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David M. Freire-Lista
CGeo Centro de Geociências da Universidade de Coimbra, Universidade de Coimbra—Polo II, Rua Silvino Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal

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Short Biography

David M. Freire-Lista is a as full-time researcher at the Centre of Geociences (CGeo-UTAD) in Portugal. His research is mainly focused on petrophysics for heritage stone conservation, on the prevention and counteracting of stone decay, both in natural environments and stone-built heritage. Also in characterisation of building stones and location of historical quarries. He has special interest on non-destructive techniques for protection, conservation and restoration of cultural heritage. He is a board member of the Heritage Stones Subcommission of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS).

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Journal article
Published: 30 July 2021 in Coatings
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This article discloses a rare and outstanding type of Mn-rich black-blue patina found on mural painting and granite ashlars located in the church of Sta. Marinha, north of Portugal, and conjectures the phenomenon associated to the appearance of such patinas in different surface materials. This Mn-patina reported on mural painting and their origin is probably assigned to manganese leaching from building materials (i.e., granite and phyllites). Stained mural painting and granite examined by XPS and SEM have showed patinas enriched with manganese (IV) oxide, potentially catalysed by a microbiota, like fungi, observed in SEM micrographs. The pigments used to depict mural painting and groundwater were also analysed by micro-Raman and ICP-MS, respectively, indicating that they are unlikely manganese sources. Unstained building materials, such as granite ashlars, historic joints, mortars and phyllite rocks, were also analysed by ICP-MS showing that historic joints and mortars present significant concentrations of manganese, possibly associated to their absorbing feature. The main materials with potential to impart manganese to Mn-rich patinas are granite ashlars and phyllites. The aim of this investigation is to reveal and ascertain the hypothetical sources and the phenomenon responsible for the Mn-rich black-blue patina appearance, both on mural painting and granite ashlars.

ACS Style

Bruno Campos; Alexandra Marco; David M. Freire-Lista; Nuno Durães; Joaquin Silvestre-Albero; Eduardo Ferreira da Silva; Eduarda Vieira; Manuela Pintado; Patrícia R. Moreira. Rare Biogeochemical Phenomenon Associated to Manganese Patinas on Mural Painting and Granite Ashlars. Coatings 2021, 11, 917 .

AMA Style

Bruno Campos, Alexandra Marco, David M. Freire-Lista, Nuno Durães, Joaquin Silvestre-Albero, Eduardo Ferreira da Silva, Eduarda Vieira, Manuela Pintado, Patrícia R. Moreira. Rare Biogeochemical Phenomenon Associated to Manganese Patinas on Mural Painting and Granite Ashlars. Coatings. 2021; 11 (8):917.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bruno Campos; Alexandra Marco; David M. Freire-Lista; Nuno Durães; Joaquin Silvestre-Albero; Eduardo Ferreira da Silva; Eduarda Vieira; Manuela Pintado; Patrícia R. Moreira. 2021. "Rare Biogeochemical Phenomenon Associated to Manganese Patinas on Mural Painting and Granite Ashlars." Coatings 11, no. 8: 917.

Review
Published: 12 July 2021 in Heritage
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Human activity has required, since its origins, stones as raw material for carving, construction and rock art. The study, exploration, use and maintenance of building stones is a global phenomenon that has evolved from the first shelters, manufacture of lithic tools, to the construction of houses, infrastructures and monuments. Druids, philosophers, clergymen, quarrymen, master builders, naturalists, travelers, architects, archaeologists, physicists, chemists, curators, restorers, museologists, engineers and geologists, among other professionals, have worked with stones and they have produced the current knowledge in heritage stones. They are stones that have special significance in human culture. In this way, the connotation of heritage in stones has been acquired over the time. That is, the stones at the time of their historical use were simply stones used for a certain purpose. Therefore, the concept of heritage stone is broad, with cultural, historic, artistic, architectural, and scientific implications. A historical synthesis is presented of the main events that marked the use of stones from prehistory, through ancient history, medieval times, and to the modern period. In addition, the main authors who have written about stones are surveyed from Ancient Roman times to the middle of the twentieth century. Subtle properties of stones have been discovered and exploited by artists and artisans long before rigorous science took notice of them and explained them.

ACS Style

David Freire-Lista. The Forerunners on Heritage Stones Investigation: Historical Synthesis and Evolution. Heritage 2021, 4, 1228 -1268.

AMA Style

David Freire-Lista. The Forerunners on Heritage Stones Investigation: Historical Synthesis and Evolution. Heritage. 2021; 4 (3):1228-1268.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Freire-Lista. 2021. "The Forerunners on Heritage Stones Investigation: Historical Synthesis and Evolution." Heritage 4, no. 3: 1228-1268.

Preprint content
Published: 03 March 2021
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Stones have been essential to protect humans from weather conditions since the beginning of humanity in escarpments, caves and other dwellings. In addition, they have been used as prehistoric tools, amulets, support for rock art and inscriptions of events or laws. They have also been used for the construction of houses, warehouses, pavements, dikes, funerary monuments and sanctuaries. Foundation stones are laid at the moment when construction of the building or structure that they support starts. The dating of this moment provides useful information about the past history of human activities.

The archaeological site of Touças is located 500 meters to the northeast of Garganta village, in São Martinho de Anta, municipality of Sabrosa (North of Portugal). It consists of about 70 standing stones of granite, several granite sarcophagi, a twin carved grave in the outcropping granite, historical quarries, a well-preserved landmark of Malta military order. In addition, a historical document indicates the previous existence of a chapel in this site.

