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Grace L. Douglas
Human Health and Performance Directorate, Johnson Space Center, NASA, Houston, TX 77058, USA

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Journal article
Published: 22 August 2021 in Sustainability
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Food and nutrition are critical to health and performance and therefore the success of human space exploration. However, the shelf-stable food system currently in use on the International Space Station is not sustainable as missions become longer and further from Earth, even with modification for mass and water efficiencies. Here, we provide a potential approach toward sustainability with the phased addition of bioregenerative foods over the course of NASA’s current mission plans. Significant advances in both knowledge and technology are still needed to inform nutrition, acceptability, safety, reliability, and resource and integration trades between bioregenerative and other food systems. Sustainability goals on Earth are driving similar research into bioregenerative solutions with the potential for infusion across spaceflight and Earth research that benefits both.

ACS Style

Grace L. Douglas; Raymond M. Wheeler; Ralph F. Fritsche. Sustaining Astronauts: Resource Limitations, Technology Needs, and Parallels between Spaceflight Food Systems and those on Earth. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9424 .

AMA Style

Grace L. Douglas, Raymond M. Wheeler, Ralph F. Fritsche. Sustaining Astronauts: Resource Limitations, Technology Needs, and Parallels between Spaceflight Food Systems and those on Earth. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):9424.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Grace L. Douglas; Raymond M. Wheeler; Ralph F. Fritsche. 2021. "Sustaining Astronauts: Resource Limitations, Technology Needs, and Parallels between Spaceflight Food Systems and those on Earth." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 9424.

Journal article
Published: 05 January 2021 in Life Sciences in Space Research
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Foods packaged for future deep-space exploration missions may be prepositioned ahead of astronaut arrival and will be exposed to galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) and solar radiation in deep space at higher levels and different spectrums than those found in low-Earth orbit (LEO). In this study, we have evaluated the impact of a GCR simulation (approximately 0.5 and 5 Gy doses) at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) on two retort thermostabilized food products that are good sources of radiation labile nutrients (thiamin, vitamin E, or unsaturated fats). No trends or nutritional differences were found between the radiation-treated samples and the control immediately after treatment or one-year after treatment. Small changes in a few nutrients were measured following one-year of storage. Further studies may be needed to confirm these results, as the foods in this study were heterogeneous, and this may have masked meaningful changes due to pouch-to-pouch variations.

ACS Style

Grace L. Douglas; Maya R. Cooper; Honglu Wu; Ramona Gaza; Peter Guida; Millennia Young. Impact of galactic cosmic ray simulation on nutritional content of foods. Life Sciences in Space Research 2021, 28, 22 -25.

AMA Style

Grace L. Douglas, Maya R. Cooper, Honglu Wu, Ramona Gaza, Peter Guida, Millennia Young. Impact of galactic cosmic ray simulation on nutritional content of foods. Life Sciences in Space Research. 2021; 28 ():22-25.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Grace L. Douglas; Maya R. Cooper; Honglu Wu; Ramona Gaza; Peter Guida; Millennia Young. 2021. "Impact of galactic cosmic ray simulation on nutritional content of foods." Life Sciences in Space Research 28, no. : 22-25.

Journal article
Published: 14 February 2020 in Physiology & Behavior
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Strategies that reduce food system mass without negatively impacting food intake, acceptability, and resulting astronaut health and performance are essential for mission success in extreme operational environments such as space exploration. Here, we report the impact of substituting the spaceflight standard breakfast with energy equivalent, calorically-dense meal replacement bars (MRBs) on consumption, acceptability, and satiety and on associations with physical and behavioral health outcomes in high-performing subjects completing 30-day missions in the isolated and confined operational environment of NASA's Human Exploration Research Analog (HERA) habitat. MRB implementation was associated with reduced daily caloric intake, weight loss, and decrements in mood and neurobehavioral functioning, with no significant impacts on somatic symptoms and physical functioning. Food acceptability ratings suggest that flavor, texture, and menu fatigue attributed to limited variety are contributing factors, which are exacerbated by a daily implementation schedule. Meal replacement strategies for short-duration missions are operationally feasible, moderately acceptable, and can contribute to the practical goal of mass reduction, but more work is needed to define and optimize flavors, variety, and implementation schedules that sustain adequate nutrition, physical and behavioral health, and operational performance over time in isolated, confined, and extreme mission environments.

