This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.

Dr. Jonathan Cullen
University of Cambridge

Basic Info


Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Material Flow Analysis
0 Resource Efficiency
0 System Analysis
0 Circular Economoy
0 Material efficiency

Fingerprints

Material efficiency
Material Flow Analysis
Resource Efficiency

Honors and Awards

The user has no records in this section


Career Timeline

The user has no records in this section.


Short Biography

Jonathan is Associate Professor in Energy, Transport and Urban Infrastructure at the University of Cambridge and a Fellow of Fitzwilliam College. He studied Chemical and Process Engineering at the Univerisity of Canterbury, New Zealand. After 10 years working in industry and in development work in Peru, he moved to Cambridge for the MPhil in Engineering for Sustainable Development, then completed a PhD on the Engineering Fundamentals of Energy Efficiency, before taking up roles of Research Associate and then University Lecturer. Jonathan’s research interests include whole energy systems, resource efficiency and demand reduction. His research aims to characterise physical efficiency limits for resource systems and to provide consistent frameworks for evaluating demand reduction options and emissions abatement strategies. His work on material efficiency is described in the book, Sustainable Materials: with both eyes open (www.withbotheyesopen.com).

Following
Followers
Co Authors
The list of users this user is following is empty.
Following: 0 users

Feed

Journal article
Published: 21 August 2021 in Sustainability
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Traceability technologies have great potential to improve sustainable performance in cold food supply chains by reducing food loss. In existing approaches, traceability technologies are selected either intuitively or through a random approach, that neither considers the trade-off between multiple cost–benefit technology criteria nor systematically translates user requirements for traceability systems into the selection process. This paper presents a hybrid approach combining the fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) with integer linear programming to select the optimum traceability technologies for improving sustainable performance in cold food supply chains. The proposed methodology is applied in four case studies utilising data collected from literature and expert interviews. The proposed approach can assist decision-makers, e.g., food business operators and technology companies, to identify what combination of technologies best suits a given food supply chain scenario and reduces food loss at minimum cost.

ACS Style

Samantha Islam; Louise Manning; Jonathan M. Cullen. A Hybrid Traceability Technology Selection Approach for Sustainable Food Supply Chains. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9385 .

AMA Style

Samantha Islam, Louise Manning, Jonathan M. Cullen. A Hybrid Traceability Technology Selection Approach for Sustainable Food Supply Chains. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):9385.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Samantha Islam; Louise Manning; Jonathan M. Cullen. 2021. "A Hybrid Traceability Technology Selection Approach for Sustainable Food Supply Chains." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 9385.

Journal article
Published: 19 July 2021 in Journal of Industrial Ecology
Reads 0
Downloads 0

As the power and transport sectors decarbonize, industrial emissions will become the main focus of decarbonization efforts. Exergy analysis provides a combined material and energy efficiency approach to assess industrial plants, both of which are necessary to tackle industrial emissions. Existing studies typically use simulated, static data that cannot inform real plant operators. This paper performs an exergy analysis on data spanning 2 years from 311 sensors of a real ammonia production site. We develop methods to overcome unique data challenges associated with real industrial data processing, visualize resource flows in Sankey diagrams, and estimate exergy indicators for both the steam methane reforming plant and its constituent processes. We evaluate average conventional and transit exergy efficiencies for the plant (71%, 15%), primary reformer (86%, 40%), secondary reformer (96%, 71%), high-temperature shift (99.7%, 77%), combustor (56%, 55%), and heat exchange section (85%, 82%). Overall exergy losses are 80 MW; the primary reformer and combustor are the two processes with the highest losses at 35 and 33 MW, respectively. Such an analysis can inform both improvement projects and performance finetuning of a real plant while being applicable to any industrial site. Increased availability of cheap wireless sensors and a shift to Industry 4.0 can enable higher resolution and real-time performance monitoring.

