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Tamara Morte-Nadal
Department of Journalism and Communication, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain

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Journal article
Published: 21 August 2021 in Publications
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The proliferation of fact-checking services is a fast-growing global phenomenon, especially in Western countries. These services are the response of journalism to disinformation, that has transformed a common internal procedure of journalistic work in the core of a business directed to the general public, also offered to the companies of mass media and social media. Literature review shows that the research on fact-checking has focused on the origin, funding, relationship with the media, procedures, and experiences related to politics and COVID-19. However, the ownership structure of the fact-checking services has been superficially analysed and the business model of these platforms has not yet been studied in detail and depth. The objective of this article is to identify and analyse the business model of the nine Spanish active fact-checking services through a documentary research of public information sources and the information that these services give about themselves. This paper explains their ownership structure and income provenance, from open information sources. The findings are that the fact-checking services that depend on media groups are no strangers to the trend of opacity usual in these groups, but in the case of fact-checking services that are born as initiatives of journalists, the trend towards transparency is, in the majority of cases, clear. However, the information provided by the Spanish fact-checking services is deficient and does not allow us to discover their business models, except in the case of Newtral and, to a certain extent, Maldita.

ACS Style

Miguel-Ángel Esteban-Navarro; Antonia-Isabel Nogales-Bocio; Miguel-Ángel García-Madurga; Tamara Morte-Nadal. Spanish Fact-Checking Services: An Approach to Their Business Models. Publications 2021, 9, 38 .

AMA Style

Miguel-Ángel Esteban-Navarro, Antonia-Isabel Nogales-Bocio, Miguel-Ángel García-Madurga, Tamara Morte-Nadal. Spanish Fact-Checking Services: An Approach to Their Business Models. Publications. 2021; 9 (3):38.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Miguel-Ángel Esteban-Navarro; Antonia-Isabel Nogales-Bocio; Miguel-Ángel García-Madurga; Tamara Morte-Nadal. 2021. "Spanish Fact-Checking Services: An Approach to Their Business Models." Publications 9, no. 3: 38.

Journal article
Published: 18 June 2021 in Sustainability
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The profound impact of the coronavirus pandemic on global tourism activity and the hospitality industry has rendered statistical approaches on tourism-demand forecasting obsolete. Furthermore, literature review shows the absence of studies on the supply chain in the HoReCa (hotel, restaurant, catering) sector from a sustainability perspective that also addresses economic and social aspects, and not only environmental ones. In this context, the objective of this article is to carry out a prospective analysis on how the changes in the behaviour of consumers during the pandemic and the uncertainties regarding the exit from the health emergency can give rise to social trends with a high impact on the HoReCa sector in the coming years and, specifically, how they will affect the HoReCa supply chain. In the absence of investigations due to the proximity of what has happened, public sources and reports of international relevance have been identified and analysed from the future studies and strategic and competitive intelligence disciplines. The HoReCa sector in Spain has been chosen as field of observation. This analysis draws the future of the HoReCa sector, describes the changes in customer behaviour regarding food and beverages, explains the changes in distribution chains, and reflects on the impact of potential scenarios on the sector. The confluence of all these changes and trends can even configure a new supply chain in the hospitality sector with the emergence of new actors and the increase of access routes to a new final customer for whom security prevails in all its dimensions: physical, emotional, economic, and digital.

ACS Style

Miguel-Ángel García-Madurga; Miguel-Ángel Esteban-Navarro; Tamara Morte-Nadal. CoVid Key Figures and New Challenges in the HoReCa Sector: The Way towards a New Supply-Chain. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6884 .

AMA Style

Miguel-Ángel García-Madurga, Miguel-Ángel Esteban-Navarro, Tamara Morte-Nadal. CoVid Key Figures and New Challenges in the HoReCa Sector: The Way towards a New Supply-Chain. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (12):6884.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Miguel-Ángel García-Madurga; Miguel-Ángel Esteban-Navarro; Tamara Morte-Nadal. 2021. "CoVid Key Figures and New Challenges in the HoReCa Sector: The Way towards a New Supply-Chain." Sustainability 13, no. 12: 6884.

Review
Published: 05 December 2020 in Informatics
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The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed the digital vulnerability of many citizens of the rural world. This article identifies and analyzes the proposals made by academic literature to overcome the digital divide in the European rural world for the five-year period 2016–2020. A scoping review has been carried out according to the PRISMA methodology in the two dimensions of the digital divide: access and connectivity, and use and exploitation. Online databases were used to identify scientific articles from which, after screening, 28 key documents were selected. The results update Salemink systematic review of articles published between 1991 and 2014 on digital and rural development in Western countries and it also intends to go beyond by extracting recommendations. A variety of political, social, educational, technical and economic issues has been exposed, with a common emphasis on the empowerment of rural populations. The findings provide actionable evidence and proposals to facilitate decision-making in current policy information to overcome rural digital divide. From them, seven recommendations that could have a wide and rapid impact to minimize the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic linked to the rural digital divide are synthesized. Three lines of action in the medium term are also proposed: the evaluation of national and regional public policies; the consideration of digital inclusion as a potential instrument to reduce rural depopulation; and the training in advanced digital skills to improve the social communication processes, considered key to promote empowerment and entrepreneurship.

ACS Style

Miguel-Ángel Esteban-Navarro; Miguel-Ángel García-Madurga; Tamara Morte-Nadal; Antonia-Isabel Nogales-Bocio. The Rural Digital Divide in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Europe—Recommendations from a Scoping Review. Informatics 2020, 7, 54 .

AMA Style

Miguel-Ángel Esteban-Navarro, Miguel-Ángel García-Madurga, Tamara Morte-Nadal, Antonia-Isabel Nogales-Bocio. The Rural Digital Divide in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Europe—Recommendations from a Scoping Review. Informatics. 2020; 7 (4):54.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Miguel-Ángel Esteban-Navarro; Miguel-Ángel García-Madurga; Tamara Morte-Nadal; Antonia-Isabel Nogales-Bocio. 2020. "The Rural Digital Divide in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Europe—Recommendations from a Scoping Review." Informatics 7, no. 4: 54.