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Professor Marc Aurel Schnabel is the Dean of the Wellington Faculty of Architecture and Design Innova-tion, Chair Professor Architectural Technology at the Wellington School of Architecture, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand and former Visiting Professor at School of Architecture, Sheffield University. As Dean, he is focusing on creativity, innovation entrepreneurship that enables innovation, sustainability and cultural responsibility. Trained as an Architect, he is leading research and education in the field of Architectural Technology. As President of the Architectural Science Association (ANZAScA) and Past Presidents of CAADRIA, the International Association for Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia, and the Industry Advisory Board of Autodesk, as well as a founding member of buildingSMART HK, he is affiliated with various professional bodies and scientific committees. He taught and worked in Germany, Australia, and Hong Kong for over twenty-five years and since then has become highly recognised for his work in the areas of computational design and learning environments. He is Principal Investigator of the National Science Challenge 11, Better Homes, Towns and Cities, researching in the fields of augmented- and virtual reality, digital heritage, parametric design learning and intelligent cities. In 2019, Professor Schnabel received three significant architectural honours. He was made a CAADRIA Fellow. He accepted an invitation to join the inte
Having a healthy built environment becomes increasingly important, especially under the effects of COVID-19. This paper intends to combine sustainable goals based on climate change with passive design principles to achieve a healthy built environment regarding the building performance of residential buildings. The Yuedao Residential Community in the Lingnan area was taken as an example for the research. Based on relevant standards of healthy buildings, the thermal, light, and acoustic environment requirements were determined. The methods of building performance simulation and on-site measurement were used to quantify the research object environments. Then, the outcomes were obtained based on these standards. As observed, the thermal environment’s adaptive thermal comfort level was level III. It was hot indoors, but the light and acoustic environments met the requirements. Building designs based on a built environment optimized by external shading systems aim to solve problems through building performance simulation and qualitative analysis. After optimization, the thermal environment improved. According to the literature review, this research focused on a healthy built environment with a sustainable passive design in terms of building performance. A research workflow was established that could be used for more practical research, with abundant research methods. The problems were solved to varying degrees, and the Lingnan architectural culture was preserved. Moreover, this research filled the gap in interactive research on healthy built environments with sustainable passive design regarding building performance.
Bin Li; Weihong Guo; Xiao Liu; Yuqing Zhang; Peter John Russell; Marc Aurel Schnabel. Sustainable Passive Design for Building Performance of Healthy Built Environment in the Lingnan Area. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9115 .
AMA StyleBin Li, Weihong Guo, Xiao Liu, Yuqing Zhang, Peter John Russell, Marc Aurel Schnabel. Sustainable Passive Design for Building Performance of Healthy Built Environment in the Lingnan Area. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):9115.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBin Li; Weihong Guo; Xiao Liu; Yuqing Zhang; Peter John Russell; Marc Aurel Schnabel. 2021. "Sustainable Passive Design for Building Performance of Healthy Built Environment in the Lingnan Area." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 9115.
Tian Tian Lo; Basem Mohamed; Marc Aurel Schnabel. Redefining Supports: Extending Mass Customization with Digital Tools for Collaborative Residential Design. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleTian Tian Lo, Basem Mohamed, Marc Aurel Schnabel. Redefining Supports: Extending Mass Customization with Digital Tools for Collaborative Residential Design. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTian Tian Lo; Basem Mohamed; Marc Aurel Schnabel. 2021. "Redefining Supports: Extending Mass Customization with Digital Tools for Collaborative Residential Design." , no. : 1.
Architectural designs are visualised on computer screens through arrays of pixels and vectors. These representations differ from the reality of buildings, which over time will unavoidably age and decay. How, then, do digital designs age over time? Do we interpret glitching as a sudden malfunction or fault in the computation of the design’s underlying data, or as digital decay resulting not from the wear and tear of tangible materials but from the decomposition of the binary code, or from system changes that cannot appropriately interpret the data? By exploring a series of experimental design practices for deployments and understandings that are the consequence of malfunctions during computational processing, glitches are reinterpreted. Advancing from two-dimensional glitch art techniques into three-dimensional interpretations, the research employs a methodology of systematic iterative processes to explore design emergence based on glitches. The study presents digital architectural form existing solely in the digital realm, as an architectural interpretation of computational glitches through both its design process and aesthetic outcome. Thus, this research intends to bring a level of authenticity to the field through three-dimensional interpretations of glitch in an architectural form.
