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Dr. Trace Gale
Center for Investigation in Ecosystems of Patagonia (CIEP)

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Nature Based Tourism
0 Soundscape Ecology
0 nature experience
0 Protected area management
0 Human - nature relationship

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Nature Based Tourism

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Short Biography

Trace Gale, researcher, professor, author, planner, manager. Principal investigator and coordinator of the Sustainable Tourism Line and Human-Environmental Interactions Group, Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP, Chile). Ph.D. in forest and natural resource sciences, West Virginia University (USA); MBA, Villanova University, (USA). Focus on human-nature interactions (experiences, connections, values, attitudes and behaviors) to inform communities, public health, protected areas and ecotourism.

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Journal article
Published: 05 August 2021 in Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism
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This paper demonstrates how protected area (PA) acoustic environments, or soundscapes, can provide a boundary object for transdisciplinary conservation governance, informing and facilitating better communication, transdisciplinary learning, and decision making. Through visitor intercepts and on-site listening exercises (N = 899), research examined the appeal and acceptability of perceived sounds, to understand the congruence between visitors’ ratings for the ten open-coded sound categories that emerged. Discussion presents a hypothetical transdisciplinary governance scenario demonstrating how actors can employ similar research to advance collaborative transdisciplinary conservation learning and governance, through collaborative consideration of emergent trends across sound categories and local, national, and international tourist visitor groups. For example, all participants frequently observed Birds, Forest, and Water sounds, as highly appealing and acceptable. This aligns well with core natural PA attributes and conservation objectives. Wind and Insect sounds were less appealing, particularly for international tourists; yet considered acceptable within the PA, for all groups. Perhaps divergence can be addressed through programming and/or infrastructure. Low acceptability for Machine sounds should concern conservation governance; participants seemingly did not connect machine sounds with important PA conservation practices.

ACS Style

Trace Gale; Andrea Ednie; Karen Beeftink. Acceptability and appeal: How visitors’ perceptions of sounds can contribute to shared learning and transdisciplinary protected area governance. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism 2021, 35, 100414 .

AMA Style

Trace Gale, Andrea Ednie, Karen Beeftink. Acceptability and appeal: How visitors’ perceptions of sounds can contribute to shared learning and transdisciplinary protected area governance. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism. 2021; 35 ():100414.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Trace Gale; Andrea Ednie; Karen Beeftink. 2021. "Acceptability and appeal: How visitors’ perceptions of sounds can contribute to shared learning and transdisciplinary protected area governance." Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism 35, no. : 100414.

Journal article
Published: 03 July 2021 in Sustainability
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This paper presents empirical research that supports territorial approaches to tourism product development that ground tourism in science, as a mechanism to support sustainable tourism heritage conservation goals. Scientific Tourism (ST), in this context, builds on the scientific heritage of a geography, matching researchers with local actors and tourists, through a five-stage iterative process that leads to new scientific knowledge, advancing theory and building relevance for communities through socio-cultural and economic development. This article focuses on the initial stage of the ST product development process, documenting empirical research conducted within the geographies surrounding the Palena River watershed in the Aysén Region of Chilean Patagonia. Both geo-structured literature review methods and results are presented and discussed to illustrate how the outcomes, including a series of maps, can inform and ground actors’ processes of heritage resource identification, justification, conservation, and exhibition, through the development of pilot ST initiatives within the territory. Similar research approaches may prove valuable for other low-density and peripheral geographies that share an interest in grounding tourism on the science taking place within their geography.

ACS Style

Fabien Bourlon; Trace Gale; Andrés Adiego; Valentina Álvarez-Barra; Alexandra Salazar. Grounding Sustainable Tourism in Science—A Geographic Approach. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7455 .

