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Prof. Ann Degrande
World Agroforestry (ICRAF)

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0 Agroforestry
0 Gender
0 Value Chains Development
0 rural advisory services
0 Innovation adoption and diffusion

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Agroforestry
West and Central Africa
Gender

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Journal article
Published: 16 August 2021 in Sustainability
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The potential of agroforestry to improve livelihoods and mitigate climate change and environmental degradation has been widely recognized, especially within the context of climate-smart agriculture. However, agroforestry opportunities have not been fully exploited because of several reasons, among which are adverse policies and legislations. However, many countries do not have a full understanding of how their policy and institutional environment may affect agroforestry development. We aim to fill this gap by looking at the particular case of Chad. The method used included examining data from: (i) literature reviews of important national and international polices, strategies, and legislation governing access to land and trees, among which are ‘La Loi 14’, Chad’s 2010 poverty reduction strategy paper, draft zero of the National Environmental Policy, (ii) interviews and focus group discussions with NGOs, government officials, and farmers, and (iii) surveys with 100 households. Results show that Chad has no specific agroforestry policy but opportunities for agroforestry can be found in some of the above-mentioned policy documents and government strategies. Most stakeholders interviewed had positive attitudes towards agroforestry, but uptake of the practice is handicapped by poor understanding of the forestry law by farmers and forestry officials. Gaps in existing laws give room for rent-seekers to collect individual (USD 272–909) and collective (USD 36–1818) access fees to trees on both forest and farmland. We propose that the government of Chad should unmask elements of agroforestry in existing policies and policy instruments to demonstrate its importance in responding to livelihood and environmental challenges in the country.

ACS Style

Divine Foundjem-Tita; Ann Degrande; Cyrille Bergaly Kamdem. National and International Policies and Policy Instruments in the Development of Agroforestry in Chad. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9200 .

AMA Style

Divine Foundjem-Tita, Ann Degrande, Cyrille Bergaly Kamdem. National and International Policies and Policy Instruments in the Development of Agroforestry in Chad. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):9200.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Divine Foundjem-Tita; Ann Degrande; Cyrille Bergaly Kamdem. 2021. "National and International Policies and Policy Instruments in the Development of Agroforestry in Chad." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 9200.

Journal article
Published: 29 July 2021 in Sustainability
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Cocoa agroforests sustain ecosystem services (ESs) to varying degrees. These services are otherwise mostly provided by other non-cocoa shade or companion trees. However, the density of shade trees is associated with services and/or disservices that drive farm-specific tree management successions. Considering the growing impacts of climate crisis on farm productivity and the need for adaptation strategies, the ESs are increasingly provisional and contingent on the prevailing vegetation, land tenure, and management successions, amongst others social and ecological factors. To assess the temporal changes in shade management, we surveyed an age gradient of “family farms” in cocoa agroforests created from forest (fCAFS) and savannah (sCAFS) land cover. We evaluated the temporal changes in farm structure, relative tree abundance, and live aboveground biomass of the major canopy strata. We used a spatial point process and linear mixed effect analysis to assess the contributions of associated perennial trees (AsT) on farm rejuvenation patterns. The density of cocoa trees was inconsistent with farm age; this was significantly high on farms in sCAFS (1544 trees ha1) with spatially random configuration across farm age. On farms in fCAFS, we observed a transition of the cocoa tree configuration in the order regular, random, and clustering from young (with highest density of 1114 trees ha1) to old farms. On a temporal scale, there is no clear distinction of farm structure and biomass between fCAFS and sCAFS. However, the cycle of tree species and structural composition of the canopy strata are dissimilar; the live biomass allocation for the considered use groups of tree species was different with farm age. The observed dynamics in canopy tree structure and live biomass provide insights into farmers’ temporal allocation of uses and prioritization of different tree species with farm age. We recommend the consideration of such landscape-specific, tree management dynamics in proposing on-farm tree conservation incentives. Our results are also conducive to reliable estimates of the ecosystem services from CAFS in the national implementation of conservation mechanisms such as REDD+.

ACS Style

Frederick Numbisi; Dieudonne Alemagi; Ann Degrande; Frieke Van Coillie. Farm Rejuvenation-Induced Changes in Tree Spatial Pattern and Live Biomass Species of Cocoa Agroforests in Central Cameroon: Insights for Tree Conservation Incentives in Cocoa Landscapes. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8483 .