Marc Aurel Schnabel; B Haslop. Glitch architecture. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleMarc Aurel Schnabel, B Haslop. Glitch architecture. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarc Aurel Schnabel; B Haslop. 2021. "Glitch architecture." , no. : 1.
J Rogers; Marc Aurel Schnabel; Tane Moleta. Digital Design Ecology to Generate a Speculative Virtual Environment with New Relativity Laws. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleJ Rogers, Marc Aurel Schnabel, Tane Moleta. Digital Design Ecology to Generate a Speculative Virtual Environment with New Relativity Laws. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ Rogers; Marc Aurel Schnabel; Tane Moleta. 2021. "Digital Design Ecology to Generate a Speculative Virtual Environment with New Relativity Laws." , no. : 1.
The academic literature contains an increasing quantity of references to Smart Heritage. These references are at the intersection of the smart city and heritage disciplines and primarily within informative, interpretative, and governance applications. The literature indicates the future expansion of the Smart Heritage discourse into additional applications as researchers apply smart technology to more complex cultural environments. The Smart Heritage discourse signals an advancement in the literature beyond Digital Heritage and Virtual Heritage discourses as Smart Heritage pivots on the active curatorship of heritage experiences by automated and autonomous technologies, rather than technology as a passive digital tool for human-curated experiences. The article comprehensively reviews the emergent Smart Heritage discourse for the first time in the academic literature, and then offers a contemporary definition that considers the literature to date. The review and definition draw on literature across the contributing disciplines to understand the discourse’s development and current state. The article finds that Smart Heritage is an independent discourse that intertwines the autonomous and automatic capabilities and innovation of smart technologies with the contextual and subjective interpretation of the past. Smart Heritage is likely the future vanguard for research between the technology and heritage disciplines.
David Batchelor; Marc Schnabel; Michael Dudding. Smart Heritage: Defining the Discourse. Heritage 2021, 4, 1005 -1015.
AMA StyleDavid Batchelor, Marc Schnabel, Michael Dudding. Smart Heritage: Defining the Discourse. Heritage. 2021; 4 (2):1005-1015.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Batchelor; Marc Schnabel; Michael Dudding. 2021. "Smart Heritage: Defining the Discourse." Heritage 4, no. 2: 1005-1015.
High-efficient evaluations of building performance are often required for comparisons of different design alternatives in architectural sustainable design processes. General Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are usually complicated and time-consuming for wind environment investigation and evaluation. A hybrid framework for rapid evaluation of pedestrian-level wind environment will be proposed in the present work. This framework will then be formulated by integrating parametric design, CFD simulation, image processing, and machine learning, and it could immediately predict the Low-Velocity Areas (LVAs) around rectangular-form buildings. A large amount of data of 300 building cases generated by parametric design, CFD simulation, and image processing to train a Machine Learning Model (MLM) could be applied for the prediction of LVAs. In the case investigations, MLM was tested in the prediction of the other new 24 building cases with random geometric parameters. The comparison of MLM and CFD results showed that their solutions were close to each other. Efficiency and accuracy of the hybrid framework were further demonstrated through quantitative analysis of statistical discrepancies of MLM and CFD results. Hybrid framework was an original attempt to integrate multiple emerging computational tools, and it could provide high-efficient quantitative analysis of wind environment and give practical design optimization information in the early stage.
Yi He; Xiao-Hui Liu; Hong-Liang Zhang; Wei Zheng; Fu-Yun Zhao; Marc Aurel Schnabel; Yi Mei. Hybrid framework for rapid evaluation of wind environment around buildings through parametric design, CFD simulation, image processing and machine learning. Sustainable Cities and Society 2021, 73, 103092 .