AMA Style

Fabien Bourlon, Trace Gale, Andrés Adiego, Valentina Álvarez-Barra, Alexandra Salazar. Grounding Sustainable Tourism in Science—A Geographic Approach. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (13):7455.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fabien Bourlon; Trace Gale; Andrés Adiego; Valentina Álvarez-Barra; Alexandra Salazar. 2021. "Grounding Sustainable Tourism in Science—A Geographic Approach." Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7455.

Journal article
Published: 19 June 2021 in Science of The Total Environment
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Urban greenspace soundscapes can contribute to the restorative effects that nature provides for the psychological and emotional health of people when certain conditions are met. The main objective of this paper is to propose practical criteria to help planners and managers in the design, development and preservation of urban greenspaces whose soundscapes may contribute to the renewal of health. Systematic literature review informed a conceptual potential Health Restoration Soundscapes (HeReS) model, based on five conditions: (1) Naturalness, (2) Sound Levels, (3) Perceived Sound Sources, (4) Soundscape Assessment, and (5) Sensescape Coherence and proposed Health Restoration Soundscapes Criteria (HeReS-C), for HeReS evaluation in urban green areas. The HeReS-C were applied in 21 sites in Argentina, Sweden, and Chile. General results are provided for all 21 sites, along with three in-depth profiles of HeReS-C applications that provide case studies across a range of resulting HeReS-C scenarios, including sites that meet the HeReS-C criteria, those that do not, and sites that could qualify in the future, if appropriate management measures are taken. HeReS-C showed to be a promising tool for the recognition of potential health-restoring soundscapes in urban greenspaces; informing their design and management to favor the well-being and health of the population.

ACS Style

Pablo Kogan; Trace Gale; Jorge P. Arenas; Claudia Arias. Development and application of practical criteria for the recognition of potential Health Restoration Soundscapes (HeReS) in urban greenspaces. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 793, 148541 .

AMA Style

Pablo Kogan, Trace Gale, Jorge P. Arenas, Claudia Arias. Development and application of practical criteria for the recognition of potential Health Restoration Soundscapes (HeReS) in urban greenspaces. Science of The Total Environment. 2021; 793 ():148541.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pablo Kogan; Trace Gale; Jorge P. Arenas; Claudia Arias. 2021. "Development and application of practical criteria for the recognition of potential Health Restoration Soundscapes (HeReS) in urban greenspaces." Science of The Total Environment 793, no. : 148541.

Journal article
Published: 09 June 2021 in Sustainability
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This study examined the potential for Perceived Affective Quality (PAQ; pleasantness, eventfulness, familiarity) soundscape measures developed within urban settings to enrich current soundscape management approaches within protected areas (PAs). Drawing on the premise that people bring experiences from other life contexts into PA settings and PA visitors are increasingly coming from urban areas, research integrated urban visitors’ soundscape perceptions of their home and work acoustic environments with their perceptions of acoustic environments in PAs. Two-phased survey research (n = 333) separated visitors into urban density groups and compared PAQ variables across home, work, and PA contexts. Significant differences resulted, both in ratings of the three acoustic contexts (PA, home, work) for all three PAQ components and between urban density groups. The importance of pleasantness was confirmed across all contexts; however, alone, this dimension lacked sufficient contrast to interpret the complexity of soundscape perceptions, especially considering diverse Healthy Parks, Healthy People (HPHP) visitor experience scenarios and goals. Thus, managers should consider (1) additional PAQ variables that can provide more useful and contrasting information; (2) incorporating methods that integrate PAQ measures across visitors’ different acoustic contexts, and (3) including urban density measures within HPHP research.

ACS Style

Trace Gale; Andrea Ednie; Karen Beeftink. Thinking Outside the Park: Connecting Visitors’ Sound Affect in a Nature-Based Tourism Setting with Perceptions of Their Urban Home and Work Soundscapes. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6572 .