AMA Style

Frederick Numbisi, Dieudonne Alemagi, Ann Degrande, Frieke Van Coillie. Farm Rejuvenation-Induced Changes in Tree Spatial Pattern and Live Biomass Species of Cocoa Agroforests in Central Cameroon: Insights for Tree Conservation Incentives in Cocoa Landscapes. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (15):8483.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Frederick Numbisi; Dieudonne Alemagi; Ann Degrande; Frieke Van Coillie. 2021. "Farm Rejuvenation-Induced Changes in Tree Spatial Pattern and Live Biomass Species of Cocoa Agroforests in Central Cameroon: Insights for Tree Conservation Incentives in Cocoa Landscapes." Sustainability 13, no. 15: 8483.

Journal article
Published: 25 September 2020 in International Journal of the Commons
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ACS Style

Mawa Karambiri; Maria Brockhaus; Jenniver Sehring; Ann Degrande. ‘We Are Not Bad People’- Bricolage and the Rise of Community Forest Institutions in Burkina Faso. International Journal of the Commons 2020, 14, 525 -538.

AMA Style

Mawa Karambiri, Maria Brockhaus, Jenniver Sehring, Ann Degrande. ‘We Are Not Bad People’- Bricolage and the Rise of Community Forest Institutions in Burkina Faso. International Journal of the Commons. 2020; 14 (1):525-538.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mawa Karambiri; Maria Brockhaus; Jenniver Sehring; Ann Degrande. 2020. "‘We Are Not Bad People’- Bricolage and the Rise of Community Forest Institutions in Burkina Faso." International Journal of the Commons 14, no. 1: 525-538.

Research article
Published: 30 January 2018 in Information Development
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Rural Resources Centres (RRCs) managed by community-based organisations, where farmers come together for training and demonstration, have been an innovative extension approach in Cameroon since 2006. This paper describes information flow in RRCs and farmers’ assessment of RRCs as information sources. All the RRCs in Cameroon were studied and 29 group interviews, involving 118 producers and 7 individual interviews with RRC managers, were performed. RRCs share information with several stakeholders including farmers, research institutions, and educational and religious institutions; and interpersonal channels are commonly used. Farmers and agricultural extension workers are the most important sources of information for RRCs. Farmers rank RRCs as their second best sources of information after fellow farmers. On average, each year, RRCs organise at least 40 training sessions for about 1777 participants. The themes are mainly agroforestry (29%), marketing (20%), group dynamics (20%) and post-harvest techniques (11%). The issue of funding the activities of the RRCs needs to be addressed, they need to be better structured, and their human resources increased and strengthened.

ACS Style

Urcil Papito Kenfack Essougong; Guillaume Hensel Fongang Fouepe; Ann Degrande. Can community-based organisations deliver adequate agricultural information to farmers? Evidence from rural resources centres in Cameroon. Information Development 2018, 35, 435 -446.

AMA Style

Urcil Papito Kenfack Essougong, Guillaume Hensel Fongang Fouepe, Ann Degrande. Can community-based organisations deliver adequate agricultural information to farmers? Evidence from rural resources centres in Cameroon. Information Development. 2018; 35 (3):435-446.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Urcil Papito Kenfack Essougong; Guillaume Hensel Fongang Fouepe; Ann Degrande. 2018. "Can community-based organisations deliver adequate agricultural information to farmers? Evidence from rural resources centres in Cameroon." Information Development 35, no. 3: 435-446.

Book chapter
Published: 01 November 2015 in Forests and Food: Addressing Hunger and Nutrition Across Sustainable Landscapes
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ACS Style

Ramni Jamnadass; Stepha McMullin; Miyuki Iiyama; Ian K. Dawson; Bronwen Powell; Celine Termote; Amy Ickowitz; Katja Kehlenbeck; Barbara Vinceti; Nathalie van Vliet; Gudrun Keding; Barbara Stadlmayr; Patrick Van Damme; Sammy Carsan; Terry Sunderland; Mary Njenga; Amos Gyau; Paolo Cerutti; Jolien Schure; Christophe Kouame; Beatrice Darko Obiri; Daniel Ofori; Bina Agarwal; Henry Neufeldt; Ann Degrande; Anca Serban. 2. Understanding the Roles of Forests and Tree-based Systems in Food Provision. Forests and Food: Addressing Hunger and Nutrition Across Sustainable Landscapes 2015, 27 -70.

