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Tina Skau Nielsen
Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark

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Review
Published: 20 July 2021 in Animals
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Colitis-complex diarrhea (CCD) in pigs can be defined as a type of diarrhea, which is associated with colonic inflammation and disrupted colonic gut barrier functionality in growing pigs (4–16 weeks post-weaning). It is a challenge for the pig industry as it is associated with the high use of antibiotics, reduced animal welfare, and depressed growth rate. The exact etiology of CCD is still unclear; however, pathogens including Brachyspira (B.) hyodysenteriae, B. pilosicoli, and swine whipworms such as Trichuris (T.) suis have been involved in specific colitis (SC). In the absence of specific pathogens, dietary factors, such as high levels of protein, pelleted feedstuffs, and lack of sufficient antioxidants, can result in non-specific colitis (NSC). On the other hand, supplement of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and polyphenols, sufficient supply of essential amino acids (e.g., threonine, cysteine, and proline), short-chain fatty acids (SCFA; especially butyrate), and resistant starch have shown to confer preventing/ameliorating effects on CCD. Different putative biomarkers associated with CCD have been presented. It is anticipated that a comprehensive picture of the possible causes of CCD and potential dietary interventions could cast light on the direction of future studies aimed at developing preventive and curative strategies against CCD in growing pigs.

ACS Style

Farhad Panah; Charlotte Lauridsen; Ole Højberg; Tina Nielsen. Etiology of Colitis-Complex Diarrhea in Growing Pigs: A Review. Animals 2021, 11, 2151 .

AMA Style

Farhad Panah, Charlotte Lauridsen, Ole Højberg, Tina Nielsen. Etiology of Colitis-Complex Diarrhea in Growing Pigs: A Review. Animals. 2021; 11 (7):2151.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Farhad Panah; Charlotte Lauridsen; Ole Højberg; Tina Nielsen. 2021. "Etiology of Colitis-Complex Diarrhea in Growing Pigs: A Review." Animals 11, no. 7: 2151.

Journal article
Published: 10 June 2021 in Animals
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The aim of the present study was to determine postprandial amino acid (AA) appearance in the blood of growing pigs as influenced by protein source. Seven growing pigs (average body weight 18 kg), in a 7 × 5 Youden square design, were fitted with a jugular vein catheter and fed seven diets containing wheat, soybean meal, enzyme-treated soybean meal, hydrothermally-treated rapeseed meal, casein, hydrolyzed casein, and a crystalline AA blend with the same AA profile as casein. The latter was not eaten by the pigs, therefore being excluded. Blood samples were collected at −30, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 360 min after a meal and analyzed for free AA. Overall, plasma AA concentrations were highest 60 min after feeding. There were no differences in plasma AA concentration between casein and hydrolyzed casein, but soybean meal resulted in lower AA plasma concentrations compared with enzyme-treated soybean meal at 60 and 120 min after feeding. There were no differences between hydrothermally-treated rapeseed meal and soybean meal. In conclusion, the ingredients could not clearly be categorized as being slow or fast protein with regard to protein digestion and absorption of AA, but soybean meal resulted in a prolonged appearance of plasma AA compared to casein and hydrolyzed casein.

ACS Style

Jan Nørgaard; Iulia Florescu; Uffe Krogh; Tina Nielsen. Amino Acid Absorption Profiles in Growing Pigs Fed Different Protein Sources. Animals 2021, 11, 1740 .

AMA Style

Jan Nørgaard, Iulia Florescu, Uffe Krogh, Tina Nielsen. Amino Acid Absorption Profiles in Growing Pigs Fed Different Protein Sources. Animals. 2021; 11 (6):1740.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jan Nørgaard; Iulia Florescu; Uffe Krogh; Tina Nielsen. 2021. "Amino Acid Absorption Profiles in Growing Pigs Fed Different Protein Sources." Animals 11, no. 6: 1740.

Journal article
Published: 09 June 2020 in Nutrients
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Diet plays a substantial role in the pathogenesis and management of ulcerative colitis (UC), and epidemiologic studies indicate an association between red meat intake and increased risk of UC development. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of a red meat diet on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in pigs. Weaned pigs (42 days old) were fed either a control diet or a diet substituted with 15% minced, cooked and dried beef from experimental day 0 to 14. From day 14 to 18, half of the pigs on each diet received a daily oral dose of DSS. Dietary red meat aggravated the severity of colitis based on clinical signs of disease (negative performance score) and histopathological parameters in the colon such as erosion/ulceration and the overall inflammation score but no negative effects were observed on systemic health or small intestinal permeability. Importantly, dietary meat also caused a potential beneficial reduction in the colonic expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-17A and IL-6, the pro-inflammatory enzyme PTGS2 and in the chemokine IL-8. The present study emphasizes the potential of diet to modulate mucosal inflammation and that a red meat diet might be a risk factor for the development of inflammatory bowel disease.

ACS Style

Tina S. Nielsen; Marlene Fredborg; Peter K. Theil; Yuan Yue; Lærke V. Bruhn; Vibeke Andersen; Stig Purup. Dietary Red Meat Adversely Affects Disease Severity in a Pig Model of DSS-Induced Colitis Despite Reduction in Colonic Pro-Inflammatory Gene Expression. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1728 .

