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Dr. Matteo Legnardi
Università degli studi di Padova

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Infectious Bursal Disease
0 Poultry vaccines
0 infectious bronchitis virus (IBV)
0 Avian Metapneumovirus
0 Molecular epidemiology of avian viruses

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Short Biography

Doctor of Veterinary Medicine and PhD student at the University of Padua. My research activity is focused on the molecular epidemiology of avian diseases, such as infectious bronchitis virus, avian metapneumovirus and infectious bursal disease virus.

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Journal article
Published: 29 July 2021 in Veterinary Sciences
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The control of infectious bronchitis (IB) is essential in intensive broiler production and is pursued through strict biosecurity and mass vaccination. Despite effective and routinely adopted, hatchery spray vaccination has been hypothesized to affect chicks’ body temperature and wellbeing. Recently, gel administration has been proposed as an alternative and proved feasible in experimental settings. In this study, IBV spray and gel vaccination methods were compared in field conditions. One hundred birds from the same hatch were enrolled in the study and vaccinated, half by spray and half by gel, with 793B and Mass vaccines. After vaccination, rectal temperature was measured and vaccine intake assessed. The two groups were housed for 35 days in separate pens and swabs and blood samples were collected at multiple time points for genotype-specific molecular analyses and serology, respectively. The temperature was significantly lower in spray-vaccinated chicks 10 min and an hour after administration. A similar trend in 793B titres was observed in both groups, while the Mass vaccine was detected later but persisted longer in gel-vaccinated chicks. No differences were observed in mean antibody titres. Compared to spray, gel administration appears equally effective and less impactful on body temperature, thus supporting its application for IBV vaccination.

ACS Style

Matteo Legnardi; Henrik Baranyay; Csanád Simon; János Molnár; Tiede Bijlsma; Mattia Cecchinato; András Gáspárdy; András Bersényi; Claudia Tucciarone; Giovanni Franzo; László Kőrösi. Infectious Bronchitis Hatchery Vaccination: Comparison between Traditional Spray Administration and a Newly Developed Gel Delivery System in Field Conditions. Veterinary Sciences 2021, 8, 145 .

AMA Style

Matteo Legnardi, Henrik Baranyay, Csanád Simon, János Molnár, Tiede Bijlsma, Mattia Cecchinato, András Gáspárdy, András Bersényi, Claudia Tucciarone, Giovanni Franzo, László Kőrösi. Infectious Bronchitis Hatchery Vaccination: Comparison between Traditional Spray Administration and a Newly Developed Gel Delivery System in Field Conditions. Veterinary Sciences. 2021; 8 (8):145.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Matteo Legnardi; Henrik Baranyay; Csanád Simon; János Molnár; Tiede Bijlsma; Mattia Cecchinato; András Gáspárdy; András Bersényi; Claudia Tucciarone; Giovanni Franzo; László Kőrösi. 2021. "Infectious Bronchitis Hatchery Vaccination: Comparison between Traditional Spray Administration and a Newly Developed Gel Delivery System in Field Conditions." Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 8: 145.

Journal article
Published: 30 May 2021 in Viruses
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Feline panleukopenia is a severe disease of cats caused by feline parvovirus (FPV), and marginally canine parvovirus (CPV). Despite being less rapid than CPV, FPV evolution deserves attention, especially since outbreaks of particular severity are currently reported. This apparently different virulence needs monitoring from genetic and clinical points of view. This manuscript explored FPV molecular epidemiology at both Italian and international levels and the possible association between viral phylogeny and disease severity. Sequences from clinical cases of feline panleukopenia in Italy were obtained from 2011 to 2019, and the etiological agent was characterized, distinguishing FPV from CPV. Phylogenetic and phylodynamic analyses were conducted on Italian and international sequences. Moreover, the association between the viral sequence and clinical variables was evaluated on a group of highly characterized patients. After its origin in the 1920s, FPV showed a constant population size until a more recent expansion since 2000. Few long-distance introduction events characterized FPV spreading, however, most of its evolution occurred locally. Although without a strong statistical association, several clinical variables appeared influenced by viral phylogeny, suggesting a differential virulence potentially characterizing FPV strains. These results stress the importance of the continuous study of viral evolution and its repercussions on the disease clinical aspects.

