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Shangmin Zhao
Department of Surveying and Mapping, College of Mining Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China

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Journal article
Published: 01 January 2021 in European Journal of Remote Sensing
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This paper aims to compare the performance of typical open global DEM datasets by using the indexes of elevation error, relative error and hydrologic network. Taking Fenhe River Basin of China as the study area, this research made quantitative performance comparison among four typical open global DEM datasets including SRTM data with 1” (SRTM1) and 3” (SRTM3) resolutions, ASTER Global DEM data at the 2nd version (GDEM-v2) and ALOS World 3D-30 m (AW3D) data. Through process and selection, more than 80,000 ICESat/GLA14 points were used as the reference data, and the elevation error was computed and compared accordingly. Furthermore, relative error was analyzed using slope values, and false slope ratio index was computed and categorically compared. Finally, the hydrologic networks extracted from the four DEM datasets were compared to the reference hydrologic network acquired by visual interpretation from remote sensing images. The research results show that the AW3D has the best performance, which is approximate to but a little better than SRTM1. The performance of SRTM3 and GDEM-v2 is similar, which are much worse than that of AW3D and SRTM1, and the performance of GDEM-v2 is the worst of all.

ACS Style

Shangmin Zhao; Danning Qi; Rongping Li; Weiming Cheng; Chenghu Zhou. Performance comparison among typical open global DEM datasets in the Fenhe River Basin of China. European Journal of Remote Sensing 2021, 54, 145 -157.

AMA Style

Shangmin Zhao, Danning Qi, Rongping Li, Weiming Cheng, Chenghu Zhou. Performance comparison among typical open global DEM datasets in the Fenhe River Basin of China. European Journal of Remote Sensing. 2021; 54 (1):145-157.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shangmin Zhao; Danning Qi; Rongping Li; Weiming Cheng; Chenghu Zhou. 2021. "Performance comparison among typical open global DEM datasets in the Fenhe River Basin of China." European Journal of Remote Sensing 54, no. 1: 145-157.

Articles
Published: 12 April 2020 in International Journal of Remote Sensing
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The Shanbei Plateau is located in the central Loess Plateau of China, which exhibits typical loess geomorphology and suffers serious soil and water erosion. Numerous studies are conducted here using digital topographic analysis methods based on digital elevation model (DEM) datasets. Most of these topographic analyses are conducted at the pixel level; thus, it is meaningful to determine the vertical error distributions of the DEM datasets at that scale. Taking the 14th product of the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System on the Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat/GLA14) as the benchmark, the aim of this research is to construct a quantitative model to simulate the vertical error distributions of SRTM3 (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission with a spatial resolution of 3”) DEM V4 data for the Shanbei Plateau. Through comparison, the multiple linear regression (MLR) model is chosen and the vertical error surface is determined based on the MLR model and the land surface factor data. Moreover, the rectified SRTM3 DEM V4 data are developed based on the original data version and the vertical error surface. Through accuracy assessment, the root mean squared error (RMSE) value for the rectified version is found to be 9.6 m. Compared to 20.6 m for the original version, this is a clear improvement. Meanwhile, the MLR model has an R2 (the coefficient of determination) value of 0.484, which shows that it is able to represent the relationships between the vertical error distributions and the land surface factors. This research is not only meaningful for digital topographic analysis and its relevant fields of application but also provides a reference for accuracy assessments of other DEM datasets in different regions.

ACS Style

Shangmin Zhao; Hengyang Zhao; Rongping Li; Weiming Cheng; Chenghu Zhou. A quantitative model to simulate the vertical errors of SRTM3 DEM V4 data at the pixel level in the Shanbei Plateau of China. International Journal of Remote Sensing 2020, 41, 5257 -5276.

AMA Style

Shangmin Zhao, Hengyang Zhao, Rongping Li, Weiming Cheng, Chenghu Zhou. A quantitative model to simulate the vertical errors of SRTM3 DEM V4 data at the pixel level in the Shanbei Plateau of China. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 2020; 41 (14):5257-5276.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shangmin Zhao; Hengyang Zhao; Rongping Li; Weiming Cheng; Chenghu Zhou. 2020. "A quantitative model to simulate the vertical errors of SRTM3 DEM V4 data at the pixel level in the Shanbei Plateau of China." International Journal of Remote Sensing 41, no. 14: 5257-5276.

Journal article
Published: 18 January 2019 in Remote Sensing
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Based on the results of remote sensing data interpretation, this paper aims to simulate and predict the mountain permafrost distribution changes affected by the mean decadal air temperature (MDAT), from the 1990s to the 2040s, in the Qilian Mountains. A bench-mark map is visually interpreted to acquire a mountain permafrost distribution from the 1990s, based on remote sensing images. Through comparison and estimation, a logistical regression model (LRM) is constructed using the bench-mark map, topographic and land coverage factors and MDAT data from the 1990s. MDAT data from the 2010s to the 2040s are predicted according to survey data from meteorological stations. Using the LRM, MDAT data and the factors, the probabilities (p) of decadal mountain permafrost distribution from the 1990s to the 2040s are simulated and predicted. According to the p value, the permafrost distribution statuses are classified as ‘permafrost probable’ (p > 0.7), ‘permafrost possible’ (0.7 ≥ p ≥ 0.3) and ‘permafrost improbable’ (p < 0.3). From the 1990s to the 2040s, the ‘permafrost probable’ type mainly degrades to that of ‘permafrost possible’, with the total area degenerating from 73.5 × 103 km2 to 66.5 × 103 km2. The ‘permafrost possible’ type mainly degrades to that of ‘permafrost impossible’, with a degradation area of 6.5 × 103 km2, which accounts for 21.3% of the total area. Meanwhile, the accuracy of the simulation results can reach about 90%, which was determined by the validation of the simulation results for the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s based on remote sensing data interpretation results. This research provides a way of understanding the mountain permafrost distribution changes affected by the rising air temperature rising over a long time, and can be used in studies of other mountains with similar topographic and climatic conditions.