ACS Style

Charalampos Michalakakis; Jonathan M. Cullen. Dynamic exergy analysis: From industrial data to exergy flows. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Charalampos Michalakakis, Jonathan M. Cullen. Dynamic exergy analysis: From industrial data to exergy flows. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Charalampos Michalakakis; Jonathan M. Cullen. 2021. "Dynamic exergy analysis: From industrial data to exergy flows." Journal of Industrial Ecology , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2021 in Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Water availability analysis traditionally has involved understanding how much water enters and leaves a region and how much is used or stored each year. This mass balance of water, or water budget, is useful for tracking quantities of water; however, it offers no insights into the quality of the water. This paper introduces a method for creating a water quality scale that utilizes unique categories for water quality and reserves additional categories for the insertion of local water quality data. The method was tested using California as a case study. A water quality scale applicable to California was created, and data for the city of Paso Robles were inserted to demonstrate the flexibility of the framework to be made location-specific. The resulting scale can be used by water resource engineers to compare different types of water in terms of quality, measure both the quantity and quality of a local water supply simultaneously, and evaluate the most sustainable water supply options available. Furthermore, the scale can be customized for use anywhere in the world.

ACS Style

Jennifer J. Bitting; Jonathan M. Cullen. Creating a Water Quality Scale Methodology Using California as a Case Study. Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment 2021, 7, 05021001 .

AMA Style

Jennifer J. Bitting, Jonathan M. Cullen. Creating a Water Quality Scale Methodology Using California as a Case Study. Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment. 2021; 7 (2):05021001.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jennifer J. Bitting; Jonathan M. Cullen. 2021. "Creating a Water Quality Scale Methodology Using California as a Case Study." Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment 7, no. 2: 05021001.

Review article
Published: 22 April 2021 in Trends in Food Science & Technology
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Traceability of food products, ingredients and associated operations are important requirements for improving food safety and consumer confidence. Food traceability systems (FTSs) often suffer from inefficiency in either material or information flow within an enterprise or between supply chain partners. Modelling of system architecture is a visualisation approach that allows multiple parties to collaborate in a system design process, identify its inefficiencies and propose improvements. However, there is little academic research on the ability to use a standard visualisation tool that supports collaborative design and considers both material and information flow for a given food traceability system. The aim of this research is to propose a new visualisation approach that allows supply chain operators to collaborate effectively in the design process of FTSs capable of maintaining streamlined information flow, minimising information loss, and improving supply chain performance. Food traceability systems are complex, encompassing processes, material flow, information flow, techniques, infrastructure, people and control strategies. Screening of literature demonstrates that model-based system engineering (MBSE) offers a sound way for visualisation of such complex systems. However, in the food traceability literature, an MBSE-based standardised traceability system modelling approach is absent. This study makes a strong contribution to existing literature by proposing a novel, material and information flow modelling technique (MIFMT), to visualise FTS architecture. MIFMT can support common understanding and iterative implementation of effective FTSs that contextualise food supply chains at multiple levels and provides opportunity to identify points at where inefficiencies can occur so that actions can be taken to mitigate them.

ACS Style

Samantha Islam; Jonathan M. Cullen; Louise Manning. Visualising food traceability systems: A novel system architecture for mapping material and information flow. Trends in Food Science & Technology 2021, 112, 708 -719.

AMA Style

Samantha Islam, Jonathan M. Cullen, Louise Manning. Visualising food traceability systems: A novel system architecture for mapping material and information flow. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2021; 112 ():708-719.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Samantha Islam; Jonathan M. Cullen; Louise Manning. 2021. "Visualising food traceability systems: A novel system architecture for mapping material and information flow." Trends in Food Science & Technology 112, no. : 708-719.

Editorial
Published: 22 April 2021 in Journal of Industrial Ecology
Reads 0
Downloads 0
ACS Style

Eric Masanet; Niko Heeren; Shigemi Kagawa; Jonathan Cullen; Reid Lifset; Richard Wood. Material efficiency for climate change mitigation. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2021, 25, 254 -259.