AMA StyleYi He, Xiao-Hui Liu, Hong-Liang Zhang, Wei Zheng, Fu-Yun Zhao, Marc Aurel Schnabel, Yi Mei. Hybrid framework for rapid evaluation of wind environment around buildings through parametric design, CFD simulation, image processing and machine learning. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2021; 73 ():103092.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYi He; Xiao-Hui Liu; Hong-Liang Zhang; Wei Zheng; Fu-Yun Zhao; Marc Aurel Schnabel; Yi Mei. 2021. "Hybrid framework for rapid evaluation of wind environment around buildings through parametric design, CFD simulation, image processing and machine learning." Sustainable Cities and Society 73, no. : 103092.
The article discusses design communication and participation of laypeople in a virtual participatory urban design process. We speculate that an immersive virtual environment facilitated instrument can allow laypeople to take part actively as designers in the early stage of urban design ideation and generation. We have developed a design communication framework where laypeople can participate in design discourse on a neighborhood's future urban form. The strategy describes an urban design intent, which is informed by the development procedure of an instrument and workflow to engage participants. The integration of the instrument and the engagement procedure enable continuous designing of urban form by laypeople. A protocol analysis has been undertaken to investigate design communication. A coding scheme is applied to investigate, analyse, and understand how laypeople communicate with the design instrument and control design in the virtual environment. Through engaging non-experts, the research impacts on the perceptual affordance created by immersive 3D buildings artifacts and verbal conversation. The protocol analysis validated the setup so that subsequent studies can address the meaningfulness of such design conversations.
Shuva Chowdhury; Marc Aurel Schnabel. Laypeople's Collaborative Immersive Virtual Reality Design Discourse in Neighborhood Design. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleShuva Chowdhury, Marc Aurel Schnabel. Laypeople's Collaborative Immersive Virtual Reality Design Discourse in Neighborhood Design. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShuva Chowdhury; Marc Aurel Schnabel. 2021. "Laypeople's Collaborative Immersive Virtual Reality Design Discourse in Neighborhood Design." , no. : 1.
Local governments are responding to rising complexities in service delivery, governance, and civic stewardship with novel interdisciplinary discourses that converge previously separate disciplines. Smart Heritage, the novel convergence of smart city and heritage disciplines, is one interdisciplinary discourse that local governments utilise to address these demands. To successfully deliver Smart Heritage, local governments must understand how the interdisciplinary relationships, influence, and aspirations function within their organisation. However, due to the novelty of Smart Heritage, no academic research exists on these matters, particularly within local government contexts. Therefore, this article reports how relationships, influence, and strategic aspirations between the smart city and heritage discipline intersect as Smart Heritage. It draws on interviews with smart city and heritage advisors from three local governments in Australia. It finds a case-by-case working relationship between the disciplines, which indicates an emergent-yet-tenuous Smart Heritage discourse. Moreover, the interdisciplinary relationships influence broader considerations from the advisors than their single discipline. These considerations produce innovative aspirations for local governments on heritage and smart city matters. This finding establishes the first foundational understanding of Smart Heritage within local government.
David Batchelor; Marc Schnabel. Interdisciplinary Relationships, Influence, and Aspirations for Smart Heritage in Local Government. Heritage 2020, 3, 1402 -1415.
AMA StyleDavid Batchelor, Marc Schnabel. Interdisciplinary Relationships, Influence, and Aspirations for Smart Heritage in Local Government. Heritage. 2020; 3 (4):1402-1415.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Batchelor; Marc Schnabel. 2020. "Interdisciplinary Relationships, Influence, and Aspirations for Smart Heritage in Local Government." Heritage 3, no. 4: 1402-1415.
© 2014 IEEE.This paper demonstrates a framework for a digital heritage research, Augmenting Kashgar, that facilitates the revitalizing of a historical architecture by using gamification, shape grammars and virtual reality. Examining current use of new media technologies, our methodology initially merges shape grammars, a generative modelling method, with gamification. It then extends the use of game elements into virtual reality in which the synthesizing of the old culture with a new one is the main accomplishment being sought. Firstly, gamification maps a community engagement plan while shape grammars serve for spatial analysis of the narrow alleys of Kashgar. Secondly, the gamified platform transitions from screen-based experience to immersive virtual reality interpretations.