ACS Style

Shangmin Zhao; Shifang Zhang; Weiming Cheng; Chenghu Zhou. Model Simulation and Prediction of Decadal Mountain Permafrost Distribution Based on Remote Sensing Data in the Qilian Mountains from the 1990s to the 2040s. Remote Sensing 2019, 11, 183 .

AMA Style

Shangmin Zhao, Shifang Zhang, Weiming Cheng, Chenghu Zhou. Model Simulation and Prediction of Decadal Mountain Permafrost Distribution Based on Remote Sensing Data in the Qilian Mountains from the 1990s to the 2040s. Remote Sensing. 2019; 11 (2):183.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shangmin Zhao; Shifang Zhang; Weiming Cheng; Chenghu Zhou. 2019. "Model Simulation and Prediction of Decadal Mountain Permafrost Distribution Based on Remote Sensing Data in the Qilian Mountains from the 1990s to the 2040s." Remote Sensing 11, no. 2: 183.

Preprint
Published: 29 July 2018
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As the data source in digital topographic analysis, digital elevation model (DEM) data plays an important role in many fields, and hydrologic application is an important one among them. The successive release of open global DEM datasets provides multi choices for these applications, but also brings puzzles in DEM data selection. Taking Fenhe River Basin of China as the study area, this research compared the hydrologic networks extracted by typical global DEM data using matching difference (MD), correctness (C) and figure of merit (FM) indexes. Firstly, four DEM-derived hydrologic networks (DHNs) were acquired through topographic analysis using four typical global DEM datasets, including Shuttle Radar Terrain Mission (SRTM) data with 1 arc second resolution (SRTM1), SRTM data with 3 arc second resolution (SRTM3), ASTER global DEM data in the second version (GDEM-v2) and ALOS world 3D-30m (AW3D30) data. Then, the reference hydrologic network (RHN) was interpreted based on remote sensing images. Finally, the DHNs were evaluated and compared by referencing the RHN using different indexes. Research results show: (1) four DHNs have similar distribution in mountain regions but much different performance in flat regions; (2) all the indexes (including MD, C and FM) indicate that about the quality of the DHNs, the best is the AW3D30 data, then the SRTM1 data, the next is the SRTM3 data, and the GDEM-v2 data has the worst quality; (3) through analyzing the MD distribution in different slope classes for the four global DEM datasets, the MD mainly distributes in flat region, and then sloping region, but seldom in steep region. Overall, AW3D30 has the best quality, a little better than SRTM1 and much better than SRTM3 and GDEM-v2; SRTM3 and GDEM-v2 data have much worse quality, and GDEM-v2 data is the worst in the four global DEM datasets. Considering that the AW3D30 data is originated from the DEM dataset with 5m resolution, it may exerts more effect in future digital topographic analysis.

ACS Style

Shangmin Zhao; Shifang Zhang; Weiming Cheng. Hydrologic application comparison among typical open global DEM data based on remote sensing images. 2018, 1 .

AMA Style

Shangmin Zhao, Shifang Zhang, Weiming Cheng. Hydrologic application comparison among typical open global DEM data based on remote sensing images. . 2018; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shangmin Zhao; Shifang Zhang; Weiming Cheng. 2018. "Hydrologic application comparison among typical open global DEM data based on remote sensing images." , no. : 1.

Preprint
Published: 29 July 2018
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As the data source in digital topographic analysis, digital elevation model (DEM) data plays an important role in many fields, and hydrologic application is an important one among them. The successive release of open global DEM datasets provides multi choices for these applications, but also brings puzzles in DEM data selection. Taking Fenhe River Basin of China as the study area, this research compared the hydrologic networks extracted by typical global DEM data using matching difference (MD), correctness (C) and figure of merit (FM) indexes. Firstly, four DEM-derived hydrologic networks (DHNs) were acquired through topographic analysis using four typical global DEM datasets, including Shuttle Radar Terrain Mission (SRTM) data with 1 arc second resolution (SRTM1), SRTM data with 3 arc second resolution (SRTM3), ASTER global DEM data in the second version (GDEM-v2) and ALOS world 3D-30m (AW3D30) data. Then, the reference hydrologic network (RHN) was interpreted based on remote sensing images. Finally, the DHNs were evaluated and compared by referencing the RHN using different indexes. Research results show: (1) four DHNs have similar distribution in mountain regions but much different performance in flat regions; (2) all the indexes (including MD, C and FM) indicate that about the quality of the DHNs, the best is the AW3D30 data, then the SRTM1 data, the next is the SRTM3 data, and the GDEM-v2 data has the worst quality; (3) through analyzing the MD distribution in different slope classes for the four global DEM datasets, the MD mainly distributes in flat region, and then sloping region, but seldom in steep region. Overall, AW3D30 has the best quality, a little better than SRTM1 and much better than SRTM3 and GDEM-v2; SRTM3 and GDEM-v2 data have much worse quality, and GDEM-v2 data is the worst in the four global DEM datasets. Considering that the AW3D30 data is originated from the DEM dataset with 5m resolution, it may exerts more effect in future digital topographic analysis.

ACS Style

Shangmin Zhao; Shifang Zhang; Weiming Cheng. Hydrologic application comparison among typical open global DEM data based on remote sensing images. 2018, 1 .