AMA Style

Trace Gale, Andrea Ednie, Karen Beeftink. Thinking Outside the Park: Connecting Visitors’ Sound Affect in a Nature-Based Tourism Setting with Perceptions of Their Urban Home and Work Soundscapes. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (12):6572.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Trace Gale; Andrea Ednie; Karen Beeftink. 2021. "Thinking Outside the Park: Connecting Visitors’ Sound Affect in a Nature-Based Tourism Setting with Perceptions of Their Urban Home and Work Soundscapes." Sustainability 13, no. 12: 6572.

Research article
Published: 13 November 2020 in Journal of Sustainable Tourism
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This paper considers increasing global reliance on privately protected areas (PPAs) and associated nature-based tourism (NBT). A targeted literature review was guided by three research questions, which sought to understand how neoliberal concepts and dynamics manifest in private forms of conservation; how private forms of conservation have manifested in Chile; and, how Chileans’ attitudes towards their government’s neoliberal policies might affect their expectations of PPAs. The search strategy resulted in 284 resources. Three dimensions of neoliberal approaches to PPAs emerged from the data each highlighting specific vulnerabilities: a loss of the social embeddedness of nature; an imposition of global, capital dynamics; and conflicting discourses and assumptions. Results suggest that, in order to improve long-term support and integration of PPAs and NBT, greater attention needs to be given to social well-being outcomes (including equity and justice concerns), building of social capital, and the preservation of local identities and histories. Additionally, regional and PPA-specific land-use planning needs to incorporate greater public engagement, cross-jurisdictional coordination, and transparent and inclusive decision-making.

ACS Style

William Thomas Borrie; Trace Gale; Keith Bosak. Privately protected areas in increasingly turbulent social contexts: strategic roles, extent, and governance. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 2020, 1 -18.

AMA Style

William Thomas Borrie, Trace Gale, Keith Bosak. Privately protected areas in increasingly turbulent social contexts: strategic roles, extent, and governance. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 2020; ():1-18.

Chicago/Turabian Style

William Thomas Borrie; Trace Gale; Keith Bosak. 2020. "Privately protected areas in increasingly turbulent social contexts: strategic roles, extent, and governance." Journal of Sustainable Tourism , no. : 1-18.

Research article
Published: 24 September 2020 in Journal of Leisure Research
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Supporting worldwide Healthy Parks, Healthy People (HPHP) research expansion, this study investigated how wellness motivations interplay with auditory experiences by examining relationships between protected area visitors’ wellness motivations, and their perceptions of particular sounds and overall soundscape appeal. Visitor surveys (N = 899), implemented in the Coyhaique National Reserve in Chilean Patagonia, included participant demographics, wellness motivations, a listening exercise, and overall soundscape ratings. Wellness motivations were reduced into emotional, intellectual, physical, sensory, and social dimensions. All dimensions were significantly correlated with participants’ ratings of the soundscape’s appeal and their desire to visit more (based on the soundscape). Cluster analysis grouped participants into low, moderate, and high wellness motives groups. Groups with high-wellness motives were found to rate specific natural sounds and the overall soundscape higher than groups with lower wellness motives. This study suggests incorporating visitors’ wellness motivations into soundscape and other perception-based research may assist with HPHP objectives.

ACS Style

Andrea Ednie; Trace Gale; Karen Beeftink; Andrés Adiego. Connecting protected area visitor experiences, wellness motivations, and soundscape perceptions in Chilean Patagonia. Journal of Leisure Research 2020, 1 -27.

AMA Style

Andrea Ednie, Trace Gale, Karen Beeftink, Andrés Adiego. Connecting protected area visitor experiences, wellness motivations, and soundscape perceptions in Chilean Patagonia. Journal of Leisure Research. 2020; ():1-27.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrea Ednie; Trace Gale; Karen Beeftink; Andrés Adiego. 2020. "Connecting protected area visitor experiences, wellness motivations, and soundscape perceptions in Chilean Patagonia." Journal of Leisure Research , no. : 1-27.