AMA Style

Ramni Jamnadass, Stepha McMullin, Miyuki Iiyama, Ian K. Dawson, Bronwen Powell, Celine Termote, Amy Ickowitz, Katja Kehlenbeck, Barbara Vinceti, Nathalie van Vliet, Gudrun Keding, Barbara Stadlmayr, Patrick Van Damme, Sammy Carsan, Terry Sunderland, Mary Njenga, Amos Gyau, Paolo Cerutti, Jolien Schure, Christophe Kouame, Beatrice Darko Obiri, Daniel Ofori, Bina Agarwal, Henry Neufeldt, Ann Degrande, Anca Serban. 2. Understanding the Roles of Forests and Tree-based Systems in Food Provision. Forests and Food: Addressing Hunger and Nutrition Across Sustainable Landscapes. 2015; ():27-70.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ramni Jamnadass; Stepha McMullin; Miyuki Iiyama; Ian K. Dawson; Bronwen Powell; Celine Termote; Amy Ickowitz; Katja Kehlenbeck; Barbara Vinceti; Nathalie van Vliet; Gudrun Keding; Barbara Stadlmayr; Patrick Van Damme; Sammy Carsan; Terry Sunderland; Mary Njenga; Amos Gyau; Paolo Cerutti; Jolien Schure; Christophe Kouame; Beatrice Darko Obiri; Daniel Ofori; Bina Agarwal; Henry Neufeldt; Ann Degrande; Anca Serban. 2015. "2. Understanding the Roles of Forests and Tree-based Systems in Food Provision." Forests and Food: Addressing Hunger and Nutrition Across Sustainable Landscapes , no. : 27-70.

Journal article
Published: 16 September 2015 in Afrika Focus
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Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth (Fabaceae) has emerged as one of the top underutilized agroforestry species with considerable economic and nutritional value in West and Central Africa where the species is endemic and exploited by farmers. However, the species suffers from a level of exploitation that is unsustainable. This dramatically decreases the natural resource base. Key information such as tree variation is needed to develop an ef cient strategy for its domestication. This study therefore assesses the species phenotypic variation in two populations in the forest zone of Cameroon. Overall, 49 trees (19 in Lomie and 30 in Djoum) were sampled. Tree characteristics (diameter at breast height (DBH), height, crown diameter), pod (number of seeds per pod), seed (width, length, thickness, weight) and kernel traits (weight) were recorded. All these parameters were subjected to a combination of multivariate, PCA and cluster analyses. Results revealed four clusters of P. macro- phylla trees with cluster IV considered as the best because it contains four elite trees (LOM/PM/09, LOM/PM/13, LOM/PM/15 and LOM/PM/16) with desirable tree characteristics. Clusters were further considered as different groups of trees, and seeds and kernel traits variation assessed using ANOVA analysis. Significant differences in mean kernel weight occured between groups. Cluster IV presented the highest mean kernel weight (19.25 ± 0.16 g), while cluster III had the lowest (13.28 ± 0.57 g). Within cluster IV, the highest kernel weight (25.83 ± 5.62 g) was found in tree number LOM/PM/09. Kernel weight was found to be positive and strongly correlated (r = 0.95) with seed weight. We can conclude that there is phenotypic variation between the trees of P. macrophylla in terms of DBH, height, crown diameter, number of seeds, seed width, seed length, seed thickness, seed and kernel weight. Results obtained in this study could serve as a useful guide for the selection of targeted P. macrophylla trees either for domestication or for conservation purposes. Key words: Pentaclethra macrophylla, Ideotype, kernel weight, tree selection, tree variation

ACS Style

Alain Tsobeng; Zac Tchoundjeu; Ann Degrande; Ebenezer Asaah; Takoutsing Bertin; Patrick Van Damme. Phenotypic variation in Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth (Fabaceae) from the humid lowlands of Cameroon. Afrika Focus 2015, 28, 1 .

AMA Style

Alain Tsobeng, Zac Tchoundjeu, Ann Degrande, Ebenezer Asaah, Takoutsing Bertin, Patrick Van Damme. Phenotypic variation in Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth (Fabaceae) from the humid lowlands of Cameroon. Afrika Focus. 2015; 28 (2):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alain Tsobeng; Zac Tchoundjeu; Ann Degrande; Ebenezer Asaah; Takoutsing Bertin; Patrick Van Damme. 2015. "Phenotypic variation in Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth (Fabaceae) from the humid lowlands of Cameroon." Afrika Focus 28, no. 2: 1.

