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Winged bean [Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.] is a vegetable legume crop. The center of origin, diversity and domestication of this crop are not known. This study assessed the genetic diversity and population structure of 457 accessions of winged bean collected from six geographical regions (North, Northeast, East, West, and central, and South) in Thailand using 14 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. In total, the SSR markers detected only 55 alleles with an average of 3.9 alleles per locus. Observed heterozygosity was relatively high (0.15) and overall gene diversity was moderate (0.487). Gene diversity, allelic richness and observed heterozygosity in the six regions were comparable while the estimated out-crossing rate was relatively high (16.4%). STRUCTURE analysis grouped the 457 winged bean accessions into three sub-populations. Neighbor-joining (NJ) analysis grouped all the accessions into two major clusters. Genetic groups identified by both STRUCTURE analysis and NJ analysis were unrelated to geographical origins. Principal coordinate analysis revealed no clear clustering of the winged bean accessions from different regions widely distributed and overlapping. Although genetic groups were not unrelated to geographical origins, most of the winged bean accessions with long pods (30 cm or higher in length) or having purple seed coats or purple young pods were grouped together. This suggested that the winged beans with long pods or with purple seed or purple young pods may have a single origin. Altogether, these results demonstrated that the genetic diversity of winged bean in Thailand was moderate with high genetic admixture. We argue that the high genetic admixture of the winged bean in Thailand is due to seed migration and relatively high outcrossing rate.
Kularb Laosatit; Kitiya Amkul; Sompong Chankaew; Prakit Somta. Molecular Genetic Diversity of Winged Bean Gene Pool in Thailand Assessed by SSR Markers. Horticultural Plant Journal 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleKularb Laosatit, Kitiya Amkul, Sompong Chankaew, Prakit Somta. Molecular Genetic Diversity of Winged Bean Gene Pool in Thailand Assessed by SSR Markers. Horticultural Plant Journal. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKularb Laosatit; Kitiya Amkul; Sompong Chankaew; Prakit Somta. 2021. "Molecular Genetic Diversity of Winged Bean Gene Pool in Thailand Assessed by SSR Markers." Horticultural Plant Journal , no. : 1.
The necrotrophic fungus, Macrophomina phaseolina is an important pathogen of many crops, such as strawberry, maize, sorghum, potato, soybean, chickpea, and pigeon pea, causes multiple diseases throughout the world. The microsclerotia, which are the source of primary inoculum, play an important role in the survival and spread of M. phaseolina, as well as disease initiation and development. South Asia has unique characteristics relative to countries with temperate climates, i.e. warm temperature, high humidity, and reduced rainfall that influence the interaction between M. phaseolina and its hosts.
Ashwani K. Basandrai; Abhay K. Pandey; Prakit Somta; Daisy Basandrai. Macrophomina phaseolina –host interface: Insights into an emerging dry root rot pathogen of mungbean and urdbean, and its mitigation strategies. Plant Pathology 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleAshwani K. Basandrai, Abhay K. Pandey, Prakit Somta, Daisy Basandrai. Macrophomina phaseolina –host interface: Insights into an emerging dry root rot pathogen of mungbean and urdbean, and its mitigation strategies. Plant Pathology. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAshwani K. Basandrai; Abhay K. Pandey; Prakit Somta; Daisy Basandrai. 2021. "Macrophomina phaseolina –host interface: Insights into an emerging dry root rot pathogen of mungbean and urdbean, and its mitigation strategies." Plant Pathology , no. : 1.
Callosobruchus chinensis (azuki bean weevil) and Callosobruchus maculatus (cowpea weevil) are the most destructive pests that cause significant losses to cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seeds during storage. Development of cultivar(s) resistance to bruchids is a major goal in cowpea breeding program. Cowpea accession “TVu 2027” has been identified as moderately resistant to C. maculatus. Genetic studies of the seed resistance in this accession using strains of C. maculatus from Africa and America have demonstrated that the resistance is controlled by one or two recessive genes. However, there is no reports on genetics of the resistance to C. chinensis and to strain(s) of C. maculatus from Asia. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate genetics of the resistance to C. chinensis and C. maculatus in TVu 2027. TVu 2027 (P2) and PK2015VTN001 (P1; susceptible cowpea) were used to develop six basic generations (populations), viz. P1, P2, F1 (P1 × P2), F2 (P1 × P2), BC1P1 (P1 × F1) and BC1P2 (P2 × F1). The population were evaluated for percentage of damaged seeds (PDS) and area under the disease progress stairs (AUDPS; indicating infestation severity) by C. chinensis and C. maculatus. The results showed that TVu 2027 was moderately resistant to both bruchid species. Broad-sense heritability for PDS and AUDPS was moderate, being 70% and 73% for C. chinensis, respectively, and 64% and 61% for C. maculatus, respectively. Number of genes controlling C. chinensis resistance and C. maculatus resistance was two genes and one gene, respectively. Generation mean analysis revealed that genes with additive effect and additive × dominance gene interaction are involved in the resistance to both bruchid species. Correlation analysis suggested that the genes controlling resistance to C. chinensis and those conferring resistance to C. maculatus are unlinked.
Khin Thandar; Kularb Laosatit; Tarika Yimram; Prakit Somta. Genetic analysis of seed resistance to Callosobruchus chinensis and Callosobruchus maculatus in cowpea. Journal of Stored Products Research 2021, 92, 101783 .
AMA StyleKhin Thandar, Kularb Laosatit, Tarika Yimram, Prakit Somta. Genetic analysis of seed resistance to Callosobruchus chinensis and Callosobruchus maculatus in cowpea. Journal of Stored Products Research. 2021; 92 ():101783.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhin Thandar; Kularb Laosatit; Tarika Yimram; Prakit Somta. 2021. "Genetic analysis of seed resistance to Callosobruchus chinensis and Callosobruchus maculatus in cowpea." Journal of Stored Products Research 92, no. : 101783.