Fieldwork was carried out to determine the type of building stones used at the archaeological site. Building granite has been identified and sampled for an in-depth analytical study. Two thin sections were prepared and characterised under a Leica DM-4500-P polarisation microscope equipped with a Leica DFC290-HD digital camera and LAS-4.9 software. Eight cubic samples with dimensions of 5×5×5±0.5 cm were tested for the petrophysical characterisation of the granite (effective porosity, water absorption and bulk density) using the Natural Stone Test Method described in European standard UNE-EN 1936. Ultrasonic pulse velocity of the granite cubes was taken with a CNS Electronics PUNDIT equipment following European standard UNE-EN 14579.

Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) was applied to the granite foundation stones of the standing stones, sarcophagi, and walls to determine their chronology. This was done by measuring the OSL signal of the surface layer of buried granite stones. The sampling was performed at night, under red light. In the lab, slides of 5 mm layer from each stone surface was removed by sawing with a diamond-impregnated wheel. The samples were crushed in a vice and crystals with a diameter in the range of 90-250 mm were extracted by sieving. All measurements were taken with an automated Risø TL/OSL-DA15 reader and a Lexsyg Research device.

The main building granite of the archaeological site is a coarse-crystal-size granite with elongated pseudo-oriented feldspars. This building granite is the same as the outcropping granite, where there is a historical quarry.

OSL dating can be applied to obtain the absolute age from the burial of stones containing quartz. The archaeological excavations carried out in 2020 revealed that the standing stones may predate the use of the site as a medieval necropolis. The foundations of a wall that could belong to the Hermes chapel have also been found.

This archaeological site presents extremely relevant evidence for the understanding of human occupation in Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro territory.

Acknowledgements: Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) of Portugal. Stimulus of Scientific Employment, Individual Support 2017. CEECIND/03568/2017.

ACS Style

David Freire-Lista; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez; Gerardo Vidal Gonçalves. Granite Characterisation and Chronology of the Archaeological Site of Touças (North of Portugal). 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

David Freire-Lista, Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez, Gerardo Vidal Gonçalves. Granite Characterisation and Chronology of the Archaeological Site of Touças (North of Portugal). . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Freire-Lista; Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez; Gerardo Vidal Gonçalves. 2021. "Granite Characterisation and Chronology of the Archaeological Site of Touças (North of Portugal)." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 03 March 2021
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Granite is the most important building stone in the north of Portugal. The importance of the stones in this region is evidenced by the pre-Roman roots Mor (r), Mur (r) and Mour of place names such as Montemuro, Moreiras, Mouçós, and Mourelhe. These roots indicate the existence of building stones used since ancient times in these places.

The quarries of the main building stones of historical buildings were generally in the vicinity of the buildings. Formerly, stonemasons carved mason's marks on ashlars. The mason's marks are lapidary signs to indicate the work carried out by each one. The mason's marks are generally symbolised by the initial of the stonemason's name. They are often found on dressed stones in buildings and in other public structures.

Nossa Senhora de Guadalupe church of Mouçós (possibly 16th century) has typical characteristics from the late Romanesque. It is located in Vila Real (North of Portugal). It is made up of three volumes: a single nave, a lower rectangular apse, and a sacristy attached to the apse. The exterior of this church is preserved almost unaltered in its original state. Each of the granite ashlars that make up this church has a mason's mark in the center of its face.

The mason's marks of the church have been identified; all the ashlars with visible mason's marks have been mapped, and a glyptographic study has been carried out. This has made it possible to calculate the number of stonemasons that worked in the construction of the church and the number of ashlars that were transported in each carriage, and to determine the construction phases of the church.

Eight cubic samples have been cut to calculate the granite’s hydric properties (effective porosity, water absorption and bulk density) according to UNE-EN:1936. Ultrasound wave velocity was measured according to UNE-EN:14579. Furthermore, three thin sections have been made to characterise the granite petrographically under a polarisation microscope Leica DM-4500-P. A mosaic of photomicrographs has been made to evaluate the petrographic properties.

There are six main types of mason's marks in Nossa Senhora de Guadalupe Church. All quarrymen extracted the stones from the same quarry, or from nearby quarries. The mean effective porosity of the building granite is 3.2%±0.3, and the mean water absorption is 1.2%±0.1. Its mean bulk density is 2566 kg/m3±61.0 and its ultrasound P wave velocity is 2920 m/s±98.3.

The mason's marks are preserved because of the excellent petrographic and petrophysical properties of Mouçós granite. Further, Nossa Senhora de Guadalupe church was protected with lime plaster during the past centuries, and the plaster was not removed with the projection of abrasive particles.

The use of analytical techniques such as petrography, ultrasonic P wave velocity and the determination of hydric properties will guarantee the quality and durability of a sustainable restoration.

The historical quarries, forms of traditional stone extraction and uses of Mouçós granite constitute a heritage that must be safeguarded.

Acknowledgements: The Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) of Portugal. CEECIND/03568/2017.