Journal article
Published: 04 April 2015 in Agroforestry Systems
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Agroforestry is now accepted as a sustainable way of improving existing cropping systems. As with other agricultural innovations, the adoption of agroforestry practices depends on farmers’ perceptions of the benefits that would arise from the use of these practices. (Baill. Pierre ex Pax.) or (in Bassa local language) is a tropical tree, the kernels of which are in high demand in Cameroon as a thickening ingredient. is suitable for integration in agroforestry systems in the area, but its expansion is constrained by difficulties in kernel extraction, which has been exclusively manual so far. This paper investigates the factors that determine producers’ attitudes towards the introduction and use of a kernel extraction machine. Among the issues investigated were characterization of users, comparison of mechanical and manual extraction, users’ appreciation of the machine and willingness to continue to use the machine. Using a structured questionnaire, 81 producers from three categories were randomly selected from five villages in southern Cameroon. We further investigate how attributes of an innovation influence the adoption of the machine. Results from a principal component analysis and logistic regression suggest that the age and education of producers, annual income from , the number of trees exploited and the purchase price of the machine are important variables in determining its adoption. The use of the machine allows producers to spend less time on kernel extraction, thereby increasing returns in labour and offering opportunities to increase the number of trees a household can exploit.

ACS Style

Charlie Mbosso; Ann Degrande; Grace B. Villamor; Patrick Van Damme; Zac Tchoundjeu; Sygnola Tsafack. Factors affecting the adoption of agricultural innovation: the case of a Ricinodendron heudelotii kernel extraction machine in southern Cameroon. Agroforestry Systems 2015, 89, 799 -811.

AMA Style

Charlie Mbosso, Ann Degrande, Grace B. Villamor, Patrick Van Damme, Zac Tchoundjeu, Sygnola Tsafack. Factors affecting the adoption of agricultural innovation: the case of a Ricinodendron heudelotii kernel extraction machine in southern Cameroon. Agroforestry Systems. 2015; 89 (5):799-811.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Charlie Mbosso; Ann Degrande; Grace B. Villamor; Patrick Van Damme; Zac Tchoundjeu; Sygnola Tsafack. 2015. "Factors affecting the adoption of agricultural innovation: the case of a Ricinodendron heudelotii kernel extraction machine in southern Cameroon." Agroforestry Systems 89, no. 5: 799-811.

Report
Published: 01 January 2015 in Farmer-to-farmer extension: a survey of lead farmers in Cameroon
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ACS Style

Sygnola A M Tsafack; Ann Degrande; Steven Franzel; Brent Simpson. Farmer-to-farmer extension: a survey of lead farmers in Cameroon. Farmer-to-farmer extension: a survey of lead farmers in Cameroon 2015, 1 .

AMA Style

Sygnola A M Tsafack, Ann Degrande, Steven Franzel, Brent Simpson. Farmer-to-farmer extension: a survey of lead farmers in Cameroon. Farmer-to-farmer extension: a survey of lead farmers in Cameroon. 2015; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sygnola A M Tsafack; Ann Degrande; Steven Franzel; Brent Simpson. 2015. "Farmer-to-farmer extension: a survey of lead farmers in Cameroon." Farmer-to-farmer extension: a survey of lead farmers in Cameroon , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 26 November 2014 in Afrika Focus
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Garcinia lucida Vesque (Clusiaceae) is a tree species that is highly valued for its medicinal properties by rural households in the humid forest zone of Cameroon. However, the unsustainable exploitation of the species threatens its long-term regeneration. This study focuses on its vegetative propagation via stem cuttings in non-mist propagators and through grafting. The study tests the effects of three rooting media (sand, sawdust, sand + sawdust (1/1); three leaf sizes (0,25 and 50 cm2); and three types of hormone [indole butyric acid (IBA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA)], applied as a single dose. Furthermore, three grafting techniques (cleft, side tongue and whip-and-tongue grafting) were tested. All experiments were designed as completely randomized blocks with three replicates. Results showed that cuttings require a medium that has low water holding capacity and high porosity, and a leaf area of 50 cm2 and NAA treatment; grafting success was affected by the technique used, with top cleft grafting yielding a 100% success rate. From this preliminary study, it is concluded that G. lucida is amenable to vegetative propagation by cuttings and grafting. Key words: tree domestication, leaf area, non-mist propagator, rooting hormone, rooting medium, under-utilised species

ACS Style

Bertin Takoutsing; Alain Tsobeng; Zacharie Tchoundjeu; Ann Degrande; Ebenazar Asaah. Vegetative propagation of Garcinia lucida Vesque (Clusiaceae) using leafy stem cuttings and grafting. Afrika Focus 2014, 27, 1 .