AMA Style

Shangmin Zhao, Shifang Zhang, Weiming Cheng. Hydrologic application comparison among typical open global DEM data based on remote sensing images. . 2018; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shangmin Zhao; Shifang Zhang; Weiming Cheng. 2018. "Hydrologic application comparison among typical open global DEM data based on remote sensing images." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2017 in Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Supplementary Issues
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Using the multinomial logistic regression (MLR) model, this study quantitatively simulate the vertical error distribution of ASTER GDEM V2 data based on the ICESat/GLA14 data and land surface factors (including topographic, NDVI and land use factors) in the Loess Plateau of China. Research results show: (1) there is a positive correlation between the vertical error and the topographic factors includ- ing elevation, relief and slope factors. With regard to the aspect factor, a symmetrical aspect direction for the distribution of the negative and positive error values is found. In general, the vertical error decreases with increasing NDVI values. With regard to land use factor, the highest vertical error distributes in forestland and grassland. (2) The vertical error distribution probability shows a near normal distribution with marginal negative skewness. (3)The accuracy of the model results is estimated to be higher than 70% based on the different checked datasets including the simulated and checked ICESat/GLA14 data and ground control points in topographic maps.

ACS Style

Shangmin Zhao; Weiming Cheng; Chenghu Zhou; Haijiang Liu; Qiaomei Su; Shifang Zhang; Weican He; Li Wang; Wenjiao Wu. Using MLR to model the vertical error distribution of ASTER GDEM V2 data based on ICESat/GLA14 data in the Loess Plateau of China. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Supplementary Issues 2017, 61, 9 -26.

AMA Style

Shangmin Zhao, Weiming Cheng, Chenghu Zhou, Haijiang Liu, Qiaomei Su, Shifang Zhang, Weican He, Li Wang, Wenjiao Wu. Using MLR to model the vertical error distribution of ASTER GDEM V2 data based on ICESat/GLA14 data in the Loess Plateau of China. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Supplementary Issues. 2017; 61 (2):9-26.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shangmin Zhao; Weiming Cheng; Chenghu Zhou; Haijiang Liu; Qiaomei Su; Shifang Zhang; Weican He; Li Wang; Wenjiao Wu. 2017. "Using MLR to model the vertical error distribution of ASTER GDEM V2 data based on ICESat/GLA14 data in the Loess Plateau of China." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Supplementary Issues 61, no. 2: 9-26.

Article
Published: 19 October 2017 in Journal of Geographical Sciences
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Geomorphology is one of the main subdisciplines of geography. The research achievements and prospects in geomorphology have received considerable attention for a long time. In this paper, a general retrospect of geomorphologic research in China over the past 60 years was firstly addressed, especially the research progress during the last 40 years. Based on a summary of experience and a tendency of development, perspectives of geomorphologic research direction in the future were provided. It is concluded that the discipline of geomorphology has made great progress in the aspects of geomorphologic types, regionalization, as well as their subdisciplines such as dynamic geomorphology, tectonic geomorphology, climatic geomorphology, lithological geomorphology, palaeogeomorphology. We believe that persisting in the unity principle between morphological and genetic types would be conductive for the development of traditional landforms and integrated landforms. In addition, five perspectives aim to enhance China’s geomorphologicl research capacity were proposed. They are: (1) strengthening the research of basic geomorphologic theory and the research of integrated geomorphology to expand the research space; (2) focusing more on the research of geomorphologic structure and geomorphologic function to improve the application ability of geomorphology; (3) constructing a comprehensive resource, environmental, and geomorphologic information system and building a sharing platform to upgrade the intelligent information industry of geomorphology; (4) putting more efforts on the research of coastal geomorphology and marine geomorphology to assist the transformation of China from a maritime country to an ocean power; and (5) cultivating talents and constructing research teams to maintain a sustainable development of China’s geomorphologic research.

ACS Style

Weiming Cheng; Qiangyi Liu; Shangmin Zhao; Xiaoyu Gao; Nan Wang. Research and perspectives on geomorphology in China: Four decades in retrospect. Journal of Geographical Sciences 2017, 27, 1283 -1310.

AMA Style

Weiming Cheng, Qiangyi Liu, Shangmin Zhao, Xiaoyu Gao, Nan Wang. Research and perspectives on geomorphology in China: Four decades in retrospect. Journal of Geographical Sciences. 2017; 27 (11):1283-1310.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Weiming Cheng; Qiangyi Liu; Shangmin Zhao; Xiaoyu Gao; Nan Wang. 2017. "Research and perspectives on geomorphology in China: Four decades in retrospect." Journal of Geographical Sciences 27, no. 11: 1283-1310.

Journal article
Published: 23 July 2017 in ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information
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Landslide susceptibility mapping is the first and most important step involved in landslide hazard assessment. The purpose of the present study is to compare three nonlinear approaches for landslide susceptibility mapping and test whether coal mining has a significant impact on landslide occurrence in coal mine areas. Landslide data collected by the Bureau of Land and Resources are represented by the X, Y coordinates of its central point; causative factors were calculated from topographic and geologic maps, as well as satellite imagery. The five-fold cross-validation method was adopted and the landslide/non-landslide datasets were randomly split into a ratio of 80:20. From this, five subsets for 20 times were acquired for training and validating models by GIS Geostatistical analysis methods, and all of the subsets were employed in a spatially balanced sample design. Three landslide models were built using support vector machine (SVM), logistic regression (LR), and artificial neural network (ANN) models by selecting the median of the performance measures. Then, the three fitted models were compared using the area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves (AUC) and the performance measures. The results show that the prediction accuracies are between 73.43% and 87.45% in the training stage, and 67.16% to 73.13% in the validating stage for the three models. AUCs vary from 0.807 to 0.906 and 0.753 to 0.944 in the two stages, respectively. Additionally, three landslide susceptibility maps were obtained by classifying the range of landslide probabilities into four classes representing low (0–0.02), medium (0.02–0.1), high (0.1–0.85), and very high (0.85–1) probabilities of landslides. For the distributions of landslide and area percentages under different susceptibility standards, the SVM model has more relative balance in the four classes compared to the LR and the ANN models. The result reveals that the SVM model possesses better prediction efficiency than the other two models. Furthermore, the five factors, including lithology, distance from the road, slope angle, elevation, and land-use types, are the most suitable conditioning factors for landslide susceptibility mapping in the study area. The mining disturbance factor has little contribution to all models, because the mining method in this area is underground mining, so the mining depth is too deep to affect the stability of the slopes.