S Aydin; Marc Aurel Schnabel. Augmenting Kashgar. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleS Aydin, Marc Aurel Schnabel. Augmenting Kashgar. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS Aydin; Marc Aurel Schnabel. 2020. "Augmenting Kashgar." , no. : 1.
© 2002 IEEE. Recently, virtual environments (VE) have been increasingly used as settings for design and research. Using VE to visualize ideas from the initial steps of design, the architect is challenged to deal with perception of space, solid and void, without translations to and from a two dimensional media. The goal of the authors' studies was to identify how designers use and communicate early design ideas by using immersive three-dimensional (3D) VEs and how they describe 3D volumes using a different media. A series of experiments were undertaken, including navigation- and perception-tasks, designing in IVE, transcription of design, remote communication between design partners and controlled observations. They explored initial intentions of 3D-immersive design schemes, textual descriptions and collaborations within IVE. They discuss frameworks and factors influencing how architectural students communicate their proposals in an immersive Virtual Environment Design Studio, and how this approach of design studio enables to understand volumes and spatial relationships.
Marc Aurel Schnabel. Collaborative studio in a virtual environment. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleMarc Aurel Schnabel. Collaborative studio in a virtual environment. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarc Aurel Schnabel. 2020. "Collaborative studio in a virtual environment." , no. : 1.
In contrast to reductionist investigating of interrelation between emotion and architecture, we have proposed a new concept for creating an adaptive architecture system that employs biosensors and virtual reality (VR). We have generated a dynamic audio-visual Virtual Environment (VE) that has the potential of manipulating the emotional arousal level of the users measured via electrodermal activity (EDA) of skin. Much like the second-order cybernetics system, our simulations have actuators, sensors, and an adaptation mechanism, whereby participant's real-time biofeedback is interpreted and loops back into the simulation to moderate the user experience. The results of our preliminary test show that our system is capable of manipulating the emotional arousal level of the participants by using its dynamic VE.
Sayyed Amir Hossain Maghool; Mitra Homolja; Marc Aurel Schnabel. Cybernetics Approach to Virtual Emotional Spaces - An electrodermal activity actuated adaptive space. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleSayyed Amir Hossain Maghool, Mitra Homolja, Marc Aurel Schnabel. Cybernetics Approach to Virtual Emotional Spaces - An electrodermal activity actuated adaptive space. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSayyed Amir Hossain Maghool; Mitra Homolja; Marc Aurel Schnabel. 2020. "Cybernetics Approach to Virtual Emotional Spaces - An electrodermal activity actuated adaptive space." , no. : 1.
Despite theoretical evidence about the capabilities of visual properties of space for manipulating inhabitants' emotions, a gap in knowledge exists for empirical studies in controlled environments. Interdisciplinary studies at the intersection of architecture, psychology, and neuroscience can provide robust guidelines and criteria for designers to engineer emotions. Due to the novelty of the field, the theoretical framework for such studies is not well established. Consequently, this paper presents a systematic literature review to find and synthesize recent relevant studies at this intersection. Based on these findings, we will investigate the impact of other visuo-spatial stimuli on emotions in a rigorous way. According to the theories of emotions, manipulation of emotions is linked to oscillations in physiological responses caused by exposure to sensory stimuli. Moreover, there is a consensus that human perception is action-oriented. Therefore, our review focuses on studies that employ biosensors as subjects move in physical or virtual environments.
Marc Aurel Schnabel; Mitra Homolja; Sayyed Maghool. The Impact of Moving through the Built Environment on Emotional and Neurophysiological State - A Systematic Literature Review. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleMarc Aurel Schnabel, Mitra Homolja, Sayyed Maghool. The Impact of Moving through the Built Environment on Emotional and Neurophysiological State - A Systematic Literature Review. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarc Aurel Schnabel; Mitra Homolja; Sayyed Maghool. 2020. "The Impact of Moving through the Built Environment on Emotional and Neurophysiological State - A Systematic Literature Review." , no. : 1.