Articles
Published: 17 April 2020 in Journal of Leisure Research
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This paper built upon prior positive soundscapes research conducted within an urban context. It explored the potential for the emotional dimensions proposed by Cain and colleagues to be applied within a natural protected area (PA) context, at a soundscape level, as a complement to existing perceptual constructs of acceptability and personal interpretation (annoyance and pleasingness) of individual sounds. Visitor perceptions were measured (n = 898) for six soundscapes and individual sounds within Chile’s Coyhaique National Reserve (CNR), during the summer of 2018. Study results demonstrated parallels between the more urban-focused positive soundscapes work and sound perceptions within a PA context. The discussion focused on the potential and limitations of using Cain and colleagues’ emotional dimensions for PA soundscape evaluation, identifying benefits of a combined approach that also incorporates the perceptual constructs proposed by Miller and colleagues at an individual sound level.

ACS Style

Trace Gale; Andrea Ednie; Karen Beeftink; Andrés Adiego. Beyond noise management: Exploring visitors’ perceptions of positive emotional soundscape dimensions. Journal of Leisure Research 2020, 52, 129 -153.

AMA Style

Trace Gale, Andrea Ednie, Karen Beeftink, Andrés Adiego. Beyond noise management: Exploring visitors’ perceptions of positive emotional soundscape dimensions. Journal of Leisure Research. 2020; 52 (2):129-153.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Trace Gale; Andrea Ednie; Karen Beeftink; Andrés Adiego. 2020. "Beyond noise management: Exploring visitors’ perceptions of positive emotional soundscape dimensions." Journal of Leisure Research 52, no. 2: 129-153.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2020 in Journal of Park and Recreation Administration
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This research expanded on prior use of visitor perception data to inform potential social indicators of soundscape quality, by integrating existing urban-context soundscapes work, and the emerging use of triggers to help managers identify concerns before they reach the threshold level. Along with existing measures of sound appeal and acceptability, sound dominance helped provide a sense of how the extent of particular sounds influenced visitor experiences and a desire to visit more. Geospatial data collection for 899 visitors and eight sites within the Coyhaique National Reserve (CNR) in southern Chile during the summer high visitation season of 2019, allowed researchers to examine perceptual similarities and differences, facilitating an evaluation of new perceptual variables for soundscape monitoring. Correlation analyses identified informative relationships between the dominance (sound duration and foreground/background placement) of natural and anthropogenic sounds, and overall soundscape ratings. The duration of natural sounds was positively correlated with soundscape-level ratings, while the duration of anthropogenic sounds was negatively correlated with these ratings. Unique trends and relationships were identified across specific sites, demonstrating the value of adding measures of perceived sound dominance to soundscape monitoring processes. Observed Protected Area (PA) visitor enthusiasm for sounds and soundscapes suggests potential for crowd-sourced citizen science-based methods that could be done voluntarily and regularly using simple and accessible applications and technologies.

ACS Style

Trace Gale; Andrea Ednie. Toward Crowd-sourced Soundscape Monitoring in Protected Areas: Integrating Sound Dominance and Triggers to Facilitate Proactive Management. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Trace Gale, Andrea Ednie. Toward Crowd-sourced Soundscape Monitoring in Protected Areas: Integrating Sound Dominance and Triggers to Facilitate Proactive Management. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Trace Gale; Andrea Ednie. 2020. "Toward Crowd-sourced Soundscape Monitoring in Protected Areas: Integrating Sound Dominance and Triggers to Facilitate Proactive Management." Journal of Park and Recreation Administration , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 11 December 2019 in Sustainability
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Following global trends, nature-based tourism in the Aysén region of Chilean Patagonia has grown dramatically in recent years. This growth has challenged traditional economic activities derived from commodification of natural resources, including ranching, logging, and mining. A qualitative research study conducted in 2016–2017 used semi-structured interviews and focus groups to investigate how local residents perceived the changes that accompany rural development around the nationally protected area of Cerro Castillo, projected to be one of the region’s protected areas that will drive economic development through tourism in coming decades. Results identified several themes reminiscent of the rural transition that took place in the western United States in the mid to late-1900s. During this era, the remote, rugged, wild frontier lands of the sparsely populated intermountain west shifted from an economy grounded in extractive industries to a service-based one, geared towards amenity migrants and tourists seeking recreation opportunities and closeness to nature. Patterns and lessons are drawn between similar transitions across geographies and timescales, which may assist planners with understandings of trends and tendencies as tourism continues to influence rural transition in Patagonia.