Aroma is an important trait that can enhance the product value in several crops. Pandan-like fragrance resulting from accumulation of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) is one of the pleasant aromas in food crops which is caused by null or missense mutations in betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (BADH2) gene. In addition, betaine aldehyde aehydrogenase 1 (BADH1) has shown to be associated with aroma in rice. In this study, we investigated the genetics controlling coconut juice-like fragrance in inflorescence of sorghum cultivar ‘Ambemohor’. 2AP analysis in seeds revealed that Ambemohor possessed no 2AP. An F2 population developed from the cross between Ambemohor × KU630 (nonfragrant) segregated into a ratio of 3 (fragrant) : 1 (nonfragrant), suggesting that the coconut juice-like fragrance in Ambemohor is controlled by a single dominant gene, designated ‘Aro’. Bulked segregant analysis suggested that the gene controlling fragrance in Ambemohor is located on sorghum chromosome 6. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis identified a major QTL, qAro6.1, for the fragrance located on chromosome 6 between markers SB3567 and SB3570. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that SB3567 and SB3570 were 217.8 kb apart and there were 29 annotated genes in this region including BADH1. Sequence analysis revealed that BADH1 sequences in Ambemohor and KU630 differed in size, but their coding sequences (CDS) were of same size. CDS alignment revealed four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between Ambemohor and KU630 in which two SNPs caused amino change in BADH1 of Ambemohor. These results suggested that BADH1 is a candidate gene for the coconut juice-like fragrance in Ambemohor.
Thraipob Monkhan; Xin Chen; Prakit Somta. BADH1 is associated with fragrance in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) cultivar ‘Ambemohor’. Journal of Genetics 2021, 100, 1 -7.
AMA StyleThraipob Monkhan, Xin Chen, Prakit Somta. BADH1 is associated with fragrance in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) cultivar ‘Ambemohor’. Journal of Genetics. 2021; 100 (1):1-7.
Chicago/Turabian StyleThraipob Monkhan; Xin Chen; Prakit Somta. 2021. "BADH1 is associated with fragrance in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) cultivar ‘Ambemohor’." Journal of Genetics 100, no. 1: 1-7.
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs; Meloidogyne spp.) are becoming a serious problem in legume production. This study identified Vigna genotypes exhibiting resistance to M. incognita (RKN) and characterized the modes of the resistance to M. incognita. In total, 279 accessions from 21 Vigna species were screened for resistance based on a galling index (GI) and an egg mass index (EI). Seven accessions were highly resistant to RKN with GI≤25, namely JP74716 (V. mungo var. mungo; cultivated black gram), JP107881 (V. nepalensis), JP229392 (V. radiata var. sublobata; wild mungbean), AusTRCF118141 (V. unguiculata subsp. unguiculata; cultivated cowpea), AusTRCF306385 (V. unguiculata subsp. unguiculata), AusTRCF322090 (V. vexillata var. vexillata; wild zombi pea) and JP235929 (V. vexillata var. vexillata). JP229392 and AusTRCF322090 were the most resistant accessions having EI values of 18.74 and 1.88, respectively. Continuous culture of M. incognita on both JP229392 and AusTRCF322090 resulted in a weakness in pathogenic ability for this RKN. The resistance in JP229392 and AusTRCF322090 to RKN appeared to be antibiosis that was associated with reduced nematode penetration, retardation of nematode development and impeding giant cell formation. The Vigna germplasm resistance to RKN identified in this study could be utilized as gene sources for the development of RKN-resistant Vigna cultivars.
Pornthip Ruanpanun; Prakit Somta. Identification and resistant characterization of legume sources against Meloidogyne incognita. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2020, 20, 168 -177.
AMA StylePornthip Ruanpanun, Prakit Somta. Identification and resistant characterization of legume sources against Meloidogyne incognita. Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 2020; 20 (1):168-177.
Chicago/Turabian StylePornthip Ruanpanun; Prakit Somta. 2020. "Identification and resistant characterization of legume sources against Meloidogyne incognita." Journal of Integrative Agriculture 20, no. 1: 168-177.
Flowers with exposed stigma increase the outcrossing rate and are useful in developing improved hybrid crop cultivars. This exposure results mainly from the cellular morphology of the petal and pistil, but what affects the formation of the petal and pistil in the late developmental stages is less understood. Here, we characterized a novel floral mutant in mungbean (Vigna radiata), stigma exposed 1 (se1), which displays irregular petals and pistils. Floral organ initiation in the se1 mutant was normal, but petal and pistil growth malfunctioned during late development. A histological analysis revealed that the se1 mutant had wrinkled petals with knotted structures and elongated styles. The cellular morphology of the epidermal layers of the se1 petals was deformed, while the cell lengths in the styles increased. A genetic analysis indicated that the se1 phenotype is controlled by a single recessive gene, and it was mapped to chromosome 11. A sequence analysis suggested that a DUF1005-encoding gene, LOC106777793, is the gene controlling the se1 phenotype. The se1 mutant possessed a single-nucleotide polymorphism that resulted in an amino acid change in VrDUF1005. Overexpression of VrDUF1005 in Arabidopsis resulted in rolling leaves and reduced floral size. Consequently, we proposed that VrSE1 functions to modulate cell division in petals and cell expansion in styles during the late developmental stages in mungbean. The se1 mutant is a new genetic resource for mung bean hybrid breeding.
Yun Lin; Kularb Laosatit; Jingbin Chen; Xingxing Yuan; Ranran Wu; Kitiya Amkul; Xin Chen; Prakit Somta. Mapping and Functional Characterization of Stigma Exposed 1, a DUF1005 Gene Controlling Petal and Stigma Cells in Mungbean (Vigna radiata). Frontiers in Plant Science 2020, 11, 1 .
AMA StyleYun Lin, Kularb Laosatit, Jingbin Chen, Xingxing Yuan, Ranran Wu, Kitiya Amkul, Xin Chen, Prakit Somta. Mapping and Functional Characterization of Stigma Exposed 1, a DUF1005 Gene Controlling Petal and Stigma Cells in Mungbean (Vigna radiata). Frontiers in Plant Science. 2020; 11 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYun Lin; Kularb Laosatit; Jingbin Chen; Xingxing Yuan; Ranran Wu; Kitiya Amkul; Xin Chen; Prakit Somta. 2020. "Mapping and Functional Characterization of Stigma Exposed 1, a DUF1005 Gene Controlling Petal and Stigma Cells in Mungbean (Vigna radiata)." Frontiers in Plant Science 11, no. : 1.
