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Balamurugan Shanmugaraj
Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 046, India

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Journal article
Published: 29 December 2020 in Plants
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Isoflavonoids, the diverse group of secondary metabolites derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway, are distributed predominantly in leguminous plants and play a vital role in promoting human health. Genetic engineering of the metabolite synthesis pathway has turned out to be an attractive approach for the production of various secondary metabolites. In our study, we attempted to produce the isoflavone genistein, a well-known health-promoting metabolite, in Allium cepa L. (onion) by introducing Glycine max Isoflavone synthase (GmIFS). The GmIFS gene was cloned into the pEarleyGate 102 HA vector and transformed into onion by Agrobacterium-mediated and biolistic methods. The presence of GmIFS in transgenic onion was confirmed by PCR, dot blot, and Southern hybridization. Analysis of the transgenic onion calli lines demonstrated that the expression of the GmIFS gene led to the production of isoflavone genistein in in vitro tissues. The biolistic stable transformed calli with transformation efficiency of 73% (62.65 nM/g FW) accumulated more genistein than the Agrobacterium stable transformed calli with transformation efficiency of 56% (42.5 nM/g FW). Overall, heterologous gene expression of GmIFS was demonstrated by modifying the secondary metabolite pathway in onion tissues for the production of isoflavone genistein that can boost up human health with its health-promoting properties.

ACS Style

Ashwini Malla; Balamurugan Shanmugaraj; Balamurugan Srinivasan; Ashutosh Sharma; Sathishkumar Ramalingam. Metabolic Engineering of Isoflavonoid Biosynthesis by Expressing Glycine max Isoflavone Synthase in Allium cepa L. for Genistein Production. Plants 2020, 10, 52 .

AMA Style

Ashwini Malla, Balamurugan Shanmugaraj, Balamurugan Srinivasan, Ashutosh Sharma, Sathishkumar Ramalingam. Metabolic Engineering of Isoflavonoid Biosynthesis by Expressing Glycine max Isoflavone Synthase in Allium cepa L. for Genistein Production. Plants. 2020; 10 (1):52.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ashwini Malla; Balamurugan Shanmugaraj; Balamurugan Srinivasan; Ashutosh Sharma; Sathishkumar Ramalingam. 2020. "Metabolic Engineering of Isoflavonoid Biosynthesis by Expressing Glycine max Isoflavone Synthase in Allium cepa L. for Genistein Production." Plants 10, no. 1: 52.

Review
Published: 22 February 2020 in Pathogens
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Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is an emerging pathogen that was first identified in Wuhan, China in late December 2019. This virus is responsible for the ongoing outbreak that causes severe respiratory illness and pneumonia-like infection in humans. Due to the increasing number of cases in China and outside China, the WHO declared coronavirus as a global health emergency. Nearly 35,000 cases were reported and at least 24 other countries or territories have reported coronavirus cases as early on as February. Inter-human transmission was reported in a few countries, including the United States. Neither an effective anti-viral nor a vaccine is currently available to treat this infection. As the virus is a newly emerging pathogen, many questions remain unanswered regarding the virus’s reservoirs, pathogenesis, transmissibility, and much more is unknown. The collaborative efforts of researchers are needed to fill the knowledge gaps about this new virus, to develop the proper diagnostic tools, and effective treatment to combat this infection. Recent advancements in plant biotechnology proved that plants have the ability to produce vaccines or biopharmaceuticals rapidly in a short time. In this review, the outbreak of 2019-nCoV in China, the need for rapid vaccine development, and the potential of a plant system for biopharmaceutical development are discussed.

ACS Style

Balamurugan Shanmugaraj; Ashwini Malla; Waranyoo Phoolcharoen. Emergence of Novel Coronavirus 2019-nCoV: Need for Rapid Vaccine and Biologics Development. Pathogens 2020, 9, 148 .

AMA Style

Balamurugan Shanmugaraj, Ashwini Malla, Waranyoo Phoolcharoen. Emergence of Novel Coronavirus 2019-nCoV: Need for Rapid Vaccine and Biologics Development. Pathogens. 2020; 9 (2):148.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Balamurugan Shanmugaraj; Ashwini Malla; Waranyoo Phoolcharoen. 2020. "Emergence of Novel Coronavirus 2019-nCoV: Need for Rapid Vaccine and Biologics Development." Pathogens 9, no. 2: 148.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2018 in Journal of Integrative Agriculture
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Antifreeze proteins (AFP) are produced by certain plants, animals, fungi and bacteria that enable them to survive upon extremely low temperature. Perennial rye grass, Lolium perenne, was reported to possess AFP which protects them from cold environments. In the present investigation, we isolated AFP gene from L. perenne and expressed it in tomato plants to elucidate its role upon chilling stress. The T1 transgenic tomato lines were selected and subjected to molecular, biochemical and physiological analyses. Stable integration and transcription of LpAFP in transgenic tomato plants was confirmed by Southern blot hybridization and RT-PCR, respectively. Physiological analyses under chilling conditions showed that the chilling stress induced physiological damage in wild type (WT) plants, while the transgenic plants remained healthy. Total sugar content increased gradually in both WT and transgenic plants throughout the chilling treatment. Interestingly, transgenic plants exhibited remarkable alterations in terms of relative water content (RWC) and electrolyte leakage index (ELI) than those of WT. RWC increased significantly by 3-fold and the electrolyte leakage was reduced by 2.6-fold in transgenic plants comparing with WT. Overall, this report proved that LpAFP gene confers chilling tolerance in transgenic tomato plants and it could be a potential candidate to extrapolate the chilling tolerance on other chilling-sensitive food crops.