ACS Style

Heidi Blair; Keith Bosak; Trace Gale. Protected Areas, Tourism, and Rural Transition in Aysén, Chile. Sustainability 2019, 11, 7087 .

AMA Style

Heidi Blair, Keith Bosak, Trace Gale. Protected Areas, Tourism, and Rural Transition in Aysén, Chile. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (24):7087.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Heidi Blair; Keith Bosak; Trace Gale. 2019. "Protected Areas, Tourism, and Rural Transition in Aysén, Chile." Sustainability 11, no. 24: 7087.

Journal article
Published: 22 July 2019 in Journal of Sustainable Tourism
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ACS Style

Trace Gale; A. Ednie; K. Beeftink. Worldviews, Levels of Consciousness, and the Evolution of Planning Paradigms in Protected Areas. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 2019, 27, 1609 -1633.

AMA Style

Trace Gale, A. Ednie, K. Beeftink. Worldviews, Levels of Consciousness, and the Evolution of Planning Paradigms in Protected Areas. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 2019; 27 (11):1609-1633.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Trace Gale; A. Ednie; K. Beeftink. 2019. "Worldviews, Levels of Consciousness, and the Evolution of Planning Paradigms in Protected Areas." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 27, no. 11: 1609-1633.

Articles
Published: 26 June 2019 in Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change
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This paper addresses Protected Area (PA) research gaps through an exploration of the plural nature of natural area values, using the three dimensions (intrinsic, instrumental, and relational) of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) Conceptual Framework for values assessment. Research employs an online survey (n = 155), combining the Natural Area Value Scale (NAVS) and a fictional protected area decision making scenario to examine how visitor use planning participants in the Aysén Region of Chile assigned value to natural areas. Two relational values (aesthetics, recreation) emerge as the most highly assessed of the four NAVS dimensions in the study. Cluster analysis identified three distinct value orientation cluster groups, based on their NAV dimension ratings. Differences amongst the value cluster groups help identify potential power imbalances that have the potential to contribute to PA conflict. Comparisons of the user groups that local management authorities use to segment stakeholders reveal a number of similarities. Management scenario responses, which incorporate newly emerging relational value concepts, suggest that study participants incorporate plural value considerations and prefer solutions that include relational values.

ACS Style

Trace Gale; Andrea Ednie. Can intrinsic, instrumental, and relational value assignments inform more integrative methods of protected area conflict resolution? Exploratory findings from Aysén, Chile. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change 2019, 18, 690 -710.