ACS Style

David Freire-Lista; Bruno Campos; Patricia Moreira da Costa. The Heritage Stone of Nossa Senhora de Guadalupe Church, Mouçós, North of Portugal: Characterisation and Glyptography. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

David Freire-Lista, Bruno Campos, Patricia Moreira da Costa. The Heritage Stone of Nossa Senhora de Guadalupe Church, Mouçós, North of Portugal: Characterisation and Glyptography. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Freire-Lista; Bruno Campos; Patricia Moreira da Costa. 2021. "The Heritage Stone of Nossa Senhora de Guadalupe Church, Mouçós, North of Portugal: Characterisation and Glyptography." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2021 in Episodes
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ACS Style

By David Martín Freire-Lista; Luis Sousa; Robert Carter; And Fayṣal Al-Na‘Īmī. Petrographic and petrophysical characterisation and structural function of the heritage stones in Fuwairit Archaeological Site (NE Qatar): implications for heritage conservation. Episodes 2021, 44, 43 -58.

AMA Style

By David Martín Freire-Lista, Luis Sousa, Robert Carter, And Fayṣal Al-Na‘Īmī. Petrographic and petrophysical characterisation and structural function of the heritage stones in Fuwairit Archaeological Site (NE Qatar): implications for heritage conservation. Episodes. 2021; 44 (1):43-58.

Chicago/Turabian Style

By David Martín Freire-Lista; Luis Sousa; Robert Carter; And Fayṣal Al-Na‘Īmī. 2021. "Petrographic and petrophysical characterisation and structural function of the heritage stones in Fuwairit Archaeological Site (NE Qatar): implications for heritage conservation." Episodes 44, no. 1: 43-58.

Journal article
Published: 28 December 2020 in Cadernos do Laboratorio Xeolóxico de Laxe. Revista de Xeoloxía Galega e do Hercínico Peninsular
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Fuente de Cibeles of Madrid (Spain) represents Cybele goddess sitting on a carriage drawn by two lions. This sculptural set was carved in Montesclaros (Toledo-Spain) marble between 1777 and 1782. The sculptural set has experienced some modifications throughout its history. Two zoomorphic water-spouts carved in Colmenar de Oreja limestone, one in the shape of a dragon and another one in the shape of a bear, were installed in 1798. In 1895, the fountain changed of location, and two putti of Carrara marble were installed on the back of the fountain, expanding the rocky surface promontory on which the sculptural set stands. Two tiered basins made of granite were added in 1968, when the fountain acquired its current form.A geotouristic route was created based on Fuente de Cibeles and its main building stone, Montesclaros marble. An exhaustive description of the fountain was made, and its construction history was reviewed to elaborate the route. In this way, alternatives that diversify the conventional tourist options of the city of Madrid are presented. In addition, scientific data on historical quarries and the marble that forms part of the emblematic fountain is provided.

ACS Style

David Martín Freire-Lista. Geotourism from Fuente de Cibeles of Madrid. History, Building Stones and Quarries. Cadernos do Laboratorio Xeolóxico de Laxe. Revista de Xeoloxía Galega e do Hercínico Peninsular 2020, 42, 69 -94.

AMA Style

David Martín Freire-Lista. Geotourism from Fuente de Cibeles of Madrid. History, Building Stones and Quarries. Cadernos do Laboratorio Xeolóxico de Laxe. Revista de Xeoloxía Galega e do Hercínico Peninsular. 2020; 42 ():69-94.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Martín Freire-Lista. 2020. "Geotourism from Fuente de Cibeles of Madrid. History, Building Stones and Quarries." Cadernos do Laboratorio Xeolóxico de Laxe. Revista de Xeoloxía Galega e do Hercínico Peninsular 42, no. : 69-94.

Original paper
Published: 10 July 2020 in Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment
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Salt crystallization-induced decay of Vardavard granodiorite and Shirkouh monzogranite, two Iranian building stones, were assessed with two non-destructive methods: saturation-buoyancy technique and P- and S-wave velocity measurement. Moreover, polarized and fluorescence microscopy studies were used to evaluate the behavior of the studied stones at microscopic scale against a salt crystallization aging test. The aging test extended pre-existing microcracks and generated new ones. Intracrystalline microcracking was the most predominant microcrack type for both samples. Fine-grained Vardavard granodiorite experienced higher intercrystalline microcracking than coarse-grained Shirkouh monzogranite. The microcracking mechanism of feldspars substantially depends on their alteration degree and microstructural precursors. When a growing microcrack reaches a biotite, it propagates within the crystal if the growing microcrack coincides with the cleavage plane; otherwise, it propagates as an intercrystalline one. The increase in maximum microcrack length of the samples was higher than the increase in their mean microcrack length. Low-strength Vardavard granodiorite showed higher microcrack width after the aging test. Dry weight loss in low-strength Vardavard granodiorite was more pronounced than in high-strength Shirkouh monzogranite. Dry unit weight decreased at a higher rate than saturated unit weight with the increase of effective porosity. The reduction in ultrasonic wave velocities and the increment in effective porosity and water absorption were more pronounced for Vardavard granodiorite, indicating a higher degree of decay, i.e., higher microcrack generation, enlargement, and widening. Shirkouh monzogranite, which has large-sized crystals and pores, wider initial microcracks, high tensile strength, and low effective porosity and microcrack density, was more durable than Vardavard granodiorite.

ACS Style

Ahmad Zalooli; Mashalah Khamehchiyan; Mohammad Reza Nikudel; David Martín Freire-Lista; Rafael Fort; Shahram Ghasemi. Artificial microcracking of granites subjected to salt crystallization aging test. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 2020, 79, 5499 -5515.