Every new idea has some sort of precedent or echoes from the past. It is the same for the new residential buildings in Lingnan, China. In Lingnan, the vernacular knowledge of building design has been established over thousands of years. Whether it is suitable for use today should be verified. In this research, virtual simulations are employed to arrive at an overall conclusion. Virtual simulations based on PHOENICS, ENVI_MET, CadnaA, and Ecotect software were separately used for analysing the case of new residential buildings located in Lingnan. The study analysed the wind, thermal, acoustic, and light environments, which are four aspects of these new residential buildings. According to the results of our research, the paper discussed ways to amend and improve the new residential buildings that sit within the overall spirit of the vernacular knowledge of Lingnan; thus, it helps to put the traditional knowledge into the current context. The vernacular knowledge from XS to XL scale contexts, such as Feng-shui, was verified as being suitable for use in Lingnan today.
Bin Li; Weihong Guo; Marc Aurel Schnabel; Ziqi Zhang. Virtual Simulation of New Residential Buildings in Lingnan Using Vernacular Wisdom. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleBin Li, Weihong Guo, Marc Aurel Schnabel, Ziqi Zhang. Virtual Simulation of New Residential Buildings in Lingnan Using Vernacular Wisdom. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBin Li; Weihong Guo; Marc Aurel Schnabel; Ziqi Zhang. 2020. "Virtual Simulation of New Residential Buildings in Lingnan Using Vernacular Wisdom." , no. : 1.
The Research of Green Reuse on Old Industrial Building A Case Study of Changchun FAW
Weihong Guo; Bin Li; Yuqing Zhang; Marc Aurel Schnabel. The Research of Green Reuse on Old Industrial Building A Case Study of Changchun FAW. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleWeihong Guo, Bin Li, Yuqing Zhang, Marc Aurel Schnabel. The Research of Green Reuse on Old Industrial Building A Case Study of Changchun FAW. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWeihong Guo; Bin Li; Yuqing Zhang; Marc Aurel Schnabel. 2020. "The Research of Green Reuse on Old Industrial Building A Case Study of Changchun FAW." , no. : 1.
Weihong Guo; Bin Li; Yuqing Zhang; Marc Aurel Schnabel. The Research of Green Reuse on Old Industrial Building A Case Study of Changchun FAW. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2020, 567, 1 .
AMA StyleWeihong Guo, Bin Li, Yuqing Zhang, Marc Aurel Schnabel. The Research of Green Reuse on Old Industrial Building A Case Study of Changchun FAW. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2020; 567 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWeihong Guo; Bin Li; Yuqing Zhang; Marc Aurel Schnabel. 2020. "The Research of Green Reuse on Old Industrial Building A Case Study of Changchun FAW." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 567, no. : 1.
The research employs procedural modelling to investigate the characteristic rules present within a loosely defined architectural style. The 19th-century timber neo-Gothic churches built in the city of Wellington, New Zealand are examples of a particular interpretation of the Gothic Revival style.
Andre Brown; Tane Moleta; Marc Aurel Schnabel; Samuel Mclennan. Extracting and Communicating Underlying Pseudo-Formalised Procedural Rules in Heritage Architecture - The Case of New Zealand's 19th Century Timber Churches. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleAndre Brown, Tane Moleta, Marc Aurel Schnabel, Samuel Mclennan. Extracting and Communicating Underlying Pseudo-Formalised Procedural Rules in Heritage Architecture - The Case of New Zealand's 19th Century Timber Churches. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndre Brown; Tane Moleta; Marc Aurel Schnabel; Samuel Mclennan. 2020. "Extracting and Communicating Underlying Pseudo-Formalised Procedural Rules in Heritage Architecture - The Case of New Zealand's 19th Century Timber Churches." , no. : 1.