This paper reports fine mapping of qCLS for resistance to Cercospora leaf spot disease in mungbean and identified LOC106765332encoding TATA-binding-protein-associated factor 5 (TAF5) as the candidate gene for the resistance Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) caused by the fungus Cercospora canescens is an important disease of mungbean. A QTL mapping using mungbean F2 and BC1F1 populations developed from the "V4718" (resistant) and "Kamphaeng Saen 1" (KPS1; susceptible) has identified a major QTL controlling CLS resistance (qCLS). In this study, we finely mapped the qCLS and identified candidate genes at this locus. A BC8F2 [KPS1 × (KPS1 × V4718)] population developed in this study and the F2 (KPS1 × V4718) population used in a previous study were genotyped with 16 newly developed SSR markers. QTL analysis in the BC8F2 and F2 populations consistently showed that the qCLS was mapped to a genomic region of ~ 13 Kb on chromosome 6, which contains only one annotated gene, LOC106765332 (designated "VrTAF5"), encoding TATA-binding-protein-associated factor 5 (TAF5), a subunit of transcription initiation factor IID and Spt-Ada-Gcn5 acetyltransferase complexes. Sequence comparison of VrTAF5 between KPS1 and V4718 revealed many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and inserts/deletions (InDels) in which eight SNPs presented in eight different exons, and an SNP (G4,932C) residing in exon 8 causes amino acid change (S250T) in V4718. An InDel marker was developed to detect a 24-bp InDel polymorphism in VrTAF5 between KPS1 and V4718. Analysis by RT-qPCR showed that expression levels of VrTAF5 in KPS1 and V4718 were not statistically different. These results indicated that mutation in VrTAF5 causing an amino acid change in the VrTAF5 protein is responsible for CLS resistance in V4718.
Chutintorn Yundaeng; Prakit Somta; Jingbin Chen; Xingxing Yuan; Sompong Chankaew; Xin Chen. Fine mapping of QTL conferring Cercospora leaf spot disease resistance in mungbean revealed TAF5 as candidate gene for the resistance. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 2020, 134, 701 -714.
AMA StyleChutintorn Yundaeng, Prakit Somta, Jingbin Chen, Xingxing Yuan, Sompong Chankaew, Xin Chen. Fine mapping of QTL conferring Cercospora leaf spot disease resistance in mungbean revealed TAF5 as candidate gene for the resistance. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2020; 134 (2):701-714.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChutintorn Yundaeng; Prakit Somta; Jingbin Chen; Xingxing Yuan; Sompong Chankaew; Xin Chen. 2020. "Fine mapping of QTL conferring Cercospora leaf spot disease resistance in mungbean revealed TAF5 as candidate gene for the resistance." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 134, no. 2: 701-714.
Vigna mungo is cultivated in approximately 5 million hectares worldwide. The chloroplast genome of this species has not been previously reported. In this study, we sequenced the genome and transcriptome of the V. mungo chloroplast. We identified many positively selected genes in the photosynthetic pathway (e.g., rbcL, ndhF, and atpF) and RNA polymerase genes (e.g., rpoC2) from the comparison of the chloroplast genome of V. mungo, temperate legume species, and tropical legume species. Our transcriptome data from PacBio isoform sequencing showed that the 51-kb DNA inversion could affect the transcriptional regulation of accD polycistronic. Using Illumina deep RNA sequencing, we found RNA editing of clpP in the leaf, shoot, flower, fruit, and root tissues of V. mungo. We also found three G-to-A RNA editing events that change guanine to adenine in the transcripts transcribed from the adenine-rich regions of the ycf4 gene. The edited guanine bases were found particularly in the chloroplast genome of the Vigna species. These G-to-A RNA editing events were likely to provide a mechanism for correcting DNA base mutations. The V. mungo chloroplast genome sequence and the analysis results obtained in this study can apply to phylogenetic studies and chloroplast genome engineering.
Wanapinun Nawae; Chutintorn Yundaeng; Chaiwat Naktang; Wasitthee Kongkachana; Thippawan Yoocha; Chutima Sonthirod; Nattapol Narong; Prakit Somta; Kularb Laosatit; Sithichoke Tangphatsornruang; Wirulda Pootakham. The Genome and Transcriptome Analysis of the Vigna mungo Chloroplast. Plants 2020, 9, 1247 .
AMA StyleWanapinun Nawae, Chutintorn Yundaeng, Chaiwat Naktang, Wasitthee Kongkachana, Thippawan Yoocha, Chutima Sonthirod, Nattapol Narong, Prakit Somta, Kularb Laosatit, Sithichoke Tangphatsornruang, Wirulda Pootakham. The Genome and Transcriptome Analysis of the Vigna mungo Chloroplast. Plants. 2020; 9 (9):1247.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWanapinun Nawae; Chutintorn Yundaeng; Chaiwat Naktang; Wasitthee Kongkachana; Thippawan Yoocha; Chutima Sonthirod; Nattapol Narong; Prakit Somta; Kularb Laosatit; Sithichoke Tangphatsornruang; Wirulda Pootakham. 2020. "The Genome and Transcriptome Analysis of the Vigna mungo Chloroplast." Plants 9, no. 9: 1247.