AMA Style

Ahmad Zalooli, Mashalah Khamehchiyan, Mohammad Reza Nikudel, David Martín Freire-Lista, Rafael Fort, Shahram Ghasemi. Artificial microcracking of granites subjected to salt crystallization aging test. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment. 2020; 79 (10):5499-5515.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmad Zalooli; Mashalah Khamehchiyan; Mohammad Reza Nikudel; David Martín Freire-Lista; Rafael Fort; Shahram Ghasemi. 2020. "Artificial microcracking of granites subjected to salt crystallization aging test." Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 79, no. 10: 5499-5515.

Preprint content
Published: 09 March 2020
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Heritage stones have been used in different civilizations; they have a great social and economic relevance that attracts cultural tourism. In addition, they have an impact on human culture, geoheritage, geoarchaeology and architecture.

Industrialisation, the development of means of transport and new materials have led to the abandonment of historical quarries necessary for the conservation of monuments. Global Heritage Stone nomination aims at the inventorying of building stones that can be used for restoration and revitalisation of villages with quarrying tradition and focuses on the sustainable conservation of cultural heritage.

The geology of Northern Portugal is broadly composed of metamorphic rocks and granites with vestiges of historical stonework, since they have been profusely used for construction. Heritage stones have created a rich cultural heritage which has been preserved up to this date.

Documentary search, cartography and petrographic characterisation are necessary to locate the historical quarries of the stones with which monuments have been built. The use of analytical techniques, such as petrography, accelerated artificial ageing, ultrasound pulse velocity measurements and spectrophotometry will guarantee the quality, durability and colour of restoration stones.

The period of most intense development of traditional stonework in the Trás-os-Montes area occurred in the 18th century. An important historical quarry of granite with medium crystal-size was discovered in Picarreira mountain, near Pena village, in the municipality of Vila Real, Portugal (41.295378, -7.816378).

There are numerous door lintels that retain the construction date carved on them, as well as houses with carved ashlars, granite pinnacles, granaries and roadside granite crosses in Pena and its surroundings. The lintels and jambs of the doors and windows of the seminary, and the court and post office buildings, all of them in Vila Real, were built with Pena granite. The petrographic and petrophysical properties of this granite have been characterised in addition to its decay in the aforementioned buildings of Vila Real.

Given the ongoing transformation of the industry, it is important that urban planners and policy makers of cultural heritage work in tandem with contemporary needs of the cities. Furthermore, planning-led heritage conservation, careful attention and common criteria for the restoration and rehabilitation of each heritage stone are needed.

Acknowledgements: The Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) of Portugal supported the first author with the Stimulus of Scientific Employment, Individual Support 2017. CEECIND/03568/2017.

ACS Style

David Martín Freire-Lista; Luis Sousa; Martinho Lourenço. The Granite of Pena, the Building Stone of the Most Important Buildings of the Twentieth Century in Vila Real (Northern Portugal). 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

David Martín Freire-Lista, Luis Sousa, Martinho Lourenço. The Granite of Pena, the Building Stone of the Most Important Buildings of the Twentieth Century in Vila Real (Northern Portugal). . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Martín Freire-Lista; Luis Sousa; Martinho Lourenço. 2020. "The Granite of Pena, the Building Stone of the Most Important Buildings of the Twentieth Century in Vila Real (Northern Portugal)." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 09 March 2020
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Abstract- The preservation and conservation of historical and cultural built heritage is necessary to preserve the history of cities and the identity of populations. Built heritage is a cultural asset whose preservation and protection is essential to any society. Building stones are one of the most widely used construction materials throughout history. Normally, building stones come from the vicinity of where they are used, which ensures the integration of the built heritage with its surroundings. Due to their decay, building stones need to be preserved and conserved.

El Kantara, formerly Calceus Herculis, is an oasis located 52 kilometers north of Biskra, Algeria. It is characterized by its rich history with alternation of different civilizations: Roman, Muslim and French. El Kantara is an example of vernacular architecture that uses building materials provided by the local environment. Due to the mountainous nature of El Kantara, building stones have been one of the most used materials since the Roman period.

Our research is based on Dachra Dhahraouia as a case study. It is one of three villages in El Kantara and the oldest core of the city. It was founded around the 7th century by a group of families who had arrived to this place during the Muslim conquests because of its strategic location and its position, on the heights overlooking the El Haï valley and the palm grove. When the French settled in El Kantara and created their village, the name Dachra Dhahraouia changed to Red Village because of its red earth color.

Dachra Dhahraouia is a protected area (May 6, 2013). It is considered a model of authentic Arab-Berber architecture, for its type of construction, its doors, its alleys, the organization of its houses, its traditional materials and its architectural character in harmony with nature, traditions and customs. The building stones are used in houses, in foundations of historic walls, in entrance steps in public spaces as benches and in steps of stairs. They are also used in the fence wall of the old cemetery.

The aim of this paper is to study the different existing building stones used in architectural elements of Dachra Dhahraouia. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, six samples (5 × 5 × 5 cm) of the different stone types were tested from different houses and public spaces. Polarization optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques were used for petrographic characterization. Bulk density, porosity, color and ultrasound propagation wave measurements were used for petrophysic characterization of the heritage stones.

 

The most-used building stone found in Dachra Dhahraouia is a limestone, used in foundations, fence walls and in steps of stairs. Quartzite valley pebbles are used just in the foundations. Dolomite is also part of the building stones used in public spaces as pavements. Also, ashlars from the Roman period are reused in entrance steps and in the foundations of some houses.

 

Index Terms- building stones. architectural elements. El Kantara. Heritage.