ACS Style

Qiaomei Su; Jin Zhang; Shangmin Zhao; Li Wang; Jin Liu; Jianli Guo. Comparative Assessment of Three Nonlinear Approaches for Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in a Coal Mine Area. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 2017, 6, 228 .

AMA Style

Qiaomei Su, Jin Zhang, Shangmin Zhao, Li Wang, Jin Liu, Jianli Guo. Comparative Assessment of Three Nonlinear Approaches for Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in a Coal Mine Area. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2017; 6 (7):228.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qiaomei Su; Jin Zhang; Shangmin Zhao; Li Wang; Jin Liu; Jianli Guo. 2017. "Comparative Assessment of Three Nonlinear Approaches for Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in a Coal Mine Area." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 6, no. 7: 228.

Article
Published: 04 February 2016 in Journal of Geographical Sciences
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Inland lakes and alpine glaciers are important water resources on the Tibetan Plateau. Understanding their variation is crucial for accurate evaluation and prediction of changes in water supply and for retrieval and analysis of climatic information. Data from previous research on 35 alpine lakes on the Tibetan Plateau were used to investigate changes in lake water level and area. In terms of temporal changes, the area of the 35 alpine lakes could be divided into five groups: rising, falling-rising, rising-falling, fluctuating, and falling. In terms of spatial changes, the area of alpine lakes in the Himalayan Mountains, the Karakoram Mountains, and the Qaidam Basin tended to decrease; the area of lakes in the Naqu region and the Kunlun Mountains increased; and the area of lakes in the Hoh Xil region and Qilian Mountains fluctuated. Changes in lake water level and area were correlated with regional changes in climate. Reasons for changes in these lakes on the Tibetan Plateau were analyzed, including precipitation and evaporation from meteorological data, glacier meltwater from the Chinese glacier inventories. Several key problems, e.g. challenges of monitoring water balance, limitations to glacial area detection, uncertainties in detecting lake water-level variations and variable region boundaries of lake change types on the Tibetan Plateau were discussed. This research has most indicative significance to regional climate change.

ACS Style

Yue Fang; Weiming Cheng; Yichi Zhang; Nan Wang; Shangmin Zhao; Chenghu Zhou; Xi Chen; Anming Bao. Changes in inland lakes on the Tibetan Plateau over the past 40 years. Journal of Geographical Sciences 2016, 26, 415 -438.

AMA Style

Yue Fang, Weiming Cheng, Yichi Zhang, Nan Wang, Shangmin Zhao, Chenghu Zhou, Xi Chen, Anming Bao. Changes in inland lakes on the Tibetan Plateau over the past 40 years. Journal of Geographical Sciences. 2016; 26 (4):415-438.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yue Fang; Weiming Cheng; Yichi Zhang; Nan Wang; Shangmin Zhao; Chenghu Zhou; Xi Chen; Anming Bao. 2016. "Changes in inland lakes on the Tibetan Plateau over the past 40 years." Journal of Geographical Sciences 26, no. 4: 415-438.

Article
Published: 12 November 2015 in Journal of Arid Land
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Inland lakes and alpine glaciers are important constituents of water resources in arid and semiarid regions. Understanding their variations is critical for both an accurate evaluation of the dynamic changes of water resources and the retrieval of climatic information. On the basis of earlier researches, this study investigated the growth of the Sayram Lake and the retreat of its water-supplying glaciers in the Tianshan Mountains using long-term sequenced remote sensing images. Our results show that over the past 40 years, the surface area and the water level of the lake has increased by 12.0±0.3 km2 and 2.8 m, respectively, and the area of its water-supplying glaciers has decreased continuously since the early 1970s with a total reduction of about–2.13±0.03 km2. Our study has indicative significance to the research of regional climate change.

ACS Style

Weiming Cheng; Nan Wang; Shangmin Zhao; Yue Fang; Min Zhao. Growth of the Sayram Lake and retreat of its water-supplying glaciers in the Tianshan Mountains from 1972 to 2011. Journal of Arid Land 2015, 8, 13 -22.

AMA Style

Weiming Cheng, Nan Wang, Shangmin Zhao, Yue Fang, Min Zhao. Growth of the Sayram Lake and retreat of its water-supplying glaciers in the Tianshan Mountains from 1972 to 2011. Journal of Arid Land. 2015; 8 (1):13-22.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Weiming Cheng; Nan Wang; Shangmin Zhao; Yue Fang; Min Zhao. 2015. "Growth of the Sayram Lake and retreat of its water-supplying glaciers in the Tianshan Mountains from 1972 to 2011." Journal of Arid Land 8, no. 1: 13-22.