ACS Style

Takiyah A. Sirmons; Peter G. Roma; Alexandra M. Whitmire; Scott M. Smith; Sara R. Zwart; Millennia Young; Grace L. Douglas. Meal replacement in isolated and confined mission environments: Consumption, acceptability, and implications for physical and behavioral health. Physiology & Behavior 2020, 219, 112829 .

AMA Style

Takiyah A. Sirmons, Peter G. Roma, Alexandra M. Whitmire, Scott M. Smith, Sara R. Zwart, Millennia Young, Grace L. Douglas. Meal replacement in isolated and confined mission environments: Consumption, acceptability, and implications for physical and behavioral health. Physiology & Behavior. 2020; 219 ():112829.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Takiyah A. Sirmons; Peter G. Roma; Alexandra M. Whitmire; Scott M. Smith; Sara R. Zwart; Millennia Young; Grace L. Douglas. 2020. "Meal replacement in isolated and confined mission environments: Consumption, acceptability, and implications for physical and behavioral health." Physiology & Behavior 219, no. : 112829.

Review
Published: 13 October 2017 in Beneficial Microbes
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Spaceflight impacts multiple aspects of human physiology, which will require non-invasive countermeasures as mission length and distance from Earth increases and the capability for external medical intervention decreases. Studies on Earth have shown that probiotics have the potential to improve some of the conditions that have manifested during spaceflight, such as gastrointestinal distress, dermatitis, and respiratory infections. The constraints and risks of spaceflight make it imperative that probiotics are carefully selected based on their strain-specific benefits, doses, delivery mechanisms, and relevance to likely crew conditions prior to evaluation in astronauts. This review focuses on probiotics that have been incorporated into healthy human gastrointestinal microbiomes and associated clinically with improvements in inflammatory state or alleviation of symptoms of crew-relevant illness. These studies provide an evidence base for probiotic selection with the greatest potential to support crew health and well-being in spaceflight.

ACS Style

G.L. Douglas; A.A. Voorhies. Evidence based selection of probiotic strains to promote astronaut health or alleviate symptoms of illness on long duration spaceflight missions. Beneficial Microbes 2017, 8, 727 -737.

AMA Style

G.L. Douglas, A.A. Voorhies. Evidence based selection of probiotic strains to promote astronaut health or alleviate symptoms of illness on long duration spaceflight missions. Beneficial Microbes. 2017; 8 (5):727-737.

Chicago/Turabian Style

G.L. Douglas; A.A. Voorhies. 2017. "Evidence based selection of probiotic strains to promote astronaut health or alleviate symptoms of illness on long duration spaceflight missions." Beneficial Microbes 8, no. 5: 727-737.

Brief communication
Published: 09 June 2017 in npj Microgravity
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Processed and prepackaged space food is the main source of nutrition for crew aboard the International Space Station, and likely will continue to be the main source of nutrition for future exploration missions. However, very little information is available on the nutritional stability of space foods. To better understand their nutritional stability, 24 micronutrients were measured in 109 space foods stored over 3 years at room temperature. Our analysis indicated that potassium, calcium, vitamin D, and vitamin K concentrations in the food may not be adequate to meet the recommended daily intake requirements even before storage. Decreases in vitamins A, C, B1, and B6 were observed during storage. Notably, vitamins B1 and C may degrade to inadequate levels after 1 year and 3 years, respectively. This assessment suggests that different technological approaches will be required to stabilize processed foods to enable spaceflight missions over 1 year.

ACS Style

Maya Cooper; Michele Perchonok; Grace L. Douglas. Initial assessment of the nutritional quality of the space food system over three years of ambient storage. npj Microgravity 2017, 3, 1 -4.

AMA Style

Maya Cooper, Michele Perchonok, Grace L. Douglas. Initial assessment of the nutritional quality of the space food system over three years of ambient storage. npj Microgravity. 2017; 3 (1):1-4.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maya Cooper; Michele Perchonok; Grace L. Douglas. 2017. "Initial assessment of the nutritional quality of the space food system over three years of ambient storage." npj Microgravity 3, no. 1: 1-4.