AMA Style

Bertin Takoutsing, Alain Tsobeng, Zacharie Tchoundjeu, Ann Degrande, Ebenazar Asaah. Vegetative propagation of Garcinia lucida Vesque (Clusiaceae) using leafy stem cuttings and grafting. Afrika Focus. 2014; 27 (3):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bertin Takoutsing; Alain Tsobeng; Zacharie Tchoundjeu; Ann Degrande; Ebenazar Asaah. 2014. "Vegetative propagation of Garcinia lucida Vesque (Clusiaceae) using leafy stem cuttings and grafting." Afrika Focus 27, no. 3: 1.

Articles
Published: 25 September 2014 in Journal of Food Products Marketing
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Honey is one of the important non-timber forest products consumed in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and, as such, an important source of income for many households. However, poor knowledge of buyers’ preferences in the marketing of honey presents a major challenge to the profitability of the honey enterprises. The research presented in this article identifies key consumer characteristics that influence the preferences of honey consumers in the DRC. The primary data source used in this analysis is drawn from a survey of 214 consumers. Results show that consumers who are married and have reached at least the level of secondary education have a strong preference for local forest and savannah honey. Those between the ages of 30 and 50 do not prefer honey from beekeeping, but would rather have it imported. We conclude that segmentation of the honey market and increasing consumer awareness must go in tandem in order to develop a good marketing strategy.

ACS Style

Amos Gyau; Claude Akalakou; Ann Degrande; Apollinaire Biloso. Determinants of Consumer Preferences for Honey in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Journal of Food Products Marketing 2014, 20, 476 -490.

AMA Style

Amos Gyau, Claude Akalakou, Ann Degrande, Apollinaire Biloso. Determinants of Consumer Preferences for Honey in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Journal of Food Products Marketing. 2014; 20 (5):476-490.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amos Gyau; Claude Akalakou; Ann Degrande; Apollinaire Biloso. 2014. "Determinants of Consumer Preferences for Honey in the Democratic Republic of Congo." Journal of Food Products Marketing 20, no. 5: 476-490.

Editorial
Published: 14 March 2014 in Forests, Trees and Livelihoods
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ACS Style

Verina Ingram; Patrice Levang; Peter Cronkleton; Ann Degrande; Roger Leakey; Patrick Van Damme. Forest and tree product value chains. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 2014, 23, 1 -5.

AMA Style

Verina Ingram, Patrice Levang, Peter Cronkleton, Ann Degrande, Roger Leakey, Patrick Van Damme. Forest and tree product value chains. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods. 2014; 23 (1-2):1-5.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Verina Ingram; Patrice Levang; Peter Cronkleton; Ann Degrande; Roger Leakey; Patrick Van Damme. 2014. "Forest and tree product value chains." Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 23, no. 1-2: 1-5.

Forest and tree product value chains
Published: 21 February 2014 in Forests, Trees and Livelihoods
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In recent years, there has been increasing use of the value chain approach as a strategy to improve smallholder participation in markets. Despite the surge, not much is known about its effectiveness and specificity in the context of lesser known commodities such as non-timber forest products and agroforestry tree products. This paper documents the key lessons learned from the implementation of two major value chain projects related to lesser known species in the Congo basin, specifically in Cameroon and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Results from the project indicate the importance of combining value chain interventions in the domain of production, harvest and post-harvest, with activities that enhance the organisational and institutional environment, promote effective policies to support the commercialisation process, as well as assessing the impact of the interventions. It is recommended that in order to exploit the benefits of agroforestry value chains, it is important to take advantage of complementarities among value chain interventions, use differentiated strategies in order to reach out to the various target groups, understand the product and country specific issues to design interventions as well as promote effective policy environment that will improve domestication and planting of these species. It is concluded that the value chain approach has the potential to enhance smallholder participation in agroforestry products' markets, thereby improving their livelihoods.

ACS Style

Ann Degrande; Amos Gyau; Divine Foundjem-Tita; Eric Tollens. Improving smallholders' participation in tree product value chains: experiences from the Congo Basin. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 2014, 23, 102 -115.

