Spain: what are the costs for agricultural sectors?" Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 10, no. 3: 567.
Over the last decade, a strong upsurge in Spanish immigration has fostered a thriving ethnic food market. To examine indigenous consumer predilections toward ethnic foods, a carefully designed choice experiment is employed, with particular focus on ethnocentricity and food neo-phobia traits on potential purchase decisions. Employing a two level nested logit model, consumers choose to accept/reject ethnic foods, with a positive response met by a further series of different ethnic cuisine and consumption scenario alternatives. Bivariate tests reveal that higher ethnocentric and neo-phobic segments possess common socio-demographic characteristics, whilst neo-phobia plays a significantly stronger role in determining the probability of rejection. Further tests reveal culturally similar Mexican food as the preferred ethnic food across all consumption scenarios. Moreover, the ‘restaurant’ is the favoured format of consumption, whilst there is evidence of a strong association between specific ethnic food types and consumption formats. The implications of our research suggest that in the short to medium turn, price is a strong strategic variable, whilst marketing strategies must successfully isolate and exploit specific ‘ethnic food/consumption scenario’ mixes. Finally, stronger messages emphasizing quality and convenience factors are seen as key to bolstering the underrepresented ‘home preparation’ ethnic food market in Spain.
Dena Maria Camarena; Ana I. Sanjuán; George Philippidis. Influence of ethnocentrism and neo-phobia on ethnic food consumption in Spain. Appetite 2011, 57, 121 -130.
AMA StyleDena Maria Camarena, Ana I. Sanjuán, George Philippidis. Influence of ethnocentrism and neo-phobia on ethnic food consumption in Spain. Appetite. 2011; 57 (1):121-130.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDena Maria Camarena; Ana I. Sanjuán; George Philippidis. 2011. "Influence of ethnocentrism and neo-phobia on ethnic food consumption in Spain." Appetite 57, no. 1: 121-130.
In this study, we use the Harbinson Proposal and July Framework to compare a 'likely' Doha scenario with a realistic baseline. The novelty of this study is that we focus exclusively on the trade-led welfare impacts in selected EU member states. The important features of this note are the: (i) usage of the latest Global Trade Analysis Project (version 6) data; (ii) focus on EU25 regions incorporating all major Common Agricultural Policy instruments and reforms; and (iii) inclusion of binding tariff overhangs into the Harbinson tariff reductions. Results show the damping effects of tariff-binding overhangs on welfare outcomes. This and other factors which limit the gains to liberalisation mean that the EU25 only realises 10% of its long-run welfare gain potential, as defined by complete liberalisation. Copyright 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
G. Philippidis; L. J. Hubbard; Alan Renwick. Re-evaluating the Harbinson Proposal ? Prospects for the EU25: A Note. Journal of Agricultural Economics 2007, 58, 368 -375.
AMA StyleG. Philippidis, L. J. Hubbard, Alan Renwick. Re-evaluating the Harbinson Proposal ? Prospects for the EU25: A Note. Journal of Agricultural Economics. 2007; 58 (2):368-375.
Chicago/Turabian StyleG. Philippidis; L. J. Hubbard; Alan Renwick. 2007. "Re-evaluating the Harbinson Proposal ? Prospects for the EU25: A Note." Journal of Agricultural Economics 58, no. 2: 368-375.
As a moderate North African Arab state, Morocco has ratified preferential free trade agreements with both the EU and the USA. However, the potential importance of improved agro-food market access with the EU has been largely ignored in Morocco-EU Association Agreement (MEAA). Indeed, in comparison with the depth of the agro-food reforms in the Morroco-US agreement, the MEAA is largely incomplete. Accordingly, as a first objective we employ a modified computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to assess the potential for further long run trade and growth in Morocco through agro-food tariff abolition. Moreover, we investigate whether there is an economic incentive for such a EU countermovement to restore competitive parity with the US. As a further aim, we examine the trade inhibiting implications of non-tariff barrier (NTB) trade costs (e.g., red tape, licensing laws etc.), which have hitherto largely escaped reform. Thus, we estimate NTB trade cost tariff equivalents (TEs) employing a theoretically consistent gravity specification. TEs are implemented into our CGE model to measure the trade and growth impacts from NTB removal in agro-food and across all Moroccan-EU trade. While agro-food liberalisation yields disappointing results for Morocco, the potential for development-led policies through elimination of NTBs is highly appealing.
G. Philippidis; A.I. Sanjuán. An Examination of Morocco's Trade Options with the EU. Journal of African Economies 2006, 16, 259 -300.
AMA StyleG. Philippidis, A.I. Sanjuán. An Examination of Morocco's Trade Options with the EU. Journal of African Economies. 2006; 16 (2):259-300.
Chicago/Turabian StyleG. Philippidis; A.I. Sanjuán. 2006. "An Examination of Morocco's Trade Options with the EU." Journal of African Economies 16, no. 2: 259-300.