ACS Style

Wahiba Moussi; Khaled Selatnia; David Martín Freire-Lista; Luis Sousa. Uses of Building Stones in Architectural Elements of El Kantara Town, Biskra (Algeria). 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Wahiba Moussi, Khaled Selatnia, David Martín Freire-Lista, Luis Sousa. Uses of Building Stones in Architectural Elements of El Kantara Town, Biskra (Algeria). . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wahiba Moussi; Khaled Selatnia; David Martín Freire-Lista; Luis Sousa. 2020. "Uses of Building Stones in Architectural Elements of El Kantara Town, Biskra (Algeria)." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 28 August 2019 in Geological Society, London, Special Publications
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Cadalso de los Vidrios leucogranite is extracted from the Sierra de Guadarrama (Spanish Central System) under the trade name ‘Blanco Cristal’. It is a fine- to medium-grained, hypidiomorphic and equigranular building stone that has been used in many heritage buildings, such as the Villena Palace (1534). The current annual production of Cadalso de los Vidrios leucogranite is approximately 8000 m3, of which 40% is exported around the world. It has been used in places such as the Vieux-Port in Marseille (France), Cork International Airport (Ireland) and the Puri EXIM Bank of Jakarta (Indonesia) among others. It is currently being used in the construction of the iconic tower of Jesus Christ of the Sagrada Familia Basilica, in Barcelona (Spain). Cadalso de los Vidrios leucogranite Blanco Cristal has excellent petrophysical properties, a uniform colour and good resistance to thermal shock and freezing temperatures. These qualities make Blanco Cristal an ideal material for monuments and buildings.

ACS Style

David M. Freire-Lista; Rafael Fort. Cadalso de los Vidrios leucogranite ‘Blanco Cristal’: a widely used heritage stone from Spain. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2019, 486, 53 -65.

AMA Style

David M. Freire-Lista, Rafael Fort. Cadalso de los Vidrios leucogranite ‘Blanco Cristal’: a widely used heritage stone from Spain. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 2019; 486 (1):53-65.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David M. Freire-Lista; Rafael Fort. 2019. "Cadalso de los Vidrios leucogranite ‘Blanco Cristal’: a widely used heritage stone from Spain." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 486, no. 1: 53-65.

Journal article
Published: 18 April 2019 in Minerals
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This study characterises the original construction materials (building stones and mortars) of a collapsed two-storey colonnaded structure in the Ismail Mandani house, located in the old city centre of Doha (Qatar). Results were drawn based on interpretation and integration of historical, in situ observations and analytical data. The mortars and stones were characterised following a multidisciplinary approach, combining macroscopic observation with petrographic microscopy, mineralogical analysis (X-ray diffraction) and elemental analysis (handheld X-ray fluorescence) of samples. Moreover, hydric properties, ultrasonic pulse velocity and colour of representative samples of the house were studied. The results revealed the use of two types of stones and three different types of gypsum mortars. The original construction materials came from nearby coastal stones. Gypsum of the most used mortar had a calcination temperature between 120 and 160 °C and its colour was produced by lumps with higher Fe content. The materials’ effective porosity and water absorption were high, and their ultrasonic pulse velocity was low. These petrophysical results indicated they had low quality for construction purposes. The composition and colour of the original construction materials were quantified, which will allow the reproduction of their aesthetic characteristics and improvement of their quality in future reconstruction works.

ACS Style

David Martín Freire-Lista; Gizem Kahraman; Robert Carter. Multi-Analysis Characterisation of a Vernacular House in Doha (Qatar): Petrography and Petrophysics of its Construction Materials. Minerals 2019, 9, 241 .

AMA Style

David Martín Freire-Lista, Gizem Kahraman, Robert Carter. Multi-Analysis Characterisation of a Vernacular House in Doha (Qatar): Petrography and Petrophysics of its Construction Materials. Minerals. 2019; 9 (4):241.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Martín Freire-Lista; Gizem Kahraman; Robert Carter. 2019. "Multi-Analysis Characterisation of a Vernacular House in Doha (Qatar): Petrography and Petrophysics of its Construction Materials." Minerals 9, no. 4: 241.

Journal article
Published: 21 December 2018 in Cadernos do Laboratorio Xeolóxico de Laxe. Revista de Xeoloxía Galega e do Hercínico Peninsular
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Tres fragmentos de piedra que representan una cabeza, un cuerpo y una tapa de sarcófago atribuidos a la lauda de Nuno Freire de Andrade II, Gran Maestre de la Orden de Cristo del siglo XIV, fueron analizados para determinar sus propiedades petrográficas, velocidad de propagación de ondas de ultrasonido y color. Los resultados indican que las piedras corresponden a tres tipos litológicos con distinta petrografía, velocidad de propagación de ondas P, color y variación de color entre secas y húmedas. El fragmento de la cabeza corresponde a un ortogneis, el del cuerpo a una granodiorita y el de la tapa de sarcófago a un leucogranito. A partir de estos datos se infiere que ninguno de los tres fragmentos ha formado parte de la misma lauda, ya que las tapas de sarcófagos medievales gallegas talladas en granito estaban hechas en un único bloque de piedra.

ACS Style

David Martín Freire-Lista. Comparación de propiedades petrográficas y petrofísicas de tres fragmentos escultóricos para determinar su pertenencia al sepulcro de Nuno Freire de Andrade II (siglo XIV). Cadernos do Laboratorio Xeolóxico de Laxe. Revista de Xeoloxía Galega e do Hercínico Peninsular 2018, 40, 215 -227.