ACS Style

Claudia Tucciarone; Giovanni Franzo; Matteo Legnardi; Elena Lazzaro; Andrea Zoia; Matteo Petini; Tommaso Furlanello; Marco Caldin; Mattia Cecchinato; Michele Drigo. Genetic Insights into Feline Parvovirus: Evaluation of Viral Evolutionary Patterns and Association between Phylogeny and Clinical Variables. Viruses 2021, 13, 1033 .

AMA Style

Claudia Tucciarone, Giovanni Franzo, Matteo Legnardi, Elena Lazzaro, Andrea Zoia, Matteo Petini, Tommaso Furlanello, Marco Caldin, Mattia Cecchinato, Michele Drigo. Genetic Insights into Feline Parvovirus: Evaluation of Viral Evolutionary Patterns and Association between Phylogeny and Clinical Variables. Viruses. 2021; 13 (6):1033.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Claudia Tucciarone; Giovanni Franzo; Matteo Legnardi; Elena Lazzaro; Andrea Zoia; Matteo Petini; Tommaso Furlanello; Marco Caldin; Mattia Cecchinato; Michele Drigo. 2021. "Genetic Insights into Feline Parvovirus: Evaluation of Viral Evolutionary Patterns and Association between Phylogeny and Clinical Variables." Viruses 13, no. 6: 1033.

Short communication
Published: 20 April 2021 in Poultry Science
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Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) is a viral pathogen that causes respiratory signs and drops in egg production most notably in turkeys but also affects chickens, ducks and other species. Four subgroups (aMPV-A, -B, -C and -D) have been characterized to date, which differ genetically, antigenically and in terms of geographic distribution and host range. Despite the rising awareness towards aMPV, many aspects of its epidemiology are still poorly understood. In this pilot study, a serological survey was carried out to assess the possible circulation of subgroups A, B, and C in intensively raised ducks in Northern Italy. A total of 220 sera from 10 Pekin duck flocks and one mallard flock were collected at slaughter and tested by subgroup-specific aMPV-A, B, and C indirect ELISA assays. None of the tested birds had been vaccinated against aMPV and no symptoms had been reported. No aMPV-A, B or C antibodies were detected in any bird of the Pekin duck flocks, whereas the entire mallard flock tested positive for aMPV-C antibodies. This is the first report of aMPV-C antibodies in ducks in Italy, where only aMPV-B has been reported to circulate in recent years. Further research efforts will be targeted towards the screening of a larger panel of samples, in the hope of obtaining positive samples from which full length genome sequences and infectious viruses can be isolated for virus characterization. Finally, the demonstration of aMPV-C specific antibodies in the serum of all sampled mallards indirectly suggests that this species is readily infected by aMPV-C and supports a possible role of wild anatids as a transmission vector of the virus.

ACS Style

Matteo Legnardi; Chantal Allée; Giovanni Franzo; Mattia Cecchinato; Paul Brown. Research Note: Detection of Avian metapneumovirus subgroup C specific antibodies in a mallard flock in Italy. Poultry Science 2021, 100, 101186 .

AMA Style

Matteo Legnardi, Chantal Allée, Giovanni Franzo, Mattia Cecchinato, Paul Brown. Research Note: Detection of Avian metapneumovirus subgroup C specific antibodies in a mallard flock in Italy. Poultry Science. 2021; 100 (7):101186.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Matteo Legnardi; Chantal Allée; Giovanni Franzo; Mattia Cecchinato; Paul Brown. 2021. "Research Note: Detection of Avian metapneumovirus subgroup C specific antibodies in a mallard flock in Italy." Poultry Science 100, no. 7: 101186.