Zombi pea [Vigna vexillata (L.) A. Rich] is a legume crop found in Africa. Wild zombi pea is widely distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions, whereas domesticated zombi pea is rarely cultivated. Plant domestication is an evolutionary process in which the phenotypes of wild species, including seed dormancy, pod shattering, organ size, and architectural and phenological characteristics, undergo changes. The molecular mechanism underlying the domestication of zombi pea is relatively unknown. In this study, the genetic basis of the following 13 domestication-related traits was investigated in an F2 population comprising 198 individuals derived from a cross between cultivated (var. macrosperma) and wild (var. vexillata) zombi pea accessions: seed dormancy, pod shattering, days-to-flowering, days-to-maturity, stem thickness, stem length, number of branches, leaf area, pod length, 100-seed weight, seed width, seed length, and seeds per pod. A genetic map containing 6,529 single nucleotide polymorphisms constructed for the F2 population was used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for these traits. A total of 62 QTLs were identified for the 13 traits, with 1–11 QTLs per trait. The major QTLs for days-to-flowering, stem length, number of branches, pod length, 100-seed weight, seed length, and seeds per pod were clustered in linkage group 5. In contrast, the major QTLs for seed dormancy and pod shattering belonged to linkage groups 3 and 11, respectively. A comparative genomic analysis with the cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] genome used as the reference sequence (i.e., the genome of the legume species most closely related to zombi pea) enabled the identification of candidate genes for the major QTLs. Thus, we revealed the genomic regions associated with domestication-related traits and the candidate genes controlling these traits in zombi pea. The data presented herein may be useful for breeding new varieties of zombi pea and other Vigna species.
Kitiya Amkul; Prakit Somta; Kularb Laosatit; Lixia Wang. Identification of QTLs for Domestication-Related Traits in Zombi Pea [Vigna vexillata (L.) A. Rich], a Lost Crop of Africa. Frontiers in Genetics 2020, 11, 803 .
AMA StyleKitiya Amkul, Prakit Somta, Kularb Laosatit, Lixia Wang. Identification of QTLs for Domestication-Related Traits in Zombi Pea [Vigna vexillata (L.) A. Rich], a Lost Crop of Africa. Frontiers in Genetics. 2020; 11 ():803.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKitiya Amkul; Prakit Somta; Kularb Laosatit; Lixia Wang. 2020. "Identification of QTLs for Domestication-Related Traits in Zombi Pea [Vigna vexillata (L.) A. Rich], a Lost Crop of Africa." Frontiers in Genetics 11, no. : 803.
Black gram (Vigna mungo) is an important short duration grain legume crop. Black gram seeds provide an inexpensive source of dietary protein. Here, we applied the 10X Genomics linked‐read technology to obtain a de novo whole genome assembly of V. mungo cultivated variety Chai Nat 80 (CN80). The preliminary assembly contained 12,228 contigs and had an N50 length of 5.2 Mb. Subsequent scaffolding using the long‐range Chicago and HiC techniques yielded the first high‐quality, chromosome‐level assembly of 499 Mb comprising 11 pseudomolecules. Comparative genomics analyses based on sequence information from single‐copy orthologous genes revealed that black gram and mungbean (Vigna radiata) diverged about 2.7 MYA. The transversion rate (4DTv) analysis in V. mungo revealed no evidence supporting a recent genome‐wide duplication event observed in the tetraploid créole bean (Vigna reflexo‐pilosa). The proportion of repetitive elements in the black gram genome is slightly lower than the numbers reported for related Vigna species. The majority of long terminal repeat retrotransposons appeared to integrate into the genome within the last five million years. We also examined alternative splicing events in V. mungo using full‐length transcript sequences. While intron retention was the most prevalent mode of alternative splicing in several plant species, alternative 3’ acceptor site selection represented the majority of events in black gram. Our high‐quality genome assembly along with the genomic variation information from the germplasm provides valuable resources for accelerating the development of elite varieties through marker‐assisted breeding and for future comparative genomics and phylogenetic studies in legume species.
Wirulda Pootakham; Wanapinun Nawae; Chaiwat Naktang; Chutima Sonthirod; Thippawan Yoocha; Wasitthee Kongkachana; Duangjai Sangsrakru; Nukoon Jomchai; Sonicha U‐Thoomporn; Prakit Somta; Kularb Laosastit; Sithichoke Tangphatsornruang. A chromosome‐scale assembly of the black gram ( Vigna mungo ) genome. Molecular Ecology Resources 2020, 21, 238 -250.
AMA StyleWirulda Pootakham, Wanapinun Nawae, Chaiwat Naktang, Chutima Sonthirod, Thippawan Yoocha, Wasitthee Kongkachana, Duangjai Sangsrakru, Nukoon Jomchai, Sonicha U‐Thoomporn, Prakit Somta, Kularb Laosastit, Sithichoke Tangphatsornruang. A chromosome‐scale assembly of the black gram ( Vigna mungo ) genome. Molecular Ecology Resources. 2020; 21 (1):238-250.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWirulda Pootakham; Wanapinun Nawae; Chaiwat Naktang; Chutima Sonthirod; Thippawan Yoocha; Wasitthee Kongkachana; Duangjai Sangsrakru; Nukoon Jomchai; Sonicha U‐Thoomporn; Prakit Somta; Kularb Laosastit; Sithichoke Tangphatsornruang. 2020. "A chromosome‐scale assembly of the black gram ( Vigna mungo ) genome." Molecular Ecology Resources 21, no. 1: 238-250.
Loss/reduction of function of Mildew Locus O (MLO) genes clade V and MLO clade IV has been shown to be responsible for powdery mildew (PM) resistance in several plant species. Mungbean (Vigna radiata) genome possesses 18 MLO genes, VrMLO1 - VrMLO18. A previous study using mungbean F2 and BC1F1 populations derived from a cross between “CN60″ (susceptible) and “RUM5″ (resistance) demonstrated that QTL qPMRUM5−3 is a major QTL for PM resistance caused by Erysiphe polygoni and is the same with major QTL qPMV4718−3 that confers PM resistance in “V4718″ (resistance). In this study, bioinformatics analysis revealed VrMLO12 locates in the qPMRUM5−3 region. Fine mapping in the F2 and BC1F1 populations using newly developed DNA markers including gene-specific markers demonstrated association between VrMLO12 and the PM resistance. Sequence analyses of VrMLO12 revealed that compared to susceptible mungbeans, RUM5 and V4718 possess SNPs in exon 10 and exon 13. The SNPs caused amino acid changes of VrMLO12, A387S and A476 G, respectively. The change occurred in transmembrane 6 domain and calmodulin binding domain (CaMBD) of the VrMLO12 protein, respectively. qRT-PCR showed that transcript expression level of VrMLO12 in RUM5 challenged with and without by E. polygoni was significantly higher than that in CN60. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that in contrast to previous findings that MLO proteins associated with PM resistance belong to MLO clade V and MLO clade IV, VrMLO12 belongs to MLO clade II. The result suggested that VrMLO12 may function differently from the other MLOs that associated with PM susceptibility. Our findings provide insight into the PM resistance in mungbean and tools for mungbean breeding.