AMA Style

Ann Degrande, Amos Gyau, Divine Foundjem-Tita, Eric Tollens. Improving smallholders' participation in tree product value chains: experiences from the Congo Basin. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods. 2014; 23 (1-2):102-115.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ann Degrande; Amos Gyau; Divine Foundjem-Tita; Eric Tollens. 2014. "Improving smallholders' participation in tree product value chains: experiences from the Congo Basin." Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 23, no. 1-2: 102-115.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2014 in Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability
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This paper reviews agroforestry's contribution to food security from a gender perspective. Emphasis is placed on women's contribution relative to men and the challenges they face. Agroforestry practices examined include fodder shrubs, ‘fertilizer trees’ and indigenous fruit trees. In examining the practices, we highlight women's and men's involvement in management, utilization and marketing of agroforestry products. The review shows that agroforestry makes a substantial contribution to food security. Furthermore, women are as actively involved as men; however, their level of participation and benefits are constrained by cultural norms and lack of resources. For women to benefit fully from agroforestry and hence contribute to food security, various policies, technological and institutional interventions are recommended

ACS Style

Evelyne Kiptot; Steven Franzel; Ann Degrande. Gender, agroforestry and food security in Africa. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2014, 6, 104 -109.

AMA Style

Evelyne Kiptot, Steven Franzel, Ann Degrande. Gender, agroforestry and food security in Africa. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. 2014; 6 ():104-109.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Evelyne Kiptot; Steven Franzel; Ann Degrande. 2014. "Gender, agroforestry and food security in Africa." Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 6, no. : 104-109.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2014 in Forest Policy and Economics
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ACS Style

Divine Foundjem-Tita; Stijn Speelman; Marijke D'haese; Ann Degrande; Guido Van Huylenbroeck; Patrick Van Damme; Zac Tchoundjeu. A tale of transaction costs and forest law compliance: Trade permits for Non Timber Forests Products in Cameroon. Forest Policy and Economics 2014, 38, 132 -142.

AMA Style

Divine Foundjem-Tita, Stijn Speelman, Marijke D'haese, Ann Degrande, Guido Van Huylenbroeck, Patrick Van Damme, Zac Tchoundjeu. A tale of transaction costs and forest law compliance: Trade permits for Non Timber Forests Products in Cameroon. Forest Policy and Economics. 2014; 38 ():132-142.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Divine Foundjem-Tita; Stijn Speelman; Marijke D'haese; Ann Degrande; Guido Van Huylenbroeck; Patrick Van Damme; Zac Tchoundjeu. 2014. "A tale of transaction costs and forest law compliance: Trade permits for Non Timber Forests Products in Cameroon." Forest Policy and Economics 38, no. : 132-142.

Book chapter
Published: 30 October 2013 in Tropical Agroforestry
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More than one hundred agroforestry systems (particular land-use systems involving integrating production of trees with crops and/or livestock, which are characterized by the environment, plant species and their arrangement, management, and socio-economic functions) have been recorded yet, with about 30 agroforestry practices (distinct arrangements of agroforestry components in space and time). Agroforestry systems and practices are often used simultaneously. Major agroforestry practices or technologies in the humid tropics include homegardens, perennial crop based systems, shifting cultivation, alley cropping, improved fallows and rotational tree fallows. Other agroforestry systems are valued in the humid tropics, including relay cropping, multilayer tree gardens, multipurpose trees on croplands and plantation-crop combinations. Since the mid-90s, the participatory domestication of high-value and multipurpose indigenous forest species using agroforestry techniques has been gaining momentum in the humid tropics.

ACS Style

Alain Atangana; Damase Khasa; Scott Chang; Ann Degrande. Major Agroforestry Systems of the Humid Tropics. Tropical Agroforestry 2013, 49 -93.

AMA Style

Alain Atangana, Damase Khasa, Scott Chang, Ann Degrande. Major Agroforestry Systems of the Humid Tropics. Tropical Agroforestry. 2013; ():49-93.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alain Atangana; Damase Khasa; Scott Chang; Ann Degrande. 2013. "Major Agroforestry Systems of the Humid Tropics." Tropical Agroforestry , no. : 49-93.

Book chapter
Published: 30 October 2013 in Tropical Agroforestry
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Agroforestry practices of the semiarid tropics are most often designed to control erosion, and to make water and moisture available to plants throughout the cropping cycle. Agrosilvopastoral systems, i.e, the deliberate introduction of livestock into tree-crop systems, are more common in the semiarid tropics than the humid tropics. For that reason, the most common agroforestry practices of the semiarid tropics include homegardens, shifting cultivation, parklands, alley cropping, shelterbelts systems, woody perennials on rangelands and pastures, plantation crops with pastures and livestock, living fences of woody perennials and hedges that are useable as fodder, multipurpose woody hedgerows, parklands, tree woodlots, woody perennials for soil conservation or reclamation and sloping agriculture land technology, multi-purpose tree based systems and perennial crop based systems. Other agroforestry systems are valued in semiarid tropics, including protein banks and apiforestry. The most important food crops that are grown in tree-crop systems in the semiarid tropics are cereals (maize, rice and various species of millet) or potatoes.