Journal article
Published: 07 January 2021 in Pathogens
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Differently from alpha- and betaherpesviruses affecting swine, interest in the recently discovered Suid gammaherpesvirus 3, Suid gammaherpesvirus 4, and Suid gammaherpesvirus 5, also known as porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses (PLHV-1, PLHV-2, and PLHV-3), has largely focused on their role as potential zoonotic agents in cases of xenotransplantation. However, their role as primary pathogens of swine or as co-factors for other lymphotropic infections has essentially been neglected. The present study aims at filling this gap, evaluating the association between PLHVs infection and different clinical conditions and/or porcine circovirus (PCV) co-infection. One hundred seventy-six samples were obtained from different animals located in a high-density pig area of Northern Italy in the period 2017–2020. The presence of PLHVs and PCVs was tested and quantified by specific real-time PCR: PLHVs were widespread among pigs (PLHV-1, PLHV-2, and PLHV-3 prevalence was 28.97%, 10.79%, and 4.54%, respectively) and detected in all considered tissues and clinical conditions. Frequent co-infections were also observed among PLHVs and with PCVs, although a significant association was not detected with the exception of a positive interaction between PLHV-1 and PLHV-3, and a negative one between PLHV-2 and PCV-2. Significantly, no association between PLHVs, alone or in co-infection, emerged with any of the considered clinical signs, their frequency being comparable between healthy and diseased animals. Based on these pieces of evidence and despite their high prevalence, PLHVs’ relevance for the swine industry appears negligible, either as primary pathogens or as predisposing factors for circovirus-induced diseases.

ACS Style

Giovanni Franzo; Michele Drigo; Matteo Legnardi; Laura Grassi; Maria Luisa Menandro; Daniela Pasotto; Mattia Cecchinato; Claudia Maria Tucciarone. Porcine Gammaherpesviruses in Italian Commercial Swine Population: Frequent but Harmless. Pathogens 2021, 10, 47 .

AMA Style

Giovanni Franzo, Michele Drigo, Matteo Legnardi, Laura Grassi, Maria Luisa Menandro, Daniela Pasotto, Mattia Cecchinato, Claudia Maria Tucciarone. Porcine Gammaherpesviruses in Italian Commercial Swine Population: Frequent but Harmless. Pathogens. 2021; 10 (1):47.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giovanni Franzo; Michele Drigo; Matteo Legnardi; Laura Grassi; Maria Luisa Menandro; Daniela Pasotto; Mattia Cecchinato; Claudia Maria Tucciarone. 2021. "Porcine Gammaherpesviruses in Italian Commercial Swine Population: Frequent but Harmless." Pathogens 10, no. 1: 47.

Journal article
Published: 10 November 2020 in Viruses
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Bovine coronavirus (BoCV) is an important pathogen of cattle, causing severe enteric disease and playing a role in the bovine respiratory disease complex. Similar to other coronaviruses, a remarkable variability characterizes both its genome and biology. Despite their potential relevance, different aspects of the evolution of BoCV remain elusive. The present study reconstructs the history and evolution of BoCV using a phylodynamic approach based on complete genome and spike protein sequences. The results demonstrate high mutation and recombination rates affecting different parts of the viral genome. In the spike gene, this variability undergoes significant selective pressures—particularly episodic pressure—located mainly on the protein surface, suggesting an immune-induced selective pressure. The occurrence of compensatory mutations was also identified. On the contrary, no strong evidence in favor of host and/or tissue tropism affecting viral evolution has been proven. The well-known plasticity is thus ascribable to the innate broad viral tropism rather than mid- or long-term adaptation. The evaluation of the geographic spreading pattern clearly evidenced two clusters: a European cluster and an American–Asian cluster. While a relatively dense and quick migration network was identified in the former, the latter was dominated by the primary role of the United States (US) as a viral exportation source. Since the viral spreading pattern strongly mirrored the cattle trade, the need for more intense monitoring and preventive measures cannot be underestimated as well as the need to enforce the vaccination of young animals before international trade, to reduce not only the clinical impact but also the transferal and mixing of BoCV strains.

ACS Style

Giovanni Franzo; Michele Drigo; Matteo Legnardi; Laura Grassi; Daniela Pasotto; Maria Luisa Menandro; Mattia Cecchinato; Claudia Maria Tucciarone. Bovine Coronavirus: Variability, Evolution, and Dispersal Patterns of a No Longer Neglected Betacoronavirus. Viruses 2020, 12, 1285 .