Research article
Published: 10 November 2015 in Journal of Sensors
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Based on land use classification system, this paper acquires the land use distribution status at 2000, 2005, and 2010 in Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Region using remote sensing images, field survey data, images in Google Earth, and visual interpretation methods. Then, the land use transformation rules from 2000 to 2010 are achieved using GIS (geographic information system) technology. The research results shows the following: (1) as to the distribution area of the land use types, dry field has the largest area, followed by forest land, building land, paddy field, water area, grassland, and unused land; (2) from 2000 to 2010, the area of building land has the largest increase, which is mainly transformed from cropland and sea reclamation area; the largest decreased land use type is paddy field, which mainly transforms to dry field and building land; (3) the high increase of building land and decrease of cropland suggest the land use transformation in the quick development process of economy; meanwhile, the total area of forestland and grassland changes little, so the ecological environment does not have apparent deterioration in the 1st decade of the new century.1. IntroductionAs an important environmental element, land is a carrier for people’s social and economic activities [1]. Land use means the result after people employing the land and its resources [2, 3], so its distribution status and dynamic change have important impact not only on land management practices, economic, and social developing processes, but also on government policy at regional, national, and even global level [4, 5]. Land use change is an important element of environmental change processes, which has much significance in sustainable development processes [6] so as to become one of the hot research fields.With the development of science and technology, land use change monitoring is widely conducted by using remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) technologies [7]. Remote sensing images are used to acquire the land use status at different phases [8, 9]; based on multitemporal land use data, GIS technology has been proved to be an efficient method to conduct land use dynamic monitoring, transformation rule acquisition, spatial-temporal pattern analysis, and so on [10–12].As China’s capital, Beijing, is a political, cultural, and economic center in China, so it has unique land use characteristics after long-term comprehensive action of natural and humanity factors [13]. Tianjin is the biggest coastal open city in northern China, which is adjoining to Bohai Sea; with fast development of the economy, land use in Tianjin faces severe transformation, especially in coastal area, where large sea area changes to sea reclamation area, such as building land and water area [14]. Tangshan is a central city in Hebei Province, which surrounds the central Bohai gulf region, so it is the strategic place and extremely important corridor for adjoining North China Region and Northeast China Region [15]. Tangshan combined with Beijing and Tianjin forms an important metropolitan circle in China, Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan metropolitan circle, which is defined as Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Region in this research. Compared to other metropolitan circles, Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan metropolitan circle has relatively lower research degree [16]. The fast development of economy, deep opening-up policy, infrastructure modernization at highest level, and especially the site for 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing make it essential to monitor the transformation rule of land use in this region.Hence, this research firstly collected and processed remote sensing images in Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Region at different phases; then land use distribution status in 2000, 2005, and 2010 were visually interpreted in the study region by using remote sensing images; finally, the land use transformation rules from 2000 to 2010 are acquired and analyzed by using spatial analysis function in ArcGIS software. It has scientific, economic, and environmental significance at some extent for acquiring the land use distribution status and transformation rules from 2000 to 2010 in Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Region.2. Study AreaThis research chooses Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan metropolitan economic circle as the study area, which includes China’s capital, Beijing, municipality directly under the Central Government, Tianjin, and northern part of Hebei Province, Tangshan City. Additionally, in order to avoid hollow area, the study area also includes some counties of Langfang City in Hebei Province. As the geographic boundary of the study area extends from 115.4°E to 119.3°E and from 38.6°N to 41.1°N, the Albers Equal Area projection with two standard parallels of 25°N and 47°N and central meridian of 117°E is chosen as the uniform projection in this research, which considers minimum deformation, area statistics, and consistency to national projection (Figure 1).Figure 1: Location and relief map of the study area.The study area locates in the northern part of North China Plain, which is the transition area between North China Region and Northeast China Region. With Yanshan Mountains to the north, Taihangshan Mountains to the west, and Bohai Sea to the east, the geographical location of the study area has much significance (Figure 1).The main distribution of coastal plain and semiwet monsoon climate make the study area not only an important grain production base, but also a fast developing metropolitan economic circle. The fast development of the economy, establishment of the national central cities, and the Beijing Olympic Games make the land use distribution here transform severely. So it is important to conduct land use transformation rule research in the study area, which is significant to understand the ecological and environmental change in this period.3. Material and MethodologyThe main data sources used in this research are remote sensing images in 2000, 2005, and 2010. Additionally, field survey data, topographic maps, images in the Google Earth, vegetation data, and geomorphologic data, and so on are also referenced.The main data sources and the methodology in this research are specifically illustrated in the following.3.1. Remote Sensing ImagesThe main remote sensing images are Landsat TM images in 2000, 2005, and 2010. The images are mostly collected in summer season (especially August) to decrease the weather influences. The path-rows of the images in the study area are 121-031, 121-033, 122-032, 122-033, 123-032, 123-033, and 124-032, respectively.The remote sensing images in 2000 are processed through data selection, downloading, band selection and stack, atmospherically correction, geometric correction based on topographic maps at 1 : 50,000 scales, mosaic, projection, clip, and so on [17]. The processes to the remote sensing images in 2005 and 2010 are similar to these in 2000, except for that the geometric corrections are based on the processed images in 2000.3.2. MethodologyMany researchers have tried to acquire land use change status by using remote sensing images [5, 7, 17–19], so several techniques for achieving dynamic monitoring of land use have been proposed, applied, and evaluated, such as principle component analysis [20, 21], comparison among two or more images at different phases and so on [22–25]. These techniques mainly aim at the automatic extraction of the land use information, as to the extraction quality, the traditional visually interpretation method combined with field survey data has the highest quality and accuracy, despite of large labour, time, and money input. Hence, the visual interpretation method is adopted in this research.The remote sensing images are the fundamental data for acquiring the land use distribution status at different phases. The processed images are mainly Landsat TM images, which have 7 bands, and the usual band combination in the land use interpretation is 4-3-2 presented by red, green, and blue colour; sometimes, other band combinations are also used, such as 7-4-2 and 5-4-3. Meanwhile, other auxiliary data are also used in land use visual interpretation, such as the images in the Google Earth with higher spatial resolution, the field survey data with field pictures, land use types and locations, the Chinese geomorphologic data, and the vegetation data at 1 : 1,000,000 scales.Under the ArcGIS software, the land use distribution status is visually interpreted by using multidata sources, especially the remote sensing images. According to the interpretation results of the land use distribution status, the land use transformation rules from 2000 to 2010 are acquired and analyzed. Thus, the work flow of this research is shown in the Figure 2.Figure 2: Work flow of this research.The accuracy of the interpretation results is fundamental in this research, which also affects the quality of the land use transformation rules. In 2008, 2009, and 2010, about 400 sample points are checked. Through field survey, the locations, pictures, and land use types are acquired for these sample points. Based on these points, the accuracy of the interpretation results is estimated for higher than 85%. Finally, the interpreted results are revised according to the filed survey results of these sample points.4. Analysis to the Distribution Statuses of Land Use in 2000, 2005, and 2010Based on the visual interpretation results for the remote sensing images, the land use distribution statuses are acquired in 2000, 2005, and 2010 in the study area, which are analyzed, respectively, as in the following.4.1. Analysis to the Distribution Status of Land Use in 2000Based on the data sources and the methodology, land use distribution status in 2000 is interpreted in the study area, which is shown in Figure 3(a).Figure 3: Land use distribution status in different phases ((a) 2000; (b) 2005; (c) 2010).In Figure 3, the legend gives the land use types represented by different num