Chutintorn Yundaeng; Prakit Somta; Jingbin Chen; Xingxing Yuan; Sompong Chankaew; Peerasak Srinives; Xin Chen. Candidate gene mapping reveals VrMLO12 (MLO Clade II) is associated with powdery mildew resistance in mungbean (Vigna radiata [L.] Wilczek). Plant Science 2020, 298, 110594 .
AMA StyleChutintorn Yundaeng, Prakit Somta, Jingbin Chen, Xingxing Yuan, Sompong Chankaew, Peerasak Srinives, Xin Chen. Candidate gene mapping reveals VrMLO12 (MLO Clade II) is associated with powdery mildew resistance in mungbean (Vigna radiata [L.] Wilczek). Plant Science. 2020; 298 ():110594.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChutintorn Yundaeng; Prakit Somta; Jingbin Chen; Xingxing Yuan; Sompong Chankaew; Peerasak Srinives; Xin Chen. 2020. "Candidate gene mapping reveals VrMLO12 (MLO Clade II) is associated with powdery mildew resistance in mungbean (Vigna radiata [L.] Wilczek)." Plant Science 298, no. : 110594.
Organ size and architecture of plants are important traits affecting crop yield and agronomic practices. An induced mutant, multiple-organ gigantism (MOG), of black gram (Vigna mungo) has been obtained, which shows gigantic leaves, fruit, seed, and architecture (plant height) but lower number of pods per plant. These traits are a pleiotropic effect of a single recessive gene, mog. In this study, we investigated variation of 16 agronomic and adaptive traits in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between the MOG mutant (V. mungo var. mungo) and wild black gram (V. mungo var. silvestris) accession TC2210 and identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling those traits to gain a better understanding of the effect of the mog gene on breeding. The results showed that most of the traits (100-seed weight, leaf size, and plant height) showed moderate narrow-sense heritability (h2) (45–65%), while pod size and seed length (SDL) showed high h2 (>75%) and pod dehiscence (shattering), and seed width (SDW) and days to flowering showed low h2 (<35%). The QTLs for the traits were mapped onto a high-density linkage map developed for the RIL population. Inclusive composite interval mapping identified 42 QTLs in total for the 16 traits with number of QTLs per trait ranging from one to six. Major QTLs for the MOG phenotypes were clustered on linkage group (LG) 6, confirming the pleiotropic effect of the mog gene. Effect of the mog gene/QTL for the MOG phenotypic variations was not high, ranging from about 15% in plant height to 40% in leaf size. For 100-seed weight, which is the most interesting trait, the mog gene/QTL contributed about 30% of the total trait variation and showed an additive effect of only 0.51 g, which is only about 1.5-fold higher than that of the other five QTLs detected for this trait. These results indicated that mog gene expression is highly affected by environment and the effect of the gene toward organ size and plant height is not extraordinarily high. Implications of the findings of this study and exploiting of the MOG mutant in breeding were also discussed.
Prakit Somta; Jingbin Chen; Tarika Yimram; Chtintorn Yundaeng; Xingxing Yuan; Norihiko Tomooka; Xin Chen. QTL Mapping for Agronomic and Adaptive Traits Confirmed Pleiotropic Effect of mog Gene in Black Gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]. Frontiers in Genetics 2020, 1 .
AMA StylePrakit Somta, Jingbin Chen, Tarika Yimram, Chtintorn Yundaeng, Xingxing Yuan, Norihiko Tomooka, Xin Chen. QTL Mapping for Agronomic and Adaptive Traits Confirmed Pleiotropic Effect of mog Gene in Black Gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]. Frontiers in Genetics. 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StylePrakit Somta; Jingbin Chen; Tarika Yimram; Chtintorn Yundaeng; Xingxing Yuan; Norihiko Tomooka; Xin Chen. 2020. "QTL Mapping for Agronomic and Adaptive Traits Confirmed Pleiotropic Effect of mog Gene in Black Gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]." Frontiers in Genetics , no. : 1.
Yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ssp. sesquipedalis), a subgroup of cowpea, is an important vegetable legume crop of Asia where its young pods are consumed in both fresh and cooked forms. Pod fiber contents (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) correlates with pod tenderness (softness/hardness) and pod shattering. In a previous study using populations derived from crosses between yardlong bean and wild cowpea (V. unguiculata ssp. unguiculata var. spontanea), three major quantitative trait loci (QTLs), qCel7.1, qHem7.1 and qLig7.1, controlling these fibers were identified on linkage group 7 (cowpea chromosome 5) and are co-located with QTLs for pod tenderness and pod shattering. The objective of this study was to identify candidate gene(s) controlling the pod fiber contents. Fine mapping for qCel7.1, qHem7.1 and qLig7.1 was conducted using F2 and F2:3 populations of 309 and 334 individuals, respectively, from the same cross combination. New DNA markers were developed from cowpea reference genome sequence and used for fine mapping. A QTL analysis showed that in most cases, each pod fiber content was controlled by one major and one minor QTLs on the LG7. The major QTLs for cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in pod were always mapped to the same regions or close to each other. In addition, a major QTL for pod shattering was also located in the region. Although there were several annotated genes relating to pod fiber contents in the region, two genes including Vigun05g266600 (VuBGLU12) encoding a beta glucosidase and Vigun05g273500 (VuMYB26b) encoding a transcription factor MYB26 were identified as candidate genes for the pod fiber contents and pod shattering. Function(s) of these genes in relation to pod wall fiber biosynthesis and pod shattering was discussed.
Phurisorn Watcharatpong; Akito Kaga; Xin Chen; Prakit Somta. Narrowing Down a Major QTL Region Conferring Pod Fiber Contents in Yardlong Bean (Vigna unguiculata), a Vegetable Cowpea. Genes 2020, 11, 363 .