AMA Style

Giovanni Franzo, Michele Drigo, Matteo Legnardi, Laura Grassi, Daniela Pasotto, Maria Luisa Menandro, Mattia Cecchinato, Claudia Maria Tucciarone. Bovine Coronavirus: Variability, Evolution, and Dispersal Patterns of a No Longer Neglected Betacoronavirus. Viruses. 2020; 12 (11):1285.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giovanni Franzo; Michele Drigo; Matteo Legnardi; Laura Grassi; Daniela Pasotto; Maria Luisa Menandro; Mattia Cecchinato; Claudia Maria Tucciarone. 2020. "Bovine Coronavirus: Variability, Evolution, and Dispersal Patterns of a No Longer Neglected Betacoronavirus." Viruses 12, no. 11: 1285.

Review
Published: 10 August 2020 in PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
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Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a neglected zoonosis caused by infection with the cestode Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. We carried out a systematic literature review on E. granulosus s.l. human and animal (cattle, sheep, dog) infection in European Mediterranean and Balkan countries in 2000–2019, to provide a picture of its recent epidemiology in this endemic area. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Google Scholar and Open Grey databases were searched. Included cases were: i) for humans, data from hospital records and imaging studies; ii) for dogs, data from necropsy and coprological studies; iii) for ruminants, cases based on slaughter inspection. The NUTS (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) classification was used to categorize extracted data in epidemiological units, defined as data referred to one NUTS2 (basic region) in one year time. Data were then aggregated to NUTS1 level (major regions), calculating the average incidence value of included epidemiological units. For prevalence studies covering different epidemiological units, the pooled prevalence was estimated. Data were extracted from 79 publications, 25 on human infection (covering 437 epidemiological units), and 54 on animal infection (52 epidemiological units for cattle, 35 for sheep and 25 for dogs). At NUTS1 level, average annual incidence rates of human CE ranged from 0.10–7.74/100,000; pooled prevalence values ranged from 0.003–64.09% in cattle, 0.004–68.73% in sheep, and 0–31.86% in dogs. Southern and insular Italy, central Spain, Romania and Bulgaria reported the highest values. Bovine data showed a more similar pattern to human data compared to sheep and dogs. Limitation of evidence included the paucity of human prevalence studies, data heterogeneity, and the patchy geographical coverage, with lack of data especially for the Balkans. Our results confirm Italy, Spain, and Eastern Europe being the most affected areas, but data are extremely heterogeneous, geographical coverage very patchy, and human prevalence studies extremely scant. Results also highlight the notorious problem of underreporting of E. granulosus s.l. infection in both humans and animals. Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a neglected zoonosis caused by infection with the parasite Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato, naturally transmitted between canids and livestock; CE in humans can be a serious condition. In endemic areas, CE is responsible for significant health and economic losses, but its real burden is difficult to estimate. E. granulosus s.l. is especially present in areas where livestock breeding is practiced, including European Mediterranean and Balkan countries. We carried out a systematic literature review on the epidemiology of E. granulosus s.l. human and animal infection in this area in 2000–2019. Data were extracted from 79 publications, and referred to Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) levels per year. Average annual incidence rates of human CE ranged from 0.10–7.74/100,000; pooled prevalences ranged from 0.003–64.09% in cattle, 0.004–68.73% in sheep, and 0–31.86% in dogs. Bovine data showed a more similar pattern to human data compared to sheep and dogs. Our results confirm that Italy, Spain, and Eastern Europe are the most affected areas, but data are extremely heterogeneous, geographical coverage very patchy, and human prevalence studies extremely scant. Results also highlight the well-known problem of underreporting of E. granulosus s.l. infection in both humans and animals.

ACS Style

Francesca Tamarozzi; Matteo Legnardi; Andrea Fittipaldo; Michele Drigo; Rudi Cassini. Epidemiological distribution of Echinococcus granulosus s.l. infection in human and domestic animal hosts in European Mediterranean and Balkan countries: A systematic review. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2020, 14, e0008519 .