ACS Style

Shang-Min Zhao; Wei-Ming Cheng; Hai-Jiang Liu; Yao Xia; Hui-Xia Chai; Yang Song; Wen-Jie Zhang; Tian You. Land Use Transformation Rule Analysis in Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Region Using Remote Sensing and GIS Technology. Journal of Sensors 2015, 2016, 1 -10.

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Shang-Min Zhao, Wei-Ming Cheng, Hai-Jiang Liu, Yao Xia, Hui-Xia Chai, Yang Song, Wen-Jie Zhang, Tian You. Land Use Transformation Rule Analysis in Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Region Using Remote Sensing and GIS Technology. Journal of Sensors. 2015; 2016 ():1-10.

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Shang-Min Zhao; Wei-Ming Cheng; Hai-Jiang Liu; Yao Xia; Hui-Xia Chai; Yang Song; Wen-Jie Zhang; Tian You. 2015. "Land Use Transformation Rule Analysis in Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Region Using Remote Sensing and GIS Technology." Journal of Sensors 2016, no. : 1-10.

Journal article
Published: 23 June 2015 in Environmental Earth Sciences
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ASTER GDEM data have high spatial resolution and wide coverage, which are significant in topographic analysis and geographic study. ICESat/GLA14 data can improve the vertical accuracy of ASTER GDEM data based on its abundant points with high vertical accuracy. It is essential to seek a proper rectification method for ASTER GDEM data. In this research, taking the Lvliang Mountains of China as the study area, proper rectification method is explored for the latest version of the ASTER GDEM data (ASTER GDEM V2 data). The ICESat/GLA14 data are regarded as the real data, so the difference between the two datasets is the vertical error data. The key to rectify the ASTER GDEM V2 data is to seek an appropriate interpolation method to simulate a proper surface for the vertical error data. Through analysis and comparison, four interpolation methods including inverse distance weighted (IDW) method, ordinary kriging (OK) method, simple kriging (SK) method and universal kriging (UK) method are first chosen from numerous interpolation methods. Through comparing the vertical error histograms, the samples and the characteristics of the four interpolation methods, the ICESat/GLA14 data in 2005 are selected as the benchmark to rectify the ASTER GDEM V2 data. Then, the vertical error data are calculated using the difference value between the ASTER GDEM V2 data and the ICESat/GLA14 data. Under optimal configuration the vertical error, the chosen four interpolation methods are used to simulate the surface of the vertical error data. Finally, the rectified results for ASTER GDEM V2 data are achieved by adding the interpolated results to the ASTER GDEM V2 data, and the accuracy of the rectified results is appraised using the ground control points on the topographic maps. The research results show that (1) Accuracy of the rectified results is different by using various interpolation methods. The RMSE value range for all the rectified results is 19.5–26.7 m. (2) Among the four methods, SK is the best; the next are OK and UK methods, which have approximately similar performance, but the UK method is a little worse; on the whole, the IDW method has the worst performance. (3) This research not only provides the optimal parameters for different interpolation methods, but also obtains the appropriate rectification method for ASTER GDEM V2 data using ICESat/GLA14 data, which is beneficial for broader range of applications using ASTER GDEM V2 data in topographic and geographic research.

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Shangmin Zhao; Li Wang; Weiming Cheng; Haijiang Liu; Weican He. Rectification methods comparison for the ASTER GDEM V2 data using the ICESat/GLA14 data in the Lvliang mountains, China. Environmental Earth Sciences 2015, 74, 6571 -6590.

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Shangmin Zhao, Li Wang, Weiming Cheng, Haijiang Liu, Weican He. Rectification methods comparison for the ASTER GDEM V2 data using the ICESat/GLA14 data in the Lvliang mountains, China. Environmental Earth Sciences. 2015; 74 (8):6571-6590.

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Shangmin Zhao; Li Wang; Weiming Cheng; Haijiang Liu; Weican He. 2015. "Rectification methods comparison for the ASTER GDEM V2 data using the ICESat/GLA14 data in the Lvliang mountains, China." Environmental Earth Sciences 74, no. 8: 6571-6590.