AMA Style

David Martín Freire-Lista. Comparación de propiedades petrográficas y petrofísicas de tres fragmentos escultóricos para determinar su pertenencia al sepulcro de Nuno Freire de Andrade II (siglo XIV). Cadernos do Laboratorio Xeolóxico de Laxe. Revista de Xeoloxía Galega e do Hercínico Peninsular. 2018; 40 ():215-227.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Martín Freire-Lista. 2018. "Comparación de propiedades petrográficas y petrofísicas de tres fragmentos escultóricos para determinar su pertenencia al sepulcro de Nuno Freire de Andrade II (siglo XIV)." Cadernos do Laboratorio Xeolóxico de Laxe. Revista de Xeoloxía Galega e do Hercínico Peninsular 40, no. : 215-227.

Journal article
Published: 15 August 2018 in Construction and Building Materials
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This article describes the effect of thermal shock on the petrographic and petrophysical properties of two Italian carbonate building stones: Carrara marble from the Apuan Alps in Tuscany and ‘Santa Caterina di Pittinuri’ limestone, from Sardinia. The samples were exposed to two thermal cycles to study surface and inner stone decay. The changes induced by thermal shock were assessed in terms of microstructural alterations measured with ultrasonic pulse velocity, Hg intrusion porosimetry, polarised light and fluorescent optical microscopy and micro-computed tomography. Variations in surface microhardness were also measured. The marble developed a dense network of pseudo-parallel intercrystalline, intracrystalline and transcrystalline microcracks, whereas the limestone underwent no significant microcracking. Those findings attested to lower resistance to thermal shock in marble calcite crystals than in limestone sparite cement and micrite. Thermal shock, an accelerated weathering technique, simulates possible stone exposure to high temperatures over long periods of time. Here the method was used to evaluate and compare microcrack distribution and orientation in the two heritage stones studied.

ACS Style

A. Murru; D.M. Freire-Lista; R. Fort; M.J. Varas-Muriel; P. Meloni. Evaluation of post-thermal shock effects in Carrara marble and Santa Caterina di Pittinuri limestone. Construction and Building Materials 2018, 186, 1200 -1211.

AMA Style

A. Murru, D.M. Freire-Lista, R. Fort, M.J. Varas-Muriel, P. Meloni. Evaluation of post-thermal shock effects in Carrara marble and Santa Caterina di Pittinuri limestone. Construction and Building Materials. 2018; 186 ():1200-1211.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Murru; D.M. Freire-Lista; R. Fort; M.J. Varas-Muriel; P. Meloni. 2018. "Evaluation of post-thermal shock effects in Carrara marble and Santa Caterina di Pittinuri limestone." Construction and Building Materials 186, no. : 1200-1211.

Original article
Published: 07 June 2018 in Geoheritage
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Traditional building stones are part of a city’s tangible and intangible heritage. Their conservation is essential to maintaining the integrity of historic city centres. Barrio de las Letras is one of the most historic and touristic neighbourhoods in Madrid, the capital of Spain. Social change over the last few decades has also contributed to the decay of its building stones. Fifty-eight percent of the streets in Barrio de las Letras exhibit interventions in the majority of the buildings that cover the original stone plinths, thus damaging the integrity of the stone of this neighbourhood. The plinths on the busiest streets suffer the greatest decay. The building stones of Barrio de las Letras are in a highly vulnerable condition. However, in recent years, there is a trend towards refurbishment with traditional building stones. This study aims to identify the building stones used in the plinths of historic buildings in Barrio de las Letras and determine their origin and state of decay. Mapping of all the stones that make up the plinths of buildings in this neighbourhood has been achieved. This investigation of materials can provide data of great interest for heritage studies, assisting in the provision of suitable conservation solutions.

ACS Style

David Martín Freire-Lista; Rafael Fort. Historical City Centres and Traditional Building Stones as Heritage: Barrio de las Letras, Madrid (Spain). Geoheritage 2018, 11, 71 -85.

AMA Style

David Martín Freire-Lista, Rafael Fort. Historical City Centres and Traditional Building Stones as Heritage: Barrio de las Letras, Madrid (Spain). Geoheritage. 2018; 11 (1):71-85.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Martín Freire-Lista; Rafael Fort. 2018. "Historical City Centres and Traditional Building Stones as Heritage: Barrio de las Letras, Madrid (Spain)." Geoheritage 11, no. 1: 71-85.

Original article
Published: 20 April 2018 in Environmental Earth Sciences
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Durability of building stones is an important issue in sustainable development. Crystallization of soluble salts is recognized as one of the most destructive weathering agents of building stones. For this reason, durability of Ghaleh-khargushi rhyodacite and Gorid andesite from Iran was investigated against sodium sulfate crystallization aging test. Petrographic and physico-mechanical properties and pore size distribution of these stones were examined before and after the aging test. The characteristics of the microcracks were quantified with fluorescence-impregnated thin sections. Durability and physico-mechanical characteristics of Ghaleh-khargushi rhyodacite are mainly influenced by preferentially oriented preexisting microcracks. Stress induced by salt crystallization led to the widening of preexisting microcracks in Ghaleh-khargushi rhyodacite, as confirmed by the pore size distributions before and after the aging test. The preexisting microcracks of Gorid andesite were attributed to the mechanical stress induced by contraction of lava during cooling. The number of transcrystalline microcracks was significantly increased after the aging test. The degree of plagioclase microcracking was proportional to its size. Durability of the studied stones depends on initial physico-mechanical properties, pore size distribution, and orientation of microcracks. Initial effective porosity is found to be a good indicator of the stones’ durability. Salt crystallization resulted in an increase in the effective porosity with a parallel decrease in the wave velocities. Surface microroughness parameters increased with the development of salt crystallization-induced microcracking. Gorid andesite showed higher quality and durability than Ghaleh-khargushi rhyodacite.