AMA Style

Francesca Tamarozzi, Matteo Legnardi, Andrea Fittipaldo, Michele Drigo, Rudi Cassini. Epidemiological distribution of Echinococcus granulosus s.l. infection in human and domestic animal hosts in European Mediterranean and Balkan countries: A systematic review. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2020; 14 (8):e0008519.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francesca Tamarozzi; Matteo Legnardi; Andrea Fittipaldo; Michele Drigo; Rudi Cassini. 2020. "Epidemiological distribution of Echinococcus granulosus s.l. infection in human and domestic animal hosts in European Mediterranean and Balkan countries: A systematic review." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 14, no. 8: e0008519.

Review
Published: 22 June 2020 in Veterinary Sciences
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RNA viruses are characterized by high mutation and recombination rates, which allow a rapid adaptation to new environments. Most of the emerging diseases and host jumps are therefore sustained by these viruses. Rapid evolution may also hinder the understanding of molecular epidemiology, affect the sensitivity of diagnostic assays, limit the vaccine efficacy and favor episodes of immune escape, thus significantly complicating the control of even well-known pathogens. The history of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) fits well with the above-mentioned scenario. Despite being known since the 1930s, it still represents one of the main causes of disease and economic losses for the poultry industry. A plethora of strategies have been developed and applied over time, with variable success, to limit its impact. However, they have rarely been evaluated objectively and on an adequate scale. Therefore, the actual advantages and disadvantages of IBV detection and control strategies, as well as their implementation, still largely depend on individual sensibility. The present manuscript aims to review the main features of IBV biology and evolution, focusing on their relevance and potential applications in terms of diagnosis and control.

ACS Style

Matteo Legnardi; Claudia Maria Tucciarone; Giovanni Franzo; Mattia Cecchinato. Infectious Bronchitis Virus Evolution, Diagnosis and Control. Veterinary Sciences 2020, 7, 79 .

AMA Style

Matteo Legnardi, Claudia Maria Tucciarone, Giovanni Franzo, Mattia Cecchinato. Infectious Bronchitis Virus Evolution, Diagnosis and Control. Veterinary Sciences. 2020; 7 (2):79.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Matteo Legnardi; Claudia Maria Tucciarone; Giovanni Franzo; Mattia Cecchinato. 2020. "Infectious Bronchitis Virus Evolution, Diagnosis and Control." Veterinary Sciences 7, no. 2: 79.

Journal article
Published: 17 March 2020 in Pathogens
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Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) is one of the most impactful and widespread pathogens of the modern swine industry. Unlike other DNA viruses, PCV-2 is featured by a remarkable genetic variability, which has led to the emergence and recognition of different genotypes, some of which (PCV-2a, 2b, and 2d) have alternated over time. Currently, PCV-2d is considered the most prevalent genotype, and some evidence of differential virulence and vaccine efficacy have been reported. Despite the potential practical relevance, the data on PCV-2 epidemiology in Italy are quite outdated and do not quantify the actual circulation of this genotype in Italy. In the present study, 82 complete ORF2 sequences were obtained from domestic pigs and wild boars sampled in Northern Italy in the period 2013–2018 and merged with those previously obtained from Italy and other countries. A combination of phylogenetic, haplotype network, and phylodynamic analyses were used to genotype the collected strains and evaluate the temporal trend and the spatial and host spread dynamics. A rising number of PCV-2d detections was observed in domestic pigs, particularly since 2013, reaching a detection frequency comparable to PCV-2b. A similar picture was observed in wild boars, although a lower sequence number was available. Overall, the present study demonstrates the extreme complexity of PCV-2 molecular epidemiology in Italy, the significant spread across different regions, the recurrent introduction from foreign countries, and the frequent occurrence of recombination events. Although a higher viral flux occurred from domestic to wild populations than vice versa, wild boars seem to maintain PCV-2 infection and spread it over relatively long distances.