ACS Style

Alain Atangana; Damase Khasa; Scott Chang; Ann Degrande. Major Agroforestry Systems of the Semiarid Tropics. Tropical Agroforestry 2013, 95 -110.

AMA Style

Alain Atangana, Damase Khasa, Scott Chang, Ann Degrande. Major Agroforestry Systems of the Semiarid Tropics. Tropical Agroforestry. 2013; ():95-110.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alain Atangana; Damase Khasa; Scott Chang; Ann Degrande. 2013. "Major Agroforestry Systems of the Semiarid Tropics." Tropical Agroforestry , no. : 95-110.

Book chapter
Published: 30 October 2013 in Tropical Agroforestry
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Soil conservation refers to the maintenance of soil fertility and erosion control. Soil fertility maintenance in agroforestry systems is achieved through the addition of organic matter, typically through litterfall and mulching, while erosion control is achieved through the mitigation of soil losses. Agroforestry systems have been proven to be efficient in soil erosion control. In semiarid Kenya, Senna siamea mulch cover reduced soil losses to only 13 % of the standard average loss and barrier hedgerows reduced the loss to 2 %. Leucaenea leucocephala-maize plots in a subhumid climate in Malawi reduced soil loss on a steep (44 % gradient) to 2 tons ha−1 year−1, compared with a loss of 80 tons ha-1 year-1 in maize plots without agroforestry on a similar slope. On a less steep slope (4 %) in the Himalayan valley of India, runoff was reduced by 27 %, and soil loss by 45 % using a contour cultivation of maize. Contour tree rows or Leucaena hedges reduced runoff and soil loss by 40 % and 48 %, respectively, compared to the maize plot. Soil loss was reduced to about 12.5 Mg (or tons) ha−1 year−1, a significant improvement over fallow plots, which lost about 39 tons ha−1 year−1. Agroforestry practices that are widely used in the tropics for erosion control include crop combinations, multi-storey tree gardens, alley cropping, and windbreaks or shelterbelts. Effective windbreaks provide semi-permeable barriers to wind over their full size, from the base of the windbreak up to the top of the tallest trees.

ACS Style

Alain Atangana; Damase Khasa; Scott Chang; Ann Degrande. Agroforestry for Soil Conservation. Tropical Agroforestry 2013, 203 -216.

AMA Style

Alain Atangana, Damase Khasa, Scott Chang, Ann Degrande. Agroforestry for Soil Conservation. Tropical Agroforestry. 2013; ():203-216.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alain Atangana; Damase Khasa; Scott Chang; Ann Degrande. 2013. "Agroforestry for Soil Conservation." Tropical Agroforestry , no. : 203-216.

Book chapter
Published: 30 October 2013 in Tropical Agroforestry
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To slow the increase of the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases responsible for climate change, initiatives such as the United Nations REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) Programme have been taken. The UN-REDD programme supports REDD+ (i.e., conservation and sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of C stocks, on top of REDD) readiness efforts in the design and implementation of national programs and in national REDD+ action through common approaches and interventions. The REDD+ policies propose to financially compensate countries that improve forest conservation and management to reduce greenhouse gases (GHG; i.e., carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O)) emissions and mitigate against climate change. The REDD+ initiative has recently evolved to REDD++ (i.e., low carbon (C) emission or low C footprint land use systems through eco-agricultural practices on top of REDD+). Eco-agricultural practices, which aim at producing more food while conserving wild biodiversity, include agroforestry systems such as perennial tree-crop systems, windbreaks, and live fences. Agroforestry systems also store C and may qualify as an afforestation practice as is defined in the Kyoto Protocol, and could be included in the C market under the REDD+ scheme. The Kyoto protocol that deals with environmental issues, especially climate change, is heavily based on clean development mechanism (CDM) as a strategy to mitigate atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. The inclusion of agroforestry in CDM is hampered by the lack of standardized methods to estimate C stocks, as well as land tenure issues in the tropics, especially in Africa. Another challenge for the inclusion of agroforestry to CDM is the payment for environmental (or ecosystem) services (PES) option that should be implemented in C contracts. This chapter discusses the opportunities for including agroforestry in C markets, as well as the difficulties and PES options linked to it.