Regarding laypeople’s active participation with artefacts in the early stage of urban design, there is a certain difference between conventional urban design process and participatory urban design process. The design artefacts used in the conventional urban design process do not allow laypeople to take part actively in the early stages of the design process. Similarly, in the participatory design process, the generated design ideas remain hidden in assumption due to the lack of associated information of the artefacts and the participants perform as individual actors. The research speculates that a virtual immersive participatory design instrument can reduce the gap, where the participants can act together as a unit to produce authentic design outcomes. An Immersive Virtual Environment (IVE) assisted design experiment set-up has developed for laypeople to engage in a shared and enhanced communicative platform. The article reports the procedure of developing the instrument and discusses them in terms of design communication, participation and expert’s role. It concludes with a reflection of how laypeople as co-designers can use IVE instruments to design their neighbourhood meaningfully.
S. Chowdhury; M. A. Schnabel. Virtual environments as medium for laypeople to communicate and collaborate in urban design. Architectural Science Review 2020, 63, 451 -464.
AMA StyleS. Chowdhury, M. A. Schnabel. Virtual environments as medium for laypeople to communicate and collaborate in urban design. Architectural Science Review. 2020; 63 (5):451-464.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. Chowdhury; M. A. Schnabel. 2020. "Virtual environments as medium for laypeople to communicate and collaborate in urban design." Architectural Science Review 63, no. 5: 451-464.
Andre Brown; Marc Aurel Schnabel; Sky Lo Tian Tian. Editorial. International Journal of Architectural Computing 2020, 18, 3 -4.
AMA StyleAndre Brown, Marc Aurel Schnabel, Sky Lo Tian Tian. Editorial. International Journal of Architectural Computing. 2020; 18 (1):3-4.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndre Brown; Marc Aurel Schnabel; Sky Lo Tian Tian. 2020. "Editorial." International Journal of Architectural Computing 18, no. 1: 3-4.
Nowadays wind environment research usually requires lots of comparisons of simulations to study influences on wind environment of building shapes and arrangements. This research aims to develop a novel methodology by integrating computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation, parametric tools and evaluation criteria. The integration of multiple tools can provide abundant functions and an efficient modelling-simulation-analysis solution for comparison studies. The methodology is consisted of parametric design, CFD simulation method and analysis method. It is further demonstrated in the case study of square form and scattered configuration to study the relationship between influences on winds and building variables through iterative analysis. For square form, the increase of edge length increases the influence, because more winds are obstructed by larger windward surfaces; the increase of rotation angle reduces the influence, because it is easier for winds to flow around non-vertical windward surfaces. For scattered configuration, the increase of building intervals reduces the influences on winds, because it is easier for winds to flow through larger intervals. In summary, the novel methodology provides an accurate and efficient integrated solution for wind environmental studies of contemporary buildings to explore basic laws for architects to improve their design on the early stage.
Yi He; Marc Aurel Schnabel; Yi Mei. A novel methodology for architectural wind environment study by integrating CFD simulation, multiple parametric tools and evaluation criteria. Building Simulation 2019, 13, 609 -625.
AMA StyleYi He, Marc Aurel Schnabel, Yi Mei. A novel methodology for architectural wind environment study by integrating CFD simulation, multiple parametric tools and evaluation criteria. Building Simulation. 2019; 13 (3):609-625.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYi He; Marc Aurel Schnabel; Yi Mei. 2019. "A novel methodology for architectural wind environment study by integrating CFD simulation, multiple parametric tools and evaluation criteria." Building Simulation 13, no. 3: 609-625.
Marc Aurel Schnabel; Andre Brown; Sky Lo Tian Tian. Editorial. International Journal of Architectural Computing 2019, 17, 305 -306.
AMA StyleMarc Aurel Schnabel, Andre Brown, Sky Lo Tian Tian. Editorial. International Journal of Architectural Computing. 2019; 17 (4):305-306.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarc Aurel Schnabel; Andre Brown; Sky Lo Tian Tian. 2019. "Editorial." International Journal of Architectural Computing 17, no. 4: 305-306.