ACS Style

Giovanni Franzo; Susanna Tinello; Laura Grassi; Claudia Maria Tucciarone; Matteo Legnardi; Mattia Cecchinato; Giorgia Dotto; Alessandra Mondin; Marco Martini; Daniela Pasotto; Maria Luisa Menandro; Michele Drigo. Free to Circulate: An Update on the Epidemiological Dynamics of Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV-2) in Italy Reveals the Role of Local Spreading, Wild Populations, and Foreign Countries. Pathogens 2020, 9, 221 .

AMA Style

Giovanni Franzo, Susanna Tinello, Laura Grassi, Claudia Maria Tucciarone, Matteo Legnardi, Mattia Cecchinato, Giorgia Dotto, Alessandra Mondin, Marco Martini, Daniela Pasotto, Maria Luisa Menandro, Michele Drigo. Free to Circulate: An Update on the Epidemiological Dynamics of Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV-2) in Italy Reveals the Role of Local Spreading, Wild Populations, and Foreign Countries. Pathogens. 2020; 9 (3):221.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giovanni Franzo; Susanna Tinello; Laura Grassi; Claudia Maria Tucciarone; Matteo Legnardi; Mattia Cecchinato; Giorgia Dotto; Alessandra Mondin; Marco Martini; Daniela Pasotto; Maria Luisa Menandro; Michele Drigo. 2020. "Free to Circulate: An Update on the Epidemiological Dynamics of Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV-2) in Italy Reveals the Role of Local Spreading, Wild Populations, and Foreign Countries." Pathogens 9, no. 3: 221.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2019 in Poultry Science
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Infectious bronchitis (IB), caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), account for severe economic losses in the poultry industry. The continuous emergence of a multitude of IBV variants poses many challenges for its diagnosis and control, and live attenuated vaccines, despite their routine use, still plays a significant role in driving IBV evolution, further complicating the epidemiological scenario. Unfortunately, the impact of different vaccination strategies on IB control, epidemiology, and diagnosis has rarely been investigated. This work presents the results of a large-scale diagnostic survey performed in Poland to study IBV molecular epidemiology and how vaccination may affect the viral circulation in the field. To this purpose, 589 samples were collected between May 2017 and January 2019, tested by reverse transcription-PCR for IBV and sequenced. Vaccine and field strains were discriminated based on genetic and anamnestic information. The most commonly detected lineages were 793B (79%) and variant 2 (17.4%), with sporadic detections of QX, Mass, and D274-like strains. Most of the detected strains had a vaccine origin: 46.3% matched one of the applied vaccines, while 36.5% were genetically related to vaccines not implemented in the respective protocol. Besides their practical value for the proper planning of vaccination protocols in Poland, these results suggest that only a fraction (17.2%) of the circulating strains are field ones, imposing a careful assessment of the actual IBV field menaces. Moreover, phenomena like vaccine spreading and persistence seem to occur commonly, stressing the need to further study the epidemiological consequences of the extensive use of live vaccines.

ACS Style

Matteo Legnardi; Giovanni Franzo; Konstantinos C. Koutoulis; Marek Wiśniewski; Elena Catelli; Claudia Maria Tucciarone; Mattia Cecchinato. Vaccine or field strains: the jigsaw pattern of infectious bronchitis virus molecular epidemiology in Poland. Poultry Science 2019, 98, 6388 -6392.

AMA Style

Matteo Legnardi, Giovanni Franzo, Konstantinos C. Koutoulis, Marek Wiśniewski, Elena Catelli, Claudia Maria Tucciarone, Mattia Cecchinato. Vaccine or field strains: the jigsaw pattern of infectious bronchitis virus molecular epidemiology in Poland. Poultry Science. 2019; 98 (12):6388-6392.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Matteo Legnardi; Giovanni Franzo; Konstantinos C. Koutoulis; Marek Wiśniewski; Elena Catelli; Claudia Maria Tucciarone; Mattia Cecchinato. 2019. "Vaccine or field strains: the jigsaw pattern of infectious bronchitis virus molecular epidemiology in Poland." Poultry Science 98, no. 12: 6388-6392.