Journal article
Published: 23 November 2013 in Journal of Mountain Science
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Based on geomorphologic and digital elevation model (DEM) data, the topographic characteristics of the northwestern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are analyzed. Five representative peaks are first determined according to the topographic profile maps for the ridge and piedmont lines, and then the topographic gradient characteristics are analyzed according to the representative topographic profile acquisition method. Based on the geomorphologic database data, the regions between the ridge and the piedmont lines are divided into four geomorphologic zones; and the topographic characteristics are finally analyzed for the different geomorphologic zones regions using the DEM data. The research results show that from the piedmont to the ridge, there exist four geomorphologic zones: arid, fluvial, periglacial and glacial. The arid has the lowest elevation, topographic gradient, relief and slope characteristics. The fluvial has lower elevation and the highest topographic gradient, but with lower relief and slope characteristics. With higher elevation, the periglcial has lower topographic gradient, but the highest relief and slope characteristics. The glacial has the highest elevation with higher topographic gradient, relief and slope characteristics.

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Wei-Ming Cheng; Shang-Min Zhao; Cheng-Hu Zhou; Xi Chen. Topographic characteristics for the geomorphologic zones in the northwestern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Journal of Mountain Science 2013, 10, 1039 -1049.

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Wei-Ming Cheng, Shang-Min Zhao, Cheng-Hu Zhou, Xi Chen. Topographic characteristics for the geomorphologic zones in the northwestern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Journal of Mountain Science. 2013; 10 (6):1039-1049.

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Wei-Ming Cheng; Shang-Min Zhao; Cheng-Hu Zhou; Xi Chen. 2013. "Topographic characteristics for the geomorphologic zones in the northwestern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau." Journal of Mountain Science 10, no. 6: 1039-1049.

Journal article
Published: 05 March 2013 in Journal of Arid Land
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Inland lakes are important water resources in arid and semiarid regions. Understanding climate effects on these lakes is critical to accurately evaluate the dynamic changes of water resources. This study focused on the changes in Sayram Lake of Xinjiang, China, and addressed the effects of climate fluctuations on the inland lake based on long-term sequenced remote sensing images and meteorological data from the past 40 years. A geographic information system (GIS) method was used to obtain the hypsometry of the basin area of Sayram Lake, and estimation methods for evaporation from rising temperature and water levels from increasing precipitation were proposed. Results showed that: (1) Areal values of Sayram Lake have increased over the past 40 years. (2) Both temperature and precipitation have increased with average increases of more than 1.8°C and 82 mm, respectively. Variation of the water levels in the lake was consistent with local climate changes, and the areal values show linear relationships with local temperature and precipitation data. (3) According to the hypsometry data of the basin area, the estimated lake water levels increased by 2.8 m, and the water volume increased by 12.9×108 m3 over the past 40 years. The increasing area of Sayram Lake correlated with local and regional climatic changes because it is hardly affected by human activities.

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Huixia Chai; Weiming Cheng; Chenghu Zhou; Shangmin Zhao; Haijiang Liu. Climate effects on an inland alpine lake in Xinjiang, China over the past 40 years. Journal of Arid Land 2013, 5, 188 -198.

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Huixia Chai, Weiming Cheng, Chenghu Zhou, Shangmin Zhao, Haijiang Liu. Climate effects on an inland alpine lake in Xinjiang, China over the past 40 years. Journal of Arid Land. 2013; 5 (2):188-198.

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Huixia Chai; Weiming Cheng; Chenghu Zhou; Shangmin Zhao; Haijiang Liu. 2013. "Climate effects on an inland alpine lake in Xinjiang, China over the past 40 years." Journal of Arid Land 5, no. 2: 188-198.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2012 in Cold Regions Science and Technology
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Shangmin Zhao; Weiming Cheng; Chenghu Zhou; Xi Chen; Jin Chen. Simulation of decadal alpine permafrost distributions in the Qilian Mountains over past 50years by using Logistic Regression Model. Cold Regions Science and Technology 2012, 73, 32 -40.

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Shangmin Zhao, Weiming Cheng, Chenghu Zhou, Xi Chen, Jin Chen. Simulation of decadal alpine permafrost distributions in the Qilian Mountains over past 50years by using Logistic Regression Model. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2012; 73 ():32-40.

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Shangmin Zhao; Weiming Cheng; Chenghu Zhou; Xi Chen; Jin Chen. 2012. "Simulation of decadal alpine permafrost distributions in the Qilian Mountains over past 50years by using Logistic Regression Model." Cold Regions Science and Technology 73, no. : 32-40.

Journal article
Published: 14 December 2011 in Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy
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The distribution characteristics of the impact craters can provide a large amount of information on impact history and the lunar evolution process. In this research, based on the digital elevation model (DEM) data originating from Change’E-1 CCD stereo camera, three automatic extraction methods for the impact craters are implemented in two research areas: direct extraction from flooded DEM data (the Flooded method), object-oriented extraction from DEM data by using ENVI ZOOM function (the Object-Oriented method) and novel object-oriented extraction from flooded DEM data (the Flooded Object-Oriented method). Accuracy assessment, extracted degree computation, cumulative frequency analysis, shape and age analysis of the extracted craters combined display the following results. (1) The Flooded Object-Oriented method yields better accuracy than the other two methods in the two research areas; the extraction result of the Flooded method offers the similar accuracy to that of the Object-Oriented method. (2) The cumulative frequency curves for the extracted craters and the confirmed craters share a similar change trajectory. (3) The number of the impact craters extracted by the three methods in the Imbrian period is the largest and is of various types; as to their age earlier than Imbrain, it is difficult to extract because they could have been destroyed.

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Cong Wan; Weiming Cheng; ZengPo Zhou; Shangmin Zhao; Yao Xia. Automatic extraction of lunar impact craters from Chang’E-1 satellite photographs. Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy 2011, 55, 162 -169.

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Cong Wan, Weiming Cheng, ZengPo Zhou, Shangmin Zhao, Yao Xia. Automatic extraction of lunar impact craters from Chang’E-1 satellite photographs. Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy. 2011; 55 (1):162-169.