AMA Style

Trace Gale, Andrea Ednie. Can intrinsic, instrumental, and relational value assignments inform more integrative methods of protected area conflict resolution? Exploratory findings from Aysén, Chile. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change. 2019; 18 (6):690-710.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Trace Gale; Andrea Ednie. 2019. "Can intrinsic, instrumental, and relational value assignments inform more integrative methods of protected area conflict resolution? Exploratory findings from Aysén, Chile." Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change 18, no. 6: 690-710.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Journal of Park and Recreation Administration
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Chile’s National System of Protected Areas (SNASPE) has experienced exponential visitor growth during recent years, and this growth has been especially pronounced in the more remote units of the country. One catalyst for this growth is Chile’s ongoing national policy development geared toward integration of rural and peripheral zones, labeled as extreme, with more developed, urban centers in the central region (Correa Vera, 2012; Ministry of the Interior, 1999, 2008, 2011). Special development plans and funding packages designated for extreme zones have helped accelerate the implementation of center-periphery policy, injecting significant resources into infrastructure and capacity building projects (Bachelet, 2016; Gobierno Regional de Aysén, 2014; Hamamé Villablanca, 2017).The Aysén region, situated 1,650 kilometers (1,025 miles) south of Santiago in the iconic area of Patagonia, is designated as one of Chile’s extreme zones. While naturebased tourism development is an appealing prospect at both the regional and national levels, many local and regional planners warn that nature-based tourism development is not automatically sustainable. Recently, Aysén’s Special Development Plan for Extreme Zones (PEDZE) funded an initiative to develop visitor use plans for several of the protected areas within the Aysén region. The funding was to revamp and apply the Chilean National Forestry Corporation’s (CONAF) national visitor use planning model, which became an adaptation of the Conservation Measures Partnership (CMP) Open Standards framework, suited to accommodate local context, integrate the vision, priorities, and resources of local communities, and better prepare protected areas for rapidly changing conditions. This paper examines the application and adaptation of the national visitor planning model’s initial phases (conceptualization and planning) in the contexts of three protected areas within the Aysén region. The study demonstrates the process of adapting the method to three local contexts emphasizing a 360° approach to developing plans that fit and support the region’s needs. The discussion identifies important strengths and weaknesses of this 360° approach and lessons learned from carrying out robust planning processes within a very short window of time.Subscribe to JPRA

ACS Style

Trace Gale; Andrés Adiego; Andrea Ednie. A 360° Approach to the Conceptualization of Protected Area Visitor Use Planning within the Aysén Region of Chilean Patagonia. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 2018, 36, 22 -46.

AMA Style

Trace Gale, Andrés Adiego, Andrea Ednie. A 360° Approach to the Conceptualization of Protected Area Visitor Use Planning within the Aysén Region of Chilean Patagonia. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration. 2018; 36 (3):22-46.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Trace Gale; Andrés Adiego; Andrea Ednie. 2018. "A 360° Approach to the Conceptualization of Protected Area Visitor Use Planning within the Aysén Region of Chilean Patagonia." Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 36, no. 3: 22-46.

Article
Published: 06 September 2016 in International Journal of Tourism Research
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This paper addresses questions related to the multiple objectives, actions and actors in destination management in Chile. The relationships between these variables in Valparaíso, Los Ríos and Aysén are analysed through a series of matrices, which draw on information contained in tourism and territorial plans and strategies. The current approach emphasizes supply-side development by many actors and multiple actions. The pattern running throughout the multiplicity of objectives, actions and actors and summarized in a model is that of a common core with complementary variations and a series of main and secondary linkages. The implications of this pattern are then discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

ACS Style

Douglas Pearce; Cesar Guala; Katerina Veloso; Sandrino Llano; Jorge Negrete; Adriano Rovira; Trace Gale; Anabel Reis. Destination Management in Chile: Objectives, Actions and Actors. International Journal of Tourism Research 2016, 19, 50 -67.

AMA Style

Douglas Pearce, Cesar Guala, Katerina Veloso, Sandrino Llano, Jorge Negrete, Adriano Rovira, Trace Gale, Anabel Reis. Destination Management in Chile: Objectives, Actions and Actors. International Journal of Tourism Research. 2016; 19 (1):50-67.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Douglas Pearce; Cesar Guala; Katerina Veloso; Sandrino Llano; Jorge Negrete; Adriano Rovira; Trace Gale; Anabel Reis. 2016. "Destination Management in Chile: Objectives, Actions and Actors." International Journal of Tourism Research 19, no. 1: 50-67.

Journal article
Published: 21 April 2015 in Human Dimensions of Wildlife
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ACS Style

Christopher Serenari; M. Nils Peterson; Trace Gale; Annekatrin Fahlke. Relationships Between Value Orientations and Wildlife Conservation Policy Preferences in Chilean Patagonia. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 2015, 20, 271 -279.