AMA Style

Eric Masanet, Niko Heeren, Shigemi Kagawa, Jonathan Cullen, Reid Lifset, Richard Wood. Material efficiency for climate change mitigation. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2021; 25 (2):254-259.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eric Masanet; Niko Heeren; Shigemi Kagawa; Jonathan Cullen; Reid Lifset; Richard Wood. 2021. "Material efficiency for climate change mitigation." Journal of Industrial Ecology 25, no. 2: 254-259.

Journal article
Published: 31 March 2021 in Journal of Industrial Ecology
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Modern society requires large amounts of materials which lead to emissions of greenhouse gases. Effective climate policy should focus on not just energy efficiency but material efficiency as well. Exergy analysis is a powerful metric used to identify opportunities for efficiency improvement in industrial resource flow systems. Exergy offers a single unified measure of energy and material resources and indicates the real thermodynamic value of these resources, but the method suffers from a lack of comprehensive specific material chemical exergy datasets. The variety of different materials used in the global resource supply chain necessitates a combination of exergy calculation approaches. These approaches are combined into a single exergy calculator tool with over 1400 substances in the dataset. The chemical exergy values computed for key materials typically differ by less than 10% from values estimated in literature. The calculator is used in a case study of the upstream global material supply chain in 2013. The exergy resource map is visualized in a Sankey diagram and is found to be 72% resource efficient with 170 EJ of combined exergy losses and destruction. Further analysis is conducted on the refining, utilities, and industry sectors which are found to be 72%, 44%, and 50% resource efficient, respectively. Their combined losses and destruction are 15, 101, and 54 EJ, respectively. This study and the calculator developed provide a comprehensive dataset of chemical exergy values for a wide range of materials and can be applied in a variety of studies using exergy analysis.

ACS Style

Charalampos Michalakakis; Jeremy Fouillou; Richard C. Lupton; Ana Gonzalez Hernandez; Jonathan M. Cullen. Calculating the chemical exergy of materials. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2021, 25, 274 -287.

AMA Style

Charalampos Michalakakis, Jeremy Fouillou, Richard C. Lupton, Ana Gonzalez Hernandez, Jonathan M. Cullen. Calculating the chemical exergy of materials. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2021; 25 (2):274-287.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Charalampos Michalakakis; Jeremy Fouillou; Richard C. Lupton; Ana Gonzalez Hernandez; Jonathan M. Cullen. 2021. "Calculating the chemical exergy of materials." Journal of Industrial Ecology 25, no. 2: 274-287.

Research and analysis
Published: 02 March 2021 in Journal of Industrial Ecology
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Global glass production grew to 150 million tonnes (Mt) in 2014, equating to approximately 21 kg per person. Producing this glass is energy intensive and contributes annual CO2 emissions of some 86Mt. An accurate map of the global glass supply chain is needed to help identify emissions mitigation options from across the supply chain, including process energy efficiency and material efficiency options. This map does not yet exist, so we address this knowledge gap by tracing the production chain from raw materials to end of life and producing a global Sankey diagram of container and flat glass making for 2014. To understand future demand for flat glass we also model the stocks of glass in vehicles and buildings. The analysis shows the relative scale of glass flows and stocks worldwide and provides a baseline for future study of the emission mitigation potential of energy and material efficiency of manufacturing with glass.

ACS Style

Coenraad D. Westbroek; Jennifer Bitting; Matteo Craglia; José M. C. Azevedo; Jonathan M. Cullen. Global material flow analysis of glass: From raw materials to end of life. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2021, 25, 333 -343.

AMA Style

Coenraad D. Westbroek, Jennifer Bitting, Matteo Craglia, José M. C. Azevedo, Jonathan M. Cullen. Global material flow analysis of glass: From raw materials to end of life. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2021; 25 (2):333-343.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Coenraad D. Westbroek; Jennifer Bitting; Matteo Craglia; José M. C. Azevedo; Jonathan M. Cullen. 2021. "Global material flow analysis of glass: From raw materials to end of life." Journal of Industrial Ecology 25, no. 2: 333-343.