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Cong Wan; Weiming Cheng; ZengPo Zhou; Shangmin Zhao; Yao Xia. 2011. "Automatic extraction of lunar impact craters from Chang’E-1 satellite photographs." Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy 55, no. 1: 162-169.

Journal article
Published: 20 July 2011 in International Journal of Remote Sensing
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Shangmin Zhao; Weiming Cheng; Chenghu Zhou; Xi Chen; Shifang Zhang; ZengPo Zhou; Haijiang Liu; Huixia Chai. Accuracy assessment of the ASTER GDEM and SRTM3 DEM: an example in the Loess Plateau and North China Plain of China. International Journal of Remote Sensing 2011, 32, 8081 -8093.

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Shangmin Zhao, Weiming Cheng, Chenghu Zhou, Xi Chen, Shifang Zhang, ZengPo Zhou, Haijiang Liu, Huixia Chai. Accuracy assessment of the ASTER GDEM and SRTM3 DEM: an example in the Loess Plateau and North China Plain of China. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 2011; 32 (23):8081-8093.

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Shangmin Zhao; Weiming Cheng; Chenghu Zhou; Xi Chen; Shifang Zhang; ZengPo Zhou; Haijiang Liu; Huixia Chai. 2011. "Accuracy assessment of the ASTER GDEM and SRTM3 DEM: an example in the Loess Plateau and North China Plain of China." International Journal of Remote Sensing 32, no. 23: 8081-8093.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2011 in Journal of Geographical Sciences
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Geomorphologic maps are one of the most fundamental materials of the natural environment. They have been widely used in scientific research, resource exploration and extraction, education and military affairs etc. An editorial committee was established in 2001 to collect materials for researching and compiling a set of new 1:1,000,000 geomorphologic atlas of China. A digital geomorphologic database was created with visual interpretation from Landsat TM/ETM imageries and SRTM-DEM etc. The atlas compiled from the database was finished. The main characteristics of the atlas are as follows: Firstly, Landsat TM/ETM imageries, published geomorphologic maps or sketches, geographical base maps, digital geological maps, and other thematic maps were collected, which were uniformly geometrically rectified, clipped into uniform sheets, and stored in the foundation database. Secondly, based on the legends of 15 sheets 1:1,000,000 maps published in the 1980s, a geomorphologic classification system was built by combining morphology and genesis types. The system comprised seven hierarchical layers: basic morphology, genesis, sub-genesis, morphology, micro-morphology, slope and aspect, material composition and lithology. These layers were stored in the database during visual image interpretation. About 2000 kinds of morphogenesis and 300 kinds of morpho-structure were interpreted. Thirdly, the legend system was built, which included color, symbol bases and note bases etc., compilation standards and procedures were developed, 74 sheets of 1:1,000,000 covering all land and sea territories of China were compiled, the 1:1,000,000 geomorphologic atlas of the People’s Republic of China was finished and published. The atlas will fill the blanks in national basic scale thematic maps, and the geomorphologic database could be applied widely in many fields in the future.

ACS Style

Weiming Cheng; Chenghu Zhou; Huixia Chai; Shangmin Zhao; Haijiang Liu; ZengPo Zhou. Research and compilation of the geomorphologic atlas of the People’s Republic of China (1:1,000,000). Journal of Geographical Sciences 2011, 21, 89 -100.

AMA Style

Weiming Cheng, Chenghu Zhou, Huixia Chai, Shangmin Zhao, Haijiang Liu, ZengPo Zhou. Research and compilation of the geomorphologic atlas of the People’s Republic of China (1:1,000,000). Journal of Geographical Sciences. 2011; 21 (1):89-100.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Weiming Cheng; Chenghu Zhou; Huixia Chai; Shangmin Zhao; Haijiang Liu; ZengPo Zhou. 2011. "Research and compilation of the geomorphologic atlas of the People’s Republic of China (1:1,000,000)." Journal of Geographical Sciences 21, no. 1: 89-100.

Journal article
Published: 20 December 2009 in Geo-information Science
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Weiming Cheng; Chenghu Zhou; Huixia Chai; Shangmin Zhao; Bingyuan Li. Quantitative Extraction and Analysis of Basic Morphological Types of Land Geomorphology in China. Geo-information Science 2009, 11, 725 -736.

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Weiming Cheng, Chenghu Zhou, Huixia Chai, Shangmin Zhao, Bingyuan Li. Quantitative Extraction and Analysis of Basic Morphological Types of Land Geomorphology in China. Geo-information Science. 2009; 11 (6):725-736.

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Weiming Cheng; Chenghu Zhou; Huixia Chai; Shangmin Zhao; Bingyuan Li. 2009. "Quantitative Extraction and Analysis of Basic Morphological Types of Land Geomorphology in China." Geo-information Science 11, no. 6: 725-736.

Journal article
Published: 20 December 2009 in Geo-information Science
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Shangmin Zhao; Weiming Cheng; Chenghu Zhou; Xi Chen. Analysis on the Topographic Gradient and Geographical Meaning of Mt.Konggur,in the Northern Edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Geo-information Science 2009, 11, 753 -758.

AMA Style

Shangmin Zhao, Weiming Cheng, Chenghu Zhou, Xi Chen. Analysis on the Topographic Gradient and Geographical Meaning of Mt.Konggur,in the Northern Edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Geo-information Science. 2009; 11 (6):753-758.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shangmin Zhao; Weiming Cheng; Chenghu Zhou; Xi Chen. 2009. "Analysis on the Topographic Gradient and Geographical Meaning of Mt.Konggur,in the Northern Edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau." Geo-information Science 11, no. 6: 753-758.