ACS Style

Ahmad Zalooli; David Martín Freire-Lista; Mashalah Khamehchiyan; Mohammad Reza Nikudel; Rafael Fort; Shahram Ghasemi. Ghaleh-khargushi rhyodacite and Gorid andesite from Iran: characterization, uses, and durability. Environmental Earth Sciences 2018, 77, 315 .

AMA Style

Ahmad Zalooli, David Martín Freire-Lista, Mashalah Khamehchiyan, Mohammad Reza Nikudel, Rafael Fort, Shahram Ghasemi. Ghaleh-khargushi rhyodacite and Gorid andesite from Iran: characterization, uses, and durability. Environmental Earth Sciences. 2018; 77 (8):315.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmad Zalooli; David Martín Freire-Lista; Mashalah Khamehchiyan; Mohammad Reza Nikudel; Rafael Fort; Shahram Ghasemi. 2018. "Ghaleh-khargushi rhyodacite and Gorid andesite from Iran: characterization, uses, and durability." Environmental Earth Sciences 77, no. 8: 315.

Original paper
Published: 07 November 2017 in Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment
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Travertine is an anisotropic rock considered as one of the most popular stone materials in the building industry. Due to its bedding and lamination planes, the determination of rock strength properties regarding anisotropic orientation is a critical issue. In this research, different techniques were applied to estimate the compressive and flexural strengths of four types of travertines, selected from Hamedan and Markazi Provinces located in the west and central parts of Iran. For this purpose, after sample preparation and assessment of mineral composition, fabric (texture and structure) and pore characteristics (pore shape and pore sizes), the selected samples were characterized using physical and mechanical tests. These properties were evaluated with respect to two major anisotropic orientations (perpendicular and parallel to the bedding/lamination axis). Statistical analyses, including simple and multiple linear regressions, were utilized to correlate physical and mechanical parameters with compressive and flexural strength, and to establish some new equations. Based on the test results, it can be concluded that the percentage/type of matrix and porosity have a more important effect on the physical and mechanical properties than the rock structure. Data analysis in simple regression shows that bulk specific gravity (saturated surface dry) and Brazilian tensile strength are the most and least influential factors on compressive strength at perpendicular and parallel directions, respectively. In addition, effective porosity and Brazilian tensile strength are the most and least influential factors on flexural strength at both directions, respectively. Based on best subset multiple regression method, one or two equations were extracted for calculating compressive and flexural strength in the perpendicular and parallel directions. Also, pore shape factor and pore radius were used as independent parameters in multiple regression to establish some new equations for predicting compressive and flexural strength considering cutting directions. These parameters have more influence on flexural strength than compressive strength, because the parameters show significant correlation with flexural strength. Consequently, the results of statistical analyses show that the proposed equations are not necessarily composed of parameters with the higher/stronger determination coefficient in simple regression. Therefore, prediction studies not only offer some rational approaches, they also give a better insight into the main factors determining rock strength.

ACS Style

G. R. Khanlari; F. Naseri; D. M. Freire-Lista. Estimating compressive and flexural strength of travertines with respect to laminae-orientation by geomechanical properties. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 2017, 78, 1451 -1470.

AMA Style

G. R. Khanlari, F. Naseri, D. M. Freire-Lista. Estimating compressive and flexural strength of travertines with respect to laminae-orientation by geomechanical properties. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment. 2017; 78 (3):1451-1470.

Chicago/Turabian Style

G. R. Khanlari; F. Naseri; D. M. Freire-Lista. 2017. "Estimating compressive and flexural strength of travertines with respect to laminae-orientation by geomechanical properties." Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 78, no. 3: 1451-1470.

Articles
Published: 05 October 2017 in International Journal of Architectural Heritage
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Throughout history, natural stones have been used as building materials in the architectural heritage. The purpose of this research is to assess the influence of anisotropy on building granites’ behavior. This article deals with San Giovanni in Fiore granite (Italy). Samples are subjected to several tests, namely: petrographic analysis; ultrasonic P-waves velocity; uniaxial compressive, flexural and indirect tensile strength; and point load, with respect to different angles between splitting planes and loading directions. Good strength values indicate that this granite is to be considered as adequate as building material, even though it exhibits an anisotropic behavior. The microcrack systems and their different orientation along the spatial directions, influence the petrophysical and mechanical behavior. The highest strength values are registered for the anisotropic XY plane (Z-direction), for all performed tests. Thus, it can be used in construction whilst considering the anisotropic directions to improve its strength properties and its resistance to decay processes.

ACS Style

Giulia Forestieri; David M. Freire-Lista; Anna Maria De Francesco; Maurizio Pontea; Rafael Fort. Strength anisotropy in building granites. International Journal of Architectural Heritage 2017, 1 -13.