Preprint content
Published: 07 January 2021
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Climate mitigation solutions are often evaluated in terms of their costs and potentials. This accounting, however, shortcuts a comprehensive evaluation of how climate solutions affect human well-being, which, at best, may only be crudely related to cost considerations. Here, we systematically list key sectoral mitigation options on the demand side, and categorize them into avoid, shift and improve categories. We show that these options, bridging socio-behavioral, infrastructural and technological domains, can reduce counterfactual sectoral emissions by 50-80% in end use sectors. Based on expert judgement and literature survey, we then evaluate 324 combinations of wellbeing outcomes and demand side options. We find that these are largely beneficial in improving wellbeing across all measures combined (76% have positive, 22% neutral, and 2.4% have negative effects), even though confidence level is low in the social dimensions of wellbeing. Implementing demand-side solution requires i) an understanding of malleable not fixed preferences, ii) consistently measuring and evaluating constituents of wellbeing, and iii) addressing concerns of incumbents in supply-side industries. Our results shift the emphasis in the climate mitigation solution space from supply-side technologies to demand-side service provision.

ACS Style

Felix Creutzig; Leila Niamir; Xuemei Bai; Jonathan Cullen; Julio Díaz-José; Maria Figueroa; Arnulf Grübler; William Lamb; Adrian Leip; Eric Masanet; Erika Mata; Linus Mattauch; Jan Minx; Sebastian Mirasgedis; Yacob Mulugetta; Sudarmanto Nugroho; Minal Pathak; Patricia Perkins; Joyashree Roy; Stephane De La Rue Du Can; Yamina Saheb; Linda Steg; Julia Steinberger; Diana Ürge-Vorsatz. Demand-side solutions to climate change mitigation consistent with high levels of wellbeing. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Felix Creutzig, Leila Niamir, Xuemei Bai, Jonathan Cullen, Julio Díaz-José, Maria Figueroa, Arnulf Grübler, William Lamb, Adrian Leip, Eric Masanet, Erika Mata, Linus Mattauch, Jan Minx, Sebastian Mirasgedis, Yacob Mulugetta, Sudarmanto Nugroho, Minal Pathak, Patricia Perkins, Joyashree Roy, Stephane De La Rue Du Can, Yamina Saheb, Linda Steg, Julia Steinberger, Diana Ürge-Vorsatz. Demand-side solutions to climate change mitigation consistent with high levels of wellbeing. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Felix Creutzig; Leila Niamir; Xuemei Bai; Jonathan Cullen; Julio Díaz-José; Maria Figueroa; Arnulf Grübler; William Lamb; Adrian Leip; Eric Masanet; Erika Mata; Linus Mattauch; Jan Minx; Sebastian Mirasgedis; Yacob Mulugetta; Sudarmanto Nugroho; Minal Pathak; Patricia Perkins; Joyashree Roy; Stephane De La Rue Du Can; Yamina Saheb; Linda Steg; Julia Steinberger; Diana Ürge-Vorsatz. 2021. "Demand-side solutions to climate change mitigation consistent with high levels of wellbeing." , no. : 1.

Review article
Published: 02 January 2021 in Food Control
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Numerous studies have been performed in food traceability, but there is no common, clear understanding of its theoretical concepts which are scattered and disjointed across the literature. Existing studies are mainly concerned with practical implementation and the theoretical concepts derive from that approach. As a result, various definitions, classifications and inconsistent principles have been proposed which hamper clear understanding and further development of the field. Thus, this study aims to coalesce the proposed and emergent fundamental concepts of food traceability in a generic theoretical framework. To this end, we have used an iterative approach to review and synthesize the papers in the field most relevant to our enquiry, consolidate proposed drivers and beneficiaries, highlight the main typologies, and as a result, propose a revised definition of food traceability and four associated principles. Different information is recorded in a traceability system, depending on the underlying drivers, for example, legislation, food safety, sustainability, or consumer satisfaction. In this paper traceability approaches are categorised by an iterative typology, as internal or external and the implementation of traceability systems is organised according to four consolidated principles: identification, data recording, data integration and accessibility. It is proposed that the collation of existing approaches into a cohesive theoretical framework will improve understanding and the effective implementation of food traceability systems.

