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X. H. Xia
Institute of China’s Economic Reform & Development, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China

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Journal article
Published: 30 June 2012 in Energy Policy
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Based on chemical exergy as an objective measure for the chemical deviation between the emission and the environment, a unifying assessment is carried out for major environmental emissions covering COD, ammonia nitrogen, SO2, soot, dust, NOx and solid waste by Chinese industry over 1997–2006, with emphasis on the sectoral and regional levels in 2006. Of the total emission in exergy up to 274.1 PJ in 2006, 67.7% is estimated from waste gases, 29.9% from waste water and 2.4% from solid waste. Five of 40 sectors and 12 of 30 regions are responsible for 72.7% and 65.5% of the total emission, respectively. SO2 is the leading emission type in 9 sectors and 25 regions, and COD in another 28 sectors and 5 regions. Some pollution-intensive sectors such as Production and Distribution of Electric Power and Heat Power and Manufacture of Paper and Paper Products, and western and inland regions such as Guangxi and Ningxia with high emission intensities are identified. By clustering and disjoint principal component analysis with intensities of emissions and fuel coal use as variables, three principal components are extracted, and four statistically significant clusters are pinpointed in the sectoral and regional analysis. Corresponding policy-making implications are addressed.

ACS Style

Bo Zhang; G.Q. Chen; X.H. Xia; S.C. Li; Z.M. Chen; Xi Ji. Environmental emissions by Chinese industry: Exergy-based unifying assessment. Energy Policy 2012, 45, 490 -501.

AMA Style

Bo Zhang, G.Q. Chen, X.H. Xia, S.C. Li, Z.M. Chen, Xi Ji. Environmental emissions by Chinese industry: Exergy-based unifying assessment. Energy Policy. 2012; 45 ():490-501.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bo Zhang; G.Q. Chen; X.H. Xia; S.C. Li; Z.M. Chen; Xi Ji. 2012. "Environmental emissions by Chinese industry: Exergy-based unifying assessment." Energy Policy 45, no. : 490-501.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2012 in The Scientific World Journal
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China has experienced great social and economic vicissitudes that caused the vast complexity and uncertainty for electricity consumption. This paper attempts to identify the main determinants of the electricity consumption intensity by using the data from Chinese cities at subprovince and prefecture levels in 2009. The key category factors, including urban morphology, industrial structure, regulation context, urbanization degree, price, natural condition, and resource endowment, are abstracted and the influence of these determinants is evaluated by adopting the finite mixture models. The variation of each determinant across regions, the comparative weights of all the factors, and the detailed classifications of the cities are reported for facilitating the understanding of electricity consumption in China. The corresponding policies for electricity administration are addressed as well.

ACS Style

X. H. Xia; Yi Hu. Determinants of Electricity Consumption Intensity in China: Analysis of Cities at Subprovince and Prefecture Levels in 2009. The Scientific World Journal 2012, 2012, 1 -11.

AMA Style

X. H. Xia, Yi Hu. Determinants of Electricity Consumption Intensity in China: Analysis of Cities at Subprovince and Prefecture Levels in 2009. The Scientific World Journal. 2012; 2012 ():1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

X. H. Xia; Yi Hu. 2012. "Determinants of Electricity Consumption Intensity in China: Analysis of Cities at Subprovince and Prefecture Levels in 2009." The Scientific World Journal 2012, no. : 1-11.

Journal article
Published: 29 June 2010 in Entropy
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For ecological economic evaluation based on the unified biophysical matrix this research illustrates an updated emergy synthesis in terms of embodied cosmic exergy instead of embodied solar energy, which successes the foundation of systems ecological theory but changes the starting point for the estimation from simply the sun to the cosmos. According to the modified definition implicating explicit scarcity and strict additivity based on the fundamental thermodynamics laws, the updated emergy approach overcomes the confusable and intractable deficiencies of traditional one and shows firmer theoretical basis as well as better applicability. As a case study for the regional socio-economic ecosystem, a cosmic emergy based ecological economic evaluation of the Beijing urban ecosystem during the period 1978-2004 is presented. The local and external resources supporting the concerned ecosystem are accounted and analyzed in a common unit, i.e., cosmic Joule, according to which a series of indicators are applied to reveal its evolutional characteristics through five aspects as emergy structure, emergy intensity, emergy welfare, environmental impacts, and degree of exploitation and economic efficiency. During the analyzed period, the major emergy source sustaining the operation of the ecosystem had changed from the renewable resources exploited locally to the nonrenewable resources purchased from outside. Emergy intensity for the Beijing urban ecosystem kept rising owing to the continuous investment of resources, which not only improved the living standard but also intensified the environmental pressure. Moreover, the increase of exploitation degree was accompanied with the decline of economic efficiency, while the rising emergy investment ratio implicates that Beijing was at the risks of resources shortage and high dependence on external resources

ACS Style

Jiang Mei Ming; Chen Zhan-Ming; Zhang Bo; Li Shuang Cheng; Xia Xiao Hua; Zhou Shi Yi; Zhou Jiang Bo. Ecological Economic Evaluation Based on Emergy as Embodied Cosmic Exergy: A Historical Study for the Beijing Urban Ecosystem 1978–2004. Entropy 2010, 12, 1696 -1720.

AMA Style

Jiang Mei Ming, Chen Zhan-Ming, Zhang Bo, Li Shuang Cheng, Xia Xiao Hua, Zhou Shi Yi, Zhou Jiang Bo. Ecological Economic Evaluation Based on Emergy as Embodied Cosmic Exergy: A Historical Study for the Beijing Urban Ecosystem 1978–2004. Entropy. 2010; 12 (7):1696-1720.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jiang Mei Ming; Chen Zhan-Ming; Zhang Bo; Li Shuang Cheng; Xia Xiao Hua; Zhou Shi Yi; Zhou Jiang Bo. 2010. "Ecological Economic Evaluation Based on Emergy as Embodied Cosmic Exergy: A Historical Study for the Beijing Urban Ecosystem 1978–2004." Entropy 12, no. 7: 1696-1720.