ACS Style

Srinivasan Balamurugan; Jayan Susan Ann; Inchakalody P Varghese; Shanmugaraj Bala Murugan; Mani Chandra Harish; Sarma Rajeev Kumar; Ramalingam Sathishkumar. Heterologous expression of Lolium perenne antifreeze protein confers chilling tolerance in tomato. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2018, 17, 1128 -1136.

AMA Style

Srinivasan Balamurugan, Jayan Susan Ann, Inchakalody P Varghese, Shanmugaraj Bala Murugan, Mani Chandra Harish, Sarma Rajeev Kumar, Ramalingam Sathishkumar. Heterologous expression of Lolium perenne antifreeze protein confers chilling tolerance in tomato. Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 2018; 17 (5):1128-1136.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Srinivasan Balamurugan; Jayan Susan Ann; Inchakalody P Varghese; Shanmugaraj Bala Murugan; Mani Chandra Harish; Sarma Rajeev Kumar; Ramalingam Sathishkumar. 2018. "Heterologous expression of Lolium perenne antifreeze protein confers chilling tolerance in tomato." Journal of Integrative Agriculture 17, no. 5: 1128-1136.

Review
Published: 01 October 2016 in Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine
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Infectious diseases are indeed a lifelong threat to everyone irrespective of age, sex, lifestyle and socio-economic status. The infectious diseases have persisted among the prominent causes of death globally. Recently, re-emergence of Chikungunya viral infection harmed many in Asian and African countries. Chikungunya was considered as a major threat in developing and under-developed countries; the recent epidemiological outbreak of Chikungunya in La Reunion urges the global researchers to develop effective vaccine against this viral disease. In this review, Chikungunya, pathogenesis and epidemiology were briefly described.

ACS Style

Shanmugaraj Bala Murugan; Ramalingam Sathishkumar. Chikungunya infection: A potential re-emerging global threat. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2016, 9, 933 -937.

AMA Style

Shanmugaraj Bala Murugan, Ramalingam Sathishkumar. Chikungunya infection: A potential re-emerging global threat. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2016; 9 (10):933-937.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shanmugaraj Bala Murugan; Ramalingam Sathishkumar. 2016. "Chikungunya infection: A potential re-emerging global threat." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 9, no. 10: 933-937.

Journal article
Published: 10 August 2013 in Journal of Medicinal Plants Research
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The aim of the present study was to compare the phytochemical and radical scavenging activities in the stem and leaf fractions of two species in Amaranthaceae family Amaranthus tristis and Alternanthera sessilis. Total flavonoids and phenolics were estimated using aluminium chloride and Folin-Ciocalteau methods, respectively; radical scavenging activities of the extracts were determined by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Our results showed that A. sessilis had higher levels of flavonoids (70.42 mg/100 g) and phenolics (103.75 mg/100 g), when compared with A. tristis that had relatively lower levels of flavonoids (62.87 mg/100 g) and phenolics (96.89 mg/100 g) in leaf fractions. The stem and leaf fractions of A. sessilis showed more DPPH and FRAP values indicating the higher radical scavenging activity of the extract, when compared to A. tristis. It was also found that the flavonoids and phenolics content are directly proportional to the radical scavenging activities of both vegetables. The results concluded that A. sessilis have relatively more phytochemicals and radical scavenging activities and it also reveals that the leaf fraction has more flavonoid and phenolic content than the stem fractions in both vegetables. It is clear that both plants have definitely more antioxidant properties making it an ideal dietary antioxidant supplement. Key words: Phytochemicals, antioxidants, total flavonoids, total phenolics, radical scavenging activity.

ACS Style

Bala Murugan Shanmugaraj; Reshma Aziz; Deepika Ramamoorthy; Balamurugan Srinivasan; Sathishkumar Ramalingam; Shanmugaraj Bala Murugan; Aziz Reshma; Ramamoorthy Deepika; Srinivasan Balamurugan; Ramalingam Sathishkumar. Antioxidant capacities of Amaranthus tristis and Alternanthera sessilis: A comparative study. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 2013, 7, 2230 -2235.