AMA Style

Giulia Forestieri, David M. Freire-Lista, Anna Maria De Francesco, Maurizio Pontea, Rafael Fort. Strength anisotropy in building granites. International Journal of Architectural Heritage. 2017; ():1-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giulia Forestieri; David M. Freire-Lista; Anna Maria De Francesco; Maurizio Pontea; Rafael Fort. 2017. "Strength anisotropy in building granites." International Journal of Architectural Heritage , no. : 1-13.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2017 in Engineering Geology
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Granite is found in many world heritage monuments and cities. It continues to be one of the most widely used stones in today's construction, given its abundance, uniformity and durability. Quarrymen traditionally cut this rock along its orthogonal slip planes, where splitting is easier. Ranked by ease of splitting, these planes are rift, grain and hardway. Granite is traditionally quarried along the rift plane where coplanar exfoliation microcracks coalesce developing a flat surface. This splitting surface minimizes the cost and effort of subsequent hewing. Rift plane was predominantly used on the fair face of ashlars in heritage buildings worldwide. Determining the petrographic and petrophysical behaviour of these three orthogonal splitting planes in granite is instrumental to understanding decay in ashlars and sculptures. The decay of building granite is different in each splitting plane.\ud \ud Alpedrete granite was the stone selected for this study based on the orientation and distribution of exfoliation microcracks and the characterisation of their implications for the anisotropy of petrophysical properties such as ultrasonic wave propagation, capillarity, air permeability, micro-roughness and surface hardness. Inter- and intracrystalline microcrack length and spacing were also measured and quantified.\ud \ud The findings show that the splitting planes in Alpedrete granite are determined by the orientation of exfoliation microcracks, which as a rule are generally straight and intracrystalline and determine the anisotropy of the petrophysical properties analysed.\ud \ud Splitting planes are the orientation that should be applied when performing laboratory tests for the petrographic and petrophysical properties of building granite.This study was funded by the Regional Government of Madrid, Spain, in the framework of the GEOMATERIALS-2CM [S2013/MIT-2914] programme.Peer reviewe

ACS Style

D.M. Freire-Lista; R. Fort. Exfoliation microcracks in building granite. Implications for anisotropy. Engineering Geology 2017, 220, 85 -93.

AMA Style

D.M. Freire-Lista, R. Fort. Exfoliation microcracks in building granite. Implications for anisotropy. Engineering Geology. 2017; 220 ():85-93.

Chicago/Turabian Style

D.M. Freire-Lista; R. Fort. 2017. "Exfoliation microcracks in building granite. Implications for anisotropy." Engineering Geology 220, no. : 85-93.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2017 in AIMS Geosciences
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The carbonate stones that make up the four fountains of the 18th century located in the Paseo del Prado of Madrid (Spain) are studied. The documentary search in historical archives, together with the petrographic, cartographic and paleontological studies permitted to determine that the fountains have been built with dolostone of the Castrojimeno Formation, with gastropods of the Trochactaeon Lamarcki specie of the Santonian (Upper Cretaceous). The historical quarries from which the ashlars have been extracted is located in Redueña Village. The petrophysical properties of this dolostone (effective porosity, bulk density, mercury intrusion porosity, ultrasound wave propagation velocity, micro-roughness and color) have been calculated and compared with Colmenar de Oreja limestone. Each of the four fountains has a circular pylon at the base, a central column that holds a smaller pylon and is topped by a sculpture that serves as a spout. A bomb destroyed three ashlars of the basal pylon, column, small pylon and the sculpture of the SE fountain, during the Spanish Civil War, in 1936. These damaged elements were replaced by other carved limestones from Colmenar de Oreja in 1944. The four sculptures had been replaced in 1996 with resin replicas and the originals are preserved in the San Isidro. Los orígenes de Madrid museum. The study of the petrophysical properties of the sculptures located in the museum allowed us to determine the decay of different stone types. The analysis of micro-roughness was employed to define that the dissolution effect on the sculptures is different between dolostone and limestone. Redueña dolostone is more resistant to dissolution effect than Colmenar de Oreja limestome

ACS Style

David M. Freire-Lista; Rafael Fort. Historical Quarries, Decay and Petrophysical Properties of Carbonate Stones Used in the Historical Center of Madrid (Spain). AIMS Geosciences 2017, 3, 284 -303.

AMA Style

David M. Freire-Lista, Rafael Fort. Historical Quarries, Decay and Petrophysical Properties of Carbonate Stones Used in the Historical Center of Madrid (Spain). AIMS Geosciences. 2017; 3 (2):284-303.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David M. Freire-Lista; Rafael Fort. 2017. "Historical Quarries, Decay and Petrophysical Properties of Carbonate Stones Used in the Historical Center of Madrid (Spain)." AIMS Geosciences 3, no. 2: 284-303.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2016 in Energy Procedia
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San Pedro leucogranite from A Coruña, in the Northwest of Spain, has been a building stone widely used in the Middle Ages. Colour, rarity, appearance and petrophysical properties have led to the use of this leucogranite.Monuments such as churches, tombstones and the basement of the Hercules Tower lighthouse, declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2009, make it an ideal candidate for designation as a Global Heritage Stone Resource

ACS Style

D.M. Freire-Lista; R. Fort; M.J. Varas-Muriel. San Pedro Leucogranite from a Coruña, Northwest of Spain: Uses of a Heritage Stone. Energy Procedia 2016, 97, 554 -561.

AMA Style

D.M. Freire-Lista, R. Fort, M.J. Varas-Muriel. San Pedro Leucogranite from a Coruña, Northwest of Spain: Uses of a Heritage Stone. Energy Procedia. 2016; 97 ():554-561.

Chicago/Turabian Style

D.M. Freire-Lista; R. Fort; M.J. Varas-Muriel. 2016. "San Pedro Leucogranite from a Coruña, Northwest of Spain: Uses of a Heritage Stone." Energy Procedia 97, no. : 554-561.