AMA Style

Christopher Serenari, M. Nils Peterson, Trace Gale, Annekatrin Fahlke. Relationships Between Value Orientations and Wildlife Conservation Policy Preferences in Chilean Patagonia. Human Dimensions of Wildlife. 2015; 20 (3):271-279.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christopher Serenari; M. Nils Peterson; Trace Gale; Annekatrin Fahlke. 2015. "Relationships Between Value Orientations and Wildlife Conservation Policy Preferences in Chilean Patagonia." Human Dimensions of Wildlife 20, no. 3: 271-279.

Original articles
Published: 25 February 2014 in Tourism Planning & Development
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Crises have the potential to highlight both opportunities and challenges. Such was the case for the coastal town of Curanipe, Maule Region, Chile, which was devastated by an earthquake and resulting tsunami in 2010. The natural disasters resulted in communication breakdowns, which highlighted the intricacies in the hierarchy of the tourism industry and government agencies and the need for coordinated partnerships between the private and public sectors. This paper applies the theory of co-management to tourism crisis management. The Tourism Area Response Network (TARN) is presented as a co-management approach to fostering closer partnerships in tourism crisis management and communication among the appropriate actors of Curanipe. More specifically, the key characteristics, outcomes, and related dimensions of co-management are applied to the development of TARN in Curanipe.

ACS Style

Lori Pennington-Gray; Ashley Schroeder; Trace Gale. Co-management as a Framework for the Development of a Tourism Area Response Network in the Rural Community of Curanipe, Maule Region, Chile. Tourism Planning & Development 2014, 11, 292 -304.

AMA Style

Lori Pennington-Gray, Ashley Schroeder, Trace Gale. Co-management as a Framework for the Development of a Tourism Area Response Network in the Rural Community of Curanipe, Maule Region, Chile. Tourism Planning & Development. 2014; 11 (3):292-304.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lori Pennington-Gray; Ashley Schroeder; Trace Gale. 2014. "Co-management as a Framework for the Development of a Tourism Area Response Network in the Rural Community of Curanipe, Maule Region, Chile." Tourism Planning & Development 11, no. 3: 292-304.

Original articles
Published: 13 November 2013 in Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change
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This paper explores the potential for rural and remote zones of emergent destinations to base their tourism development on endogenous resources and place-based differentiation through analysis of a two-phase case study within the geographic zone known as Patagonia. The first phase of the research explored independent tourism consumption within a new independent travel circuit designed to integrate rural zones of the Aysén Region of Chile with adjacent tourism zones in the Santa Cruz Province of Argentina, including the iconic Mount Fitz Roy and the town of El Chalten. This phase sought to understand perceptions and preferences relating to authenticity. Results highlighted differences between host and guest concepts of welcomeness; which, negatively impacted consumption in the rural Chilean zones of the circuit. The second phase explored local service provider perspectives within these zones, surfacing place-based customs and practices that; while authentic, were not recognized, understood, or valued by the visitors who participated in phase one. Discussion proposes that subtle aspects of local cultures, such as those identified by the current study, represent unrecognized endogenous assets that can be leveraged within differentiation strategies for place-based development, thus providing emergent destinations with alternatives to place-neutral strategies, like commodification and standardization.

ACS Style

Trace Gale; Keith Bosak; Laura Caplins. Moving beyond tourists’ concepts of authenticity: place-based tourism differentiation within rural zones of Chilean Patagonia. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change 2013, 11, 264 -286.

AMA Style

Trace Gale, Keith Bosak, Laura Caplins. Moving beyond tourists’ concepts of authenticity: place-based tourism differentiation within rural zones of Chilean Patagonia. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change. 2013; 11 (4):264-286.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Trace Gale; Keith Bosak; Laura Caplins. 2013. "Moving beyond tourists’ concepts of authenticity: place-based tourism differentiation within rural zones of Chilean Patagonia." Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change 11, no. 4: 264-286.