AMA StylePhurisorn Watcharatpong, Akito Kaga, Xin Chen, Prakit Somta. Narrowing Down a Major QTL Region Conferring Pod Fiber Contents in Yardlong Bean (Vigna unguiculata), a Vegetable Cowpea. Genes. 2020; 11 (4):363.
Chicago/Turabian StylePhurisorn Watcharatpong; Akito Kaga; Xin Chen; Prakit Somta. 2020. "Narrowing Down a Major QTL Region Conferring Pod Fiber Contents in Yardlong Bean (Vigna unguiculata), a Vegetable Cowpea." Genes 11, no. 4: 363.
Average seed yield of mungbean (Vigna radiata) grown in major growing countries is low, being only about one-third to one-fourth of its yield potential. A main factor causing the low yield in mungbean is biotic stresses (disease infection and insect infestation) that happen at all stages of plant growth and development and after harvest. Common and important diseases and insect pests of mungbean include powdery mildew, Cercospora leaf spot, yellow mosaic virus, bruchids and pod sucking bugs. Employing host plant resistance is the best way to manage the diseases and insect pests. However, progress in the development of new mungbean cultivar(s) with the biotic resistance is slow due to bottleneck in evaluation for the resistance which is environmental-dependent or time-consuming, although germplasm with immune or highly or moderately resistance for these biotic stresses is available and the genetics of the resistance appears to be simple. Genomic approaches, especially gene mapping and marker-assisted selection, are promising in the acceleration of cultivar development for biotic stress resistance in mungbean. Mungbean is a slow runner in genomics research, although it is among the forefront crops targeted for genome analysis at the beginning of the crop genomics era; e.g., powdery mildew resistance and bruchid resistance in mungbean are among the plant diseases and insects being investigated nearly 30 years ago. However, the recent release of a reference genome sequence of mungbean and current advanced sequencing technology has enabled fast and efficient DNA marker development, fine-mapping and identification of candidate gene(s) for the biotic resistance in mungbean possible. This chapter covers past, present and future research on molecular and genomics approaches to biotic stresses for mungbean genetic improvement.
Kularb Laosatit; Prakit Somta; Xin Chen; Peerasak Srinives. Genomic Approaches to Biotic Stresses. Compendium of Plant Genomes 2020, 133 -167.
AMA StyleKularb Laosatit, Prakit Somta, Xin Chen, Peerasak Srinives. Genomic Approaches to Biotic Stresses. Compendium of Plant Genomes. 2020; ():133-167.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKularb Laosatit; Prakit Somta; Xin Chen; Peerasak Srinives. 2020. "Genomic Approaches to Biotic Stresses." Compendium of Plant Genomes , no. : 133-167.
Zombi pea [Vigna vexillata (L.) A. Rich] is an underutilized legume crop, with highly diverse wild species that carry genes conferring resistance to several biotic and abiotic stresses. The objective of this study was to construct a zombi pea genetic linkage map and locate quantitative trait loci related to salt resistance. A zombi pea F2 population (159 individuals) developed from a cross between the salt-resistant wild zombi pea accession JP235908 (var. ovata; female parent) and the salt-susceptible cultivated zombi pea accession TVNu240 (var. macrosperma; male parent) was genotyped with simple sequence repeat (SSR) and restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) markers. A genetic linkage map with 10 linkage groups (LGs) was constructed based on 379 markers (136 SSR and 243 RAD-seq markers). The map spanned 793.25 cM, with a mean distance between adjacent markers of 2.14 cM. A comparative genome analysis revealed high macro-synteny between zombi pea and mung bean/adzuki bean, although several chromosomal translocations likely occurred in zombi pea. The salt tolerance of the F2:3 population was evaluated at the seedling stage under hydroponic conditions. Inclusive composite interval mapping identified three quantitative trait loci (QTLs) (qSaltol1.1 on LG1, qSaltol2.1 on LG2, and qSaltol6.1 on LG6) related to the salt resistance of the F2 population. The qSaltol1.1, qSaltol2.1, and qSaltol6.1 QTLs explained 13.3%, 7.6%, and 8.1% of the salt-resistance phenotypic variance, respectively. A comparative genome analysis revealed that qSaltol1.1 may correspond to the Saltol1.1 QTL conferring salt tolerance in beach cowpea [Vigna marina (Burm.) Merr.], which is a halophytic species. Moreover, two genes encoding a plasma membrane H+-ATPase and a gene encoding a cation/proton exchanger may contribute to the salt resistance of zombi pea and beach cowpea. These findings may be relevant for the breeding of salt-resistant zombi pea plants.
Sujinna Dachapak; Prakit Somta; Ken Naito; Norihiko Tomooka; Akito Kaga; Peerasak Srinives. Detection of quantitative trait loci for salt tolerance in zombi pea [Vigna vexillata (L.) A. Rich]. Euphytica 2019, 215, 208 .
AMA StyleSujinna Dachapak, Prakit Somta, Ken Naito, Norihiko Tomooka, Akito Kaga, Peerasak Srinives. Detection of quantitative trait loci for salt tolerance in zombi pea [Vigna vexillata (L.) A. Rich]. Euphytica. 2019; 215 (12):208.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSujinna Dachapak; Prakit Somta; Ken Naito; Norihiko Tomooka; Akito Kaga; Peerasak Srinives. 2019. "Detection of quantitative trait loci for salt tolerance in zombi pea [Vigna vexillata (L.) A. Rich]." Euphytica 215, no. 12: 208.