AMA Style

Bala Murugan Shanmugaraj, Reshma Aziz, Deepika Ramamoorthy, Balamurugan Srinivasan, Sathishkumar Ramalingam, Shanmugaraj Bala Murugan, Aziz Reshma, Ramamoorthy Deepika, Srinivasan Balamurugan, Ramalingam Sathishkumar. Antioxidant capacities of Amaranthus tristis and Alternanthera sessilis: A comparative study. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2013; 7 (30):2230-2235.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bala Murugan Shanmugaraj; Reshma Aziz; Deepika Ramamoorthy; Balamurugan Srinivasan; Sathishkumar Ramalingam; Shanmugaraj Bala Murugan; Aziz Reshma; Ramamoorthy Deepika; Srinivasan Balamurugan; Ramalingam Sathishkumar. 2013. "Antioxidant capacities of Amaranthus tristis and Alternanthera sessilis: A comparative study." Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 7, no. 30: 2230-2235.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2013 in Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction
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ACS Style

Kullaiyan Sathiyadash; Thangavelu Muthukumar; Shanmugaraj Bala Murugan; Ramalingam Sathishkumar; Eswaranpillai Uma; Sarah Jaison; Perumalsamy Priyadharsini. In vitro asymbiotic seed germination, mycorrhization and seedling development of Acampae praemorsa (Roxb.) Blatt. & Mc Cann, a common south Indian orchid. Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction 2013, 2, 114 -118.

AMA Style

Kullaiyan Sathiyadash, Thangavelu Muthukumar, Shanmugaraj Bala Murugan, Ramalingam Sathishkumar, Eswaranpillai Uma, Sarah Jaison, Perumalsamy Priyadharsini. In vitro asymbiotic seed germination, mycorrhization and seedling development of Acampae praemorsa (Roxb.) Blatt. & Mc Cann, a common south Indian orchid. Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction. 2013; 2 (2):114-118.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kullaiyan Sathiyadash; Thangavelu Muthukumar; Shanmugaraj Bala Murugan; Ramalingam Sathishkumar; Eswaranpillai Uma; Sarah Jaison; Perumalsamy Priyadharsini. 2013. "In vitro asymbiotic seed germination, mycorrhization and seedling development of Acampae praemorsa (Roxb.) Blatt. & Mc Cann, a common south Indian orchid." Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction 2, no. 2: 114-118.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2013 in Journal of Pharmacy Research
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ACS Style

Shanmugaraj Bala Murugan; Ramamoorthy Deepika; Aziz Reshma; Ramalingam Sathishkumar. Antioxidant perspective of selected medicinal herbs in India: A probable source for natural antioxidants. Journal of Pharmacy Research 2013, 7, 271 -274.

AMA Style

Shanmugaraj Bala Murugan, Ramamoorthy Deepika, Aziz Reshma, Ramalingam Sathishkumar. Antioxidant perspective of selected medicinal herbs in India: A probable source for natural antioxidants. Journal of Pharmacy Research. 2013; 7 (4):271-274.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shanmugaraj Bala Murugan; Ramamoorthy Deepika; Aziz Reshma; Ramalingam Sathishkumar. 2013. "Antioxidant perspective of selected medicinal herbs in India: A probable source for natural antioxidants." Journal of Pharmacy Research 7, no. 4: 271-274.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2013 in Food and Nutrition Sciences
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The aim of the study was to evaluate the phytochemical components and antioxidant potential of methanolic and hydrophilic extracts isolated from in vivo and in vitro cultures of onion varieties of Bellary and CO 3. Phytochemical components like total flavonoids, phenolics, ascorbic acid and anthocyanins were analyzed. The antioxidant activities were examined by DPPH and FRAP methods. The results indicated that the both the methanolic extracts exhibited radical scavenging activity. The DPPH scavenging activity in Bellary and CO 3 onion varieties ranged from 6.5% - 11.8% whereas FRAP values ranged from 0.9 - 3.3 μM/100 μg FW. The total anthocyanins ranged from 9.9 - 29.9 mg/kg, vitamin-C 48.6 - 78.6 mg/kg, total phenolics and flavonoids content was 15.7 - 34.7 mg/g GAE and 0.65 - 1.17 mg/g respectively. Substantial amounts of anthocyanins, phenols, flavonoids and ascorbic acid were noticed in both the varieties. Our study revealed that the possible mechanism of the biological activities in onion could be due to the free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities. The polyphenols present in the onion bulbs may be responsible for these beneficial activities. This study clearly demonstrated that both the onion varieties possess very characteristic antioxidant potential that will help us in keeping good health.

ACS Style

Malla Ashwini; Janakiraman Balaganesh; Srinivasan Balamurugan; Shanmugaraj Bala Murugan; Ramalingam Sathishkumar. Antioxidant Activity in in Vivo and in Vivo Cultures of Onion Varieties (Bellary and CO 3). Food and Nutrition Sciences 2013, 04, 918 -923.

AMA Style

Malla Ashwini, Janakiraman Balaganesh, Srinivasan Balamurugan, Shanmugaraj Bala Murugan, Ramalingam Sathishkumar. Antioxidant Activity in in Vivo and in Vivo Cultures of Onion Varieties (Bellary and CO 3). Food and Nutrition Sciences. 2013; 04 (09):918-923.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Malla Ashwini; Janakiraman Balaganesh; Srinivasan Balamurugan; Shanmugaraj Bala Murugan; Ramalingam Sathishkumar. 2013. "Antioxidant Activity in in Vivo and in Vivo Cultures of Onion Varieties (Bellary and CO 3)." Food and Nutrition Sciences 04, no. 09: 918-923.