ACS Style

Samantha Islam; Jonathan M. Cullen. Food traceability: A generic theoretical framework. Food Control 2021, 123, 107848 .

AMA Style

Samantha Islam, Jonathan M. Cullen. Food traceability: A generic theoretical framework. Food Control. 2021; 123 ():107848.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Samantha Islam; Jonathan M. Cullen. 2021. "Food traceability: A generic theoretical framework." Food Control 123, no. : 107848.

Research and analysis
Published: 12 December 2020 in Journal of Industrial Ecology
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Increased recycling and reuse rates are a central part of the objectives laid out by the COP21. Nonetheless, the practical implementation of what has been called the circular economy, as well as its true potential, are not easily established. This is because the impact and implementation time scales of any intervention depend on knowing the lifetime of products, which is frequently unknown. This is particularly true in construction, responsible for 39% of worldwide emissions, 11% of which are embodied. Most material flow analysis (MFA) models will simply assume a range of plausible life expectancies when bottom‐up data are lacking. In this work, we propose a novel method of identification using the high quality but highly aggregated trade data available and use it to establish a “mortality curve” for buildings and other long‐lasting products. This identification method is intended to provide more reliable inputs to existing MFA models. It is widely applicable because of the general availability of the underlying data. Using it on United Kingdom trade data, we identify product classes at 1 year for packaging/home scrap, 1 to around 10 years for vehicles/equipment, and around 50 years for construction. The identification approach was then validated by using classical approaches using bottom‐up data for vehicles.

ACS Style

Cyrille F. Dunant; Trishla Shah; Michał P. Drewniok; Matteo Craglia; Jonathan M. Cullen. A new method to estimate the lifetime of long‐life product categories. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2020, 25, 321 -332.

AMA Style

Cyrille F. Dunant, Trishla Shah, Michał P. Drewniok, Matteo Craglia, Jonathan M. Cullen. A new method to estimate the lifetime of long‐life product categories. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2020; 25 (2):321-332.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cyrille F. Dunant; Trishla Shah; Michał P. Drewniok; Matteo Craglia; Jonathan M. Cullen. 2020. "A new method to estimate the lifetime of long‐life product categories." Journal of Industrial Ecology 25, no. 2: 321-332.

Journal article
Published: 03 November 2020 in Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
Reads 0
Downloads 0

A range of technology and policy actions can be put in place to reduce carbon emissions from passenger cars, this paper aims to prioritise between them, based on their likely impact and uncertainty. Formal sensitivity analysis techniques are used for the first time to determine the relative importance of factors affecting future emissions from passenger vehicles in Great Britain. The two most important actions to limit future life-cycle CO2 emissions involve shifting to electric vehicles and limiting trends towards larger and more powerful vehicles. According to our analysis over 80% of the uncertainty in future cumulative CO2 emissions can be attributed to uncertainty in electric vehicle uptake and vehicle size and power. These variables are a priority for transport policy makers. The analysis also highlights variables of comparatively low importance; these include the share of hybrid electric vehicles, the Rebound Effect and the utilisation factor of PHEVs.

ACS Style

Matteo Craglia; Jonathan Cullen. Modelling transport emissions in an uncertain future: What actions make a difference? Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 2020, 89, 102614 .

AMA Style

Matteo Craglia, Jonathan Cullen. Modelling transport emissions in an uncertain future: What actions make a difference? Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 2020; 89 ():102614.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Matteo Craglia; Jonathan Cullen. 2020. "Modelling transport emissions in an uncertain future: What actions make a difference?" Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 89, no. : 102614.