Two bruchid species, azuki bean weevil (Callosobruchus chinensis L.) and cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus F.), are the most important insect pests of mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] after harvest. Improving bruchid resistance is a major goal for mungbean breeders. Bruchid resistance in mungbean is controlled by a single major locus, Br. The tightly linked VrPGIP1 and VrPGIP2, which encode polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs), are the candidate genes at the Br locus associated with bruchid resistance. One VrPGIP1 resistance allele and two VrPGIP2 resistance alleles have been identified. In this study, we fine-mapped the bruchid-resistance genes in wild mungbean (V. radiata var. sublobata) accession ACC41 using the F2 population (574 individuals) derived from the ‘Kamphaeng Saen 2’ (susceptible) × ACC41 (resistant) cross. A QTL analysis indicated that the resistance to the azuki bean weevil and cowpea weevil in ACC41 is controlled by a major QTL (qBr5.1) and a minor QTL (qBr5.2), which are only 0.3 cM apart. qBr5.1 and qBr5.2 accounted for about 82% and 2% of the resistance variation in the F2 population, respectively. qBr5.1 was mapped to a 237.35-kb region on mungbean chromosome 5 containing eight annotated genes, including VrPGIP1 and VrPGIP2. An examination of the ACC41 VrPGIP1 and VrPGIP2 sequences revealed a new allele for VrPGIP1 (i.e., VrPGIP1-2). Compared with the wild-type sequence, VrPGIP1-2 has five SNPs, of which four cause amino acid changes (residues 125, 129, 188, and 336). A protein sequence analysis indicated that residues 125 and 129 in VrPGIP1-2 are in a β-sheet B1 region, whereas residues 188 and 336 are in a C10-helix region and at the end of the C-terminal region, respectively. Because the β-sheet B1 region is important for interactions with polygalacturonase (PG), residues 125 and 129 in VrPGIP1-2 likely contribute to bruchid resistance by inhibiting PG. Our results imply that VrPGIP1-2 is associated with the bruchid resistance of wild mungbean accession ACC41. This new resistance allele may be useful for breeding mungbean varieties exhibiting durable bruchid resistance.
Anochar Kaewwongwal; Changyou Liu; Prakit Somta; Jingbin Chen; Jing Tian; Xingxing Yuan; Xin Chen. A second VrPGIP1 allele is associated with bruchid resistance (Callosobruchus spp.) in wild mungbean (Vigna radiata var. sublobata) accession ACC41. Molecular Genetics and Genomics 2019, 295, 275 -286.
AMA StyleAnochar Kaewwongwal, Changyou Liu, Prakit Somta, Jingbin Chen, Jing Tian, Xingxing Yuan, Xin Chen. A second VrPGIP1 allele is associated with bruchid resistance (Callosobruchus spp.) in wild mungbean (Vigna radiata var. sublobata) accession ACC41. Molecular Genetics and Genomics. 2019; 295 (2):275-286.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnochar Kaewwongwal; Changyou Liu; Prakit Somta; Jingbin Chen; Jing Tian; Xingxing Yuan; Xin Chen. 2019. "A second VrPGIP1 allele is associated with bruchid resistance (Callosobruchus spp.) in wild mungbean (Vigna radiata var. sublobata) accession ACC41." Molecular Genetics and Genomics 295, no. 2: 275-286.
Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) caused by Cercospora canescens is an important disease of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). A previous study using an F2 population [CSR12906 (susceptible) × IT90K-59-120 (resistant)] identified a major QTL qCLS9.1 for resistance to CLS. In this study, we finely mapped and identified candidate genes of qCLS9.1 using an F3:4 population of 699 individuals derived from two F2:3 individuals segregating at qCLS9.1 from the original population. Fine mapping narrowed down the qCLS9.1 for the resistance to a 60.6-Kb region on cowpea chromosome 10. There were two annotated genes in the 60.6-Kb region; Vigun10g019300 coding for NAD-dependent malic enzyme 1 (NAD-ME1) and Vigun10g019400 coding for dynamin-related protein 1C (DRP1C). DNA sequence analysis revealed 12 and 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the coding sequence (CDS) and the 5′ untranslated region and TATA boxes of Vigun10g019300 and Vigun10g019400, respectively. Three SNPs caused amino acid changes in NAD-ME1 in CSR12906, N299S, S488N and S544N. Protein prediction analysis suggested that S488N of CSR12906 may have a deleterious effect on the function of NAD-ME1. Gene expression analysis demonstrated that IT90K-59-120 and CSR12906 challenged with C. canescens showed different expression in both Vigun10g019300 and Vigun10g019400. Taken together, these results indicated that Vigun10g019300 and Vigun10g019400 are the candidate genes for CLS resistance in the cowpea IT90K-59-120. Two derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence markers were developed to detect the resistance alleles at Vigun10g019300 and Vigun10g019400 in IT90K-59-120.
Titnarong Heng; Akito Kaga; Xin Chen; Prakit Somta. Two tightly linked genes coding for NAD-dependent malic enzyme and dynamin-related protein are associated with resistance to Cercospora leaf spot disease in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 2019, 133, 395 -407.
AMA StyleTitnarong Heng, Akito Kaga, Xin Chen, Prakit Somta. Two tightly linked genes coding for NAD-dependent malic enzyme and dynamin-related protein are associated with resistance to Cercospora leaf spot disease in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2019; 133 (2):395-407.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTitnarong Heng; Akito Kaga; Xin Chen; Prakit Somta. 2019. "Two tightly linked genes coding for NAD-dependent malic enzyme and dynamin-related protein are associated with resistance to Cercospora leaf spot disease in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 133, no. 2: 395-407.
SUMMARYLegumes have evolved a unique manner of seed dispersal in that the seed pods explosively split open with helical tension generated by sclerenchyma on the endocarp. During domestication, azuki bean (Vigna angularis) and yard-long bean (Vigna unguiculata cv-gr. Sesquipedalis) have reduced or lost the sclerenchyma and lost the shattering behavior of seed pods. Here we performed fine-mapping with back-crossed populations and narrowed the candidate genomic region down to 4 kbp in azuki bean and 13 kbp in yard-long bean. Among genes located in these regions, we found MYB26 genes encoded truncated proteins in both the domesticated species. We also found in azuki bean and other legumes that MYB26 is duplicated and only the duplicated copy is expressed in seed pods. Interestingly, in Arabidopsis MYB26 is single copy and is specifically expressed in anther to initiate secondary wall thickening that is required for anther dehiscence. These facts indicated that, in legumes, MYB26 has been duplicated and acquired a new role in development of pod sclerenchyma. However, pod shattering is unfavorable phenotype for harvesting and thus has been selected against by human.