ACS Style

Alain Atangana; Damase Khasa; Scott Chang; Ann Degrande. Agroforestry and the Carbon Market in the Tropics. Tropical Agroforestry 2013, 353 -365.

AMA Style

Alain Atangana, Damase Khasa, Scott Chang, Ann Degrande. Agroforestry and the Carbon Market in the Tropics. Tropical Agroforestry. 2013; ():353-365.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alain Atangana; Damase Khasa; Scott Chang; Ann Degrande. 2013. "Agroforestry and the Carbon Market in the Tropics." Tropical Agroforestry , no. : 353-365.

Book chapter
Published: 30 October 2013 in Tropical Agroforestry
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Biofuels are a promising alternative to fossil fuels whose combustion is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, which is linked to global warming. Biofuel production using agroforestry practices is emerging as a valuable co-benefit of agroforestry. Feedstock for biofuel includes wood biomass, starch, sugars, and vegetable oils. Biofuel crops are cultivated in the tropics and some of them have potential for exploitation within agroforestry systems. Agroforestry tropical woody species valued for biodiesel production include Azadirachta indica, Balanites aegyptica, Calophyllum inophyllum, Jatropha curcas, Elaeis guineensis Jacq., Nephelium lappaceum, Mesua ferrea, Pongamia glabra and Pongamia pinnata. Agricultural crops such as sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) are being promoted for bioethanol production whereas soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) is for biodiesel production. Biofuel production in the tropics using agroforestry practices is environmentally friendly, as it addresses climate change and food security concerns, thereby reducing pressure exerted by local farmers on forests. However, to promote biofuel production using agroforestry practices in the tropical context, it is imperative to design viable tree-crop systems that include biofuel crop species. The use of agricultural crops from agroforestry systems that are in the human food chain for biofuel production is not a socially or economically viable option in the tropics because it can exacerbate the problems of food insecurity. The agroforestry systems designed to improve food security while producing feedstock for biofuel are socially and economically acceptable while providing environmental benefits.

ACS Style

Alain Atangana; Damase Khasa; Scott Chang; Ann Degrande. Tropical Agroforestry for Biofuels Production. Tropical Agroforestry 2013, 335 -341.

AMA Style

Alain Atangana, Damase Khasa, Scott Chang, Ann Degrande. Tropical Agroforestry for Biofuels Production. Tropical Agroforestry. 2013; ():335-341.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alain Atangana; Damase Khasa; Scott Chang; Ann Degrande. 2013. "Tropical Agroforestry for Biofuels Production." Tropical Agroforestry , no. : 335-341.

Book chapter
Published: 30 October 2013 in Tropical Agroforestry
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Agroforestry has to consider both biophysical and socio-cultural aspects of the practice, the latter being the consideration of the influences that agroforestry has on society and culture, which can, in part, be determined by its social acceptability at the farmer’s level, as farmers are considered to be the primary beneficiaries of agroforestry practices. The social acceptability of agroforestry is influenced by heterogeneity in village structure, land and tree tenure arrangements, division of gender roles, and local perceptions and attitudes towards trees. Important socio-cultural factors to be considered in agroforestry include land tenure, labor requirement, marketing of products, local knowledge, local organization, cultural and eating habits, gender, and well-being and age of landowners. Agroforestry technologies should be simple but robust and initially designed to satisfy the needs of poor farmers so as to facilitate social acceptability. Less-risky agroforestry practices are more likely to be accepted in rural areas. Studies on social benefits and costs, land and tree tenure and adoption, structure, functioning, and evolution of social institutions in communities, as well as identification of factors affecting the adjustment and the response by the community to different types of innovation can help agroforestry researchers plan and prepare strategies and actions for the dissemination of agroforestry technologies. The success of any agroforestry project is influenced by public policies and regulations that provide incentives to integrate trees on farms and promote the use of products from these trees.

ACS Style

Alain Atangana; Damase Khasa; Scott Chang; Ann Degrande. Socio-Cultural Aspects of Agroforestry and Adoption. Tropical Agroforestry 2013, 323 -332.

AMA Style

Alain Atangana, Damase Khasa, Scott Chang, Ann Degrande. Socio-Cultural Aspects of Agroforestry and Adoption. Tropical Agroforestry. 2013; ():323-332.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alain Atangana; Damase Khasa; Scott Chang; Ann Degrande. 2013. "Socio-Cultural Aspects of Agroforestry and Adoption." Tropical Agroforestry , no. : 323-332.