Journal article
Published: 25 July 2019 in Sustainable Production and Consumption
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Chemicals production is responsible for 10% of global energy consumption and 7% of greenhouse gas emissions. Material and energy efficiency are the focus of industrial and policy decision-makers but are often pursued as separate strategies. In addition, the solutions investigated are often localised without exploring the dynamics and efficiency relationships between different areas of a chemical site. Past studies have applied network analysis to study large complex systems such as national economies. The applicability to complex systems at the scale of a chemical site are clear but unexplored so far. This paper uses an integrated energy and materials metric to study an ammonia site and a steam methane reforming (SMR) plant in detail. Exergy flow maps are constructed using Sankey diagrams to illustrate the resource (material and energy) flows around the site and the principal sources of exergy loss and destruction. Exergy efficiencies and exergy destruction values are calculated for every plant, equipment within the SMR plant and mechanism of exergy destruction. This information can guide improvement interventions. The plant is then modelled using a network analysis approach to improve the understanding of the energy and material interactions within it. The SMR plant is the main source of exergy destruction with an exergy efficiency of 68% and exergy destruction of 600 GJ/h, followed by the ammonia synthesis and water gas shift (WGS) plants with 99 and 59 GJ/h respectively. Within the SMR plant, the two main burners contributed the most destruction with a total of 190 GJ/h. Combustion and heat exchange are the main exergy destruction mechanisms with 206 and 141 GJ/h respectively, a result that could guide higher-level improvement efforts. More realistic transit and fuel-product exergy efficiencies definitions are found to be consistently lower than conventional efficiency definitions, an effect most pronounced in heat exchangers. The network analysis detected communities of tightly connected plants in the ammonia site and can indicate groups where cascading effects of resource efficiency improvements could materialise. The different network metrics quantifying the importance of individual plants ranked some plants, such as the steam and ammonia synthesis plant, consistently highly. Other plants, like the tail gas stripping, ranked highly on some metrics and low on others. Further work can be undertaken to better tailor some of the network metrics for the purposes of a chemical site modelled as a network. This study’s focus is ammonia production and the SMR process, but the methodology can be applied to any industrial process, particularly chemical sites, with minimal adjustments.

ACS Style

Charalampos Michalakakis; Jonathan M. Cullen; Ana Gonzalez Hernandez; Bart Hallmark. Exergy and network analysis of chemical sites. Sustainable Production and Consumption 2019, 19, 270 -288.

AMA Style

Charalampos Michalakakis, Jonathan M. Cullen, Ana Gonzalez Hernandez, Bart Hallmark. Exergy and network analysis of chemical sites. Sustainable Production and Consumption. 2019; 19 ():270-288.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Charalampos Michalakakis; Jonathan M. Cullen; Ana Gonzalez Hernandez; Bart Hallmark. 2019. "Exergy and network analysis of chemical sites." Sustainable Production and Consumption 19, no. : 270-288.

Journal article
Published: 07 June 2018 in Energy Policy
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Material efficiency is indispensable to reaching agreed targets for industry's energy and carbon emissions. Yet, in the EU, the energy- and emissions-saving potentials of this strategy continue to be framed as secondary outcomes of resource-related policies. Understanding why material efficiency has been overlooked as an energy/climate solution is a prerequisite for proposing ways of changing its framing, but existing studies have failed to do so. This paper fills this gap by triangulating interviews, policy documents and three policy theories: namely, historical and rational choice institutionalism, and multiple streams framework. Factors discouraging material efficiency as an energy and climate strategy include: difficulties in reframing the prevailing rationale to pursue it; the inadequacy of monitored indicators; the lack of high-level political buy-in from DG Energy and Clima; the ETS policy lock-in; uncoordinated policy management across Directorates; the lack of a designated industry lobby. Policy solutions are proposed. Before 2030, these are limited to minor amendments, e.g. guidance on embodied energy calculations or industry standards. Post-2030, more radical interventions are possible, such as introducing new fiscal drivers, re-designing the ETS emissions cap or benchmarks for allowances. This evidence suggests that the transition to a low-carbon industry will require Member State- and industry-level action.