Yu Takahashi; Alisa Kongjaimun; Chiaki Muto; Yuki Kobayashi; Masahiko Kumagai; Hiroaki Sakai; Kazuhito Satou; Kuniko Teruya; Akino Shiroma; Makiko Shimoji; Takashi Hirano; Takaehisa Isemura; Hiroki Saito; Akiko Baba-Kasai; Akito Kaga; Prakit Somta; Norihiko Tomooka; Ken Naito. Genetic factor for twisting legume pods identified by fine-mapping of shattering-related traits in azuki bean and yard-long bean. 2019, 774844 .
AMA StyleYu Takahashi, Alisa Kongjaimun, Chiaki Muto, Yuki Kobayashi, Masahiko Kumagai, Hiroaki Sakai, Kazuhito Satou, Kuniko Teruya, Akino Shiroma, Makiko Shimoji, Takashi Hirano, Takaehisa Isemura, Hiroki Saito, Akiko Baba-Kasai, Akito Kaga, Prakit Somta, Norihiko Tomooka, Ken Naito. Genetic factor for twisting legume pods identified by fine-mapping of shattering-related traits in azuki bean and yard-long bean. . 2019; ():774844.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYu Takahashi; Alisa Kongjaimun; Chiaki Muto; Yuki Kobayashi; Masahiko Kumagai; Hiroaki Sakai; Kazuhito Satou; Kuniko Teruya; Akino Shiroma; Makiko Shimoji; Takashi Hirano; Takaehisa Isemura; Hiroki Saito; Akiko Baba-Kasai; Akito Kaga; Prakit Somta; Norihiko Tomooka; Ken Naito. 2019. "Genetic factor for twisting legume pods identified by fine-mapping of shattering-related traits in azuki bean and yard-long bean." , no. : 774844.
Zombi pea (Vigna vexillata) is a legume crop that is resistant to several biotic and abiotic stresses. Callosobruchus maculatus and Callosobruchus chinensis are serious stored-insect pests of legume crops. We constructed a high-density linkage map and performed quantitative trait loci (QTLs) mapping for resistance to these insect species in zombi pea. An F2 population of 198 individuals from a cross between ‘TVNu 240’ (resistant) and ‘TVNu 1623’ (susceptible) varieties was used to construct a linkage map of 6,529 single nucleotide polymorphism markers generated from sequencing amplified fragments of specific loci. The map comprised 11 linkage groups, spanning 1,740.9 cM, with an average of 593.5 markers per linkage group and an average distance of 0.27 cM between markers. High levels of micro-synteny between V. vexillata and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), mungbean (Vigna radiata), azuki bean (Vigna angularis) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) were found. One major and three minor QTLs for C. chinensis resistance and one major and one minor QTLs for C. maculatus resistance were identified. The major QTLs for resistance to C. chinensis and C. maculatus appeared to be the same locus. The linkage map developed in this study will facilitate the identification of useful genes/QTLs in zombi pea.
Kitiya Amkul; Lixia Wang; Prakit Somta; Suhua Wang; Xuzhen Cheng. Construction of a high density linkage map and genome dissection of bruchid resistance in zombi pea (Vigna vexillata (L.) A. Rich). Scientific Reports 2019, 9, 1 -10.
AMA StyleKitiya Amkul, Lixia Wang, Prakit Somta, Suhua Wang, Xuzhen Cheng. Construction of a high density linkage map and genome dissection of bruchid resistance in zombi pea (Vigna vexillata (L.) A. Rich). Scientific Reports. 2019; 9 (1):1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKitiya Amkul; Lixia Wang; Prakit Somta; Suhua Wang; Xuzhen Cheng. 2019. "Construction of a high density linkage map and genome dissection of bruchid resistance in zombi pea (Vigna vexillata (L.) A. Rich)." Scientific Reports 9, no. 1: 1-10.
Vigna vexillata (zombi pea) is an underutilized legume crop considered to be a potential gene source in breeding for abiotic stress tolerance. This study focuses on the molecular characterization of mechanisms controlling waterlogging tolerance using two zombi pea varieties with contrasting waterlogging tolerance. Morphological examination revealed that in contrast to the sensitive variety, the tolerant variety was able to grow, maintain chlorophyll, form lateral roots, and develop aerenchyma in hypocotyl and taproots under waterlogging. To find the mechanism controlling waterlogging tolerance in zombi pea, comparative transcriptome analysis was performed using roots subjected to short-term waterlogging. Functional analysis indicated that glycolysis and fermentative genes were strongly upregulated in the sensitive variety, but not in the tolerant one. In contrast, the genes involved in auxin-regulated lateral root initiation and formation were expressed only in the tolerant variety. In addition, cell wall modification, aquaporin, and peroxidase genes were highly induced in the tolerant variety under waterlogging. Our findings suggest that energy management and root plasticity play important roles in mitigating the impact of waterlogging in zombi pea. The basic knowledge obtained from this study can be used in the molecular breeding of waterlogging-tolerant legume crops in the future.
Pimprapai Butsayawarapat; Piyada Juntawong; Ornusa Khamsuk; Prakit Somta. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Waterlogging-Sensitive and Tolerant Zombi Pea (Vigna Vexillata) Reveals Energy Conservation and Root Plasticity Controlling Waterlogging Tolerance. Plants 2019, 8, 264 .
AMA StylePimprapai Butsayawarapat, Piyada Juntawong, Ornusa Khamsuk, Prakit Somta. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Waterlogging-Sensitive and Tolerant Zombi Pea (Vigna Vexillata) Reveals Energy Conservation and Root Plasticity Controlling Waterlogging Tolerance. Plants. 2019; 8 (8):264.
Chicago/Turabian StylePimprapai Butsayawarapat; Piyada Juntawong; Ornusa Khamsuk; Prakit Somta. 2019. "Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Waterlogging-Sensitive and Tolerant Zombi Pea (Vigna Vexillata) Reveals Energy Conservation and Root Plasticity Controlling Waterlogging Tolerance." Plants 8, no. 8: 264.