ACS Style

Ana Gonzalez Hernandez; Simone Cooper-Searle; Alexandra C.H. Skelton; Jonathan M. Cullen. Leveraging material efficiency as an energy and climate instrument for heavy industries in the EU. Energy Policy 2018, 120, 533 -549.

AMA Style

Ana Gonzalez Hernandez, Simone Cooper-Searle, Alexandra C.H. Skelton, Jonathan M. Cullen. Leveraging material efficiency as an energy and climate instrument for heavy industries in the EU. Energy Policy. 2018; 120 ():533-549.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ana Gonzalez Hernandez; Simone Cooper-Searle; Alexandra C.H. Skelton; Jonathan M. Cullen. 2018. "Leveraging material efficiency as an energy and climate instrument for heavy industries in the EU." Energy Policy 120, no. : 533-549.

Research article
Published: 10 December 2012 in Environmental Science & Technology
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Our society is addicted to steel. Global demand for steel has risen to 1.4 billion tonnes a year and is set to at least double by 2050, while the steel industry generates nearly a 10th of the world’s energy related CO2 emissions. Meeting our 2050 climate change targets would require a 75% reduction in CO2 emissions for every tonne of steel produced and finding credible solutions is proving a challenge. The starting point for understanding the environmental impacts of steel production is to accurately map the global steel supply chain and identify the biggest steel flows where actions can be directed to deliver the largest impact. In this paper we present a map of global steel, which for the first time traces steel flows from steelmaking, through casting, forming, and rolling, to the fabrication of final goods. The diagram reveals the relative scale of steel flows and shows where efforts to improve energy and material efficiency should be focused.

ACS Style

Jonathan M. Cullen; Julian M. Allwood; Margarita D. Bambach. Mapping the Global Flow of Steel: From Steelmaking to End-Use Goods. Environmental Science & Technology 2012, 46, 13048 -13055.

AMA Style

Jonathan M. Cullen, Julian M. Allwood, Margarita D. Bambach. Mapping the Global Flow of Steel: From Steelmaking to End-Use Goods. Environmental Science & Technology. 2012; 46 (24):13048-13055.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jonathan M. Cullen; Julian M. Allwood; Margarita D. Bambach. 2012. "Mapping the Global Flow of Steel: From Steelmaking to End-Use Goods." Environmental Science & Technology 46, no. 24: 13048-13055.

Journal article
Published: 31 May 2010 in Energy
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Using energy more efficiently is a key strategy for reducing global carbon dioxide emissions. Due to limitations on time and resources, actions must be focused on the efficiency measures which will deliver the largest gains. Current surveys of energy efficiency measures assess only known technology options developed in response to current economic and technical drivers. However, this ignores opportunities to deliver long-term efficiency gains from yet to be discovered options. In response, this paper aims to calculate the absolute potential for reducing energy demand by improving efficiency, by finding the efficiency limits for individual conversion devices and overlaying these onto the global network of energy flow. The potential efficiency gains for each conversion device are found by contrasting current energy demand with theoretical minimum energy requirements. Further insight is gained by categorising conversion losses according to the underlying loss mechanisms. The result estimates the overall efficiency of global energy conversion to be only 11 per cent; global demand for energy could be reduced by almost 90 per cent if all energy conversion devices were operated at their theoretical maximum efficiency.

ACS Style

Jonathan M. Cullen; Julian Allwood. Theoretical efficiency limits for energy conversion devices. Energy 2010, 35, 2059 -2069.

AMA Style

Jonathan M. Cullen, Julian Allwood. Theoretical efficiency limits for energy conversion devices. Energy. 2010; 35 (5):2059-2069.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jonathan M. Cullen; Julian Allwood. 2010. "Theoretical efficiency limits for energy conversion devices." Energy 35, no. 5: 2059-2069.