AMA Style

Tina S. Nielsen, Marlene Fredborg, Peter K. Theil, Yuan Yue, Lærke V. Bruhn, Vibeke Andersen, Stig Purup. Dietary Red Meat Adversely Affects Disease Severity in a Pig Model of DSS-Induced Colitis Despite Reduction in Colonic Pro-Inflammatory Gene Expression. Nutrients. 2020; 12 (6):1728.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tina S. Nielsen; Marlene Fredborg; Peter K. Theil; Yuan Yue; Lærke V. Bruhn; Vibeke Andersen; Stig Purup. 2020. "Dietary Red Meat Adversely Affects Disease Severity in a Pig Model of DSS-Induced Colitis Despite Reduction in Colonic Pro-Inflammatory Gene Expression." Nutrients 12, no. 6: 1728.

Journals
Published: 06 December 2019 in Food & Function
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This study demonstrates that structurally different barley β-glucans promote the primary and secondary bile acids’ excretion in a selective manner depending on β-glucans molecular structure.

ACS Style

Nunzia Iaccarino; Bekzod Khakimov; Mette Skau Mikkelsen; Tina Skau Nielsen; Morten Georg Jensen; Antonio Randazzo; Søren Balling Engelsen. Structurally different mixed linkage β-glucan supplements differentially increase secondary bile acid excretion in hypercholesterolaemic rat faeces. Food & Function 2019, 11, 514 -523.

AMA Style

Nunzia Iaccarino, Bekzod Khakimov, Mette Skau Mikkelsen, Tina Skau Nielsen, Morten Georg Jensen, Antonio Randazzo, Søren Balling Engelsen. Structurally different mixed linkage β-glucan supplements differentially increase secondary bile acid excretion in hypercholesterolaemic rat faeces. Food & Function. 2019; 11 (1):514-523.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nunzia Iaccarino; Bekzod Khakimov; Mette Skau Mikkelsen; Tina Skau Nielsen; Morten Georg Jensen; Antonio Randazzo; Søren Balling Engelsen. 2019. "Structurally different mixed linkage β-glucan supplements differentially increase secondary bile acid excretion in hypercholesterolaemic rat faeces." Food & Function 11, no. 1: 514-523.

Journal article
Published: 30 April 2019 in International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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High red meat intake is associated with the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), whereas dietary fibers, such as resistant starch (RS) seemed to protect against CRC. The aim of this study was to determine whether high-amylose potato starch (HAPS), high-amylose maize starch (HAMS), and butyrylated high-amylose maize starch (HAMSB)—produced by an organocatalytic route—could oppose the negative effects of a high-protein meat diet (HPM), in terms of fermentation pattern, cecal microbial composition, and colonic biomarkers of CRC. Rats were fed a HPM diet or an HPM diet where 10% of the maize starch was substituted with either HAPS, HAMS, or HAMSB, for 4 weeks. Feces, cecum digesta, and colonic tissue were obtained for biochemical, microbial, gene expression (oncogenic microRNA), and immuno-histochemical (O6-methyl-2-deoxyguanosine (O6MeG) adduct) analysis. The HAMS and HAMSB diets shifted the fecal fermentation pattern from protein towards carbohydrate metabolism. The HAMSB diet also substantially increased fecal butyrate concentration and the pool, compared with the other diets. All three RS treatments altered the cecal microbial composition in a diet specific manner. HAPS and HAMSB showed CRC preventive effects, based on the reduced colonic oncogenic miR17-92 cluster miRNA expression, but there was no significant diet-induced differences in the colonic O6MeG adduct levels. Overall, HAMSB consumption showed the most potential for limiting the negative effects of a high-meat diet.

ACS Style

Tina S. Nielsen; Zach Bendiks; Bo Thomsen; Matthew E. Wright; Peter K. Theil; Benjamin L. Scherer; Maria L. Marco. High-Amylose Maize, Potato, and Butyrylated Starch Modulate Large Intestinal Fermentation, Microbial Composition, and Oncogenic miRNA Expression in Rats Fed A High-Protein Meat Diet. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2019, 20, 2137 .

AMA Style

Tina S. Nielsen, Zach Bendiks, Bo Thomsen, Matthew E. Wright, Peter K. Theil, Benjamin L. Scherer, Maria L. Marco. High-Amylose Maize, Potato, and Butyrylated Starch Modulate Large Intestinal Fermentation, Microbial Composition, and Oncogenic miRNA Expression in Rats Fed A High-Protein Meat Diet. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20 (9):2137.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tina S. Nielsen; Zach Bendiks; Bo Thomsen; Matthew E. Wright; Peter K. Theil; Benjamin L. Scherer; Maria L. Marco. 2019. "High-Amylose Maize, Potato, and Butyrylated Starch Modulate Large Intestinal Fermentation, Microbial Composition, and Oncogenic miRNA Expression in Rats Fed A High-Protein Meat Diet." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 9: 2137.

Review
Published: 13 October 2018 in Nutrients
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A major challenge in affluent societies is the increase in disorders related to gut and metabolic health. Chronic over nutrition by unhealthy foods high in energy, fat, and sugar, and low in dietary fibre is a key environmental factor responsible for this development, which may cause local and systemic inflammation. A low intake of dietary fibre is a limiting factor for maintaining a viable and diverse microbiota and production of short-chain fatty acids in the gut. A suppressed production of butyrate is crucial, as this short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) can play a key role not only in colonic health and function but also at the systemic level. At both sites, the mode of action is through mediation of signalling pathways involving nuclear NF-κB and inhibition of histone deacetylase. The intake and composition of dietary fibre modulate production of butyrate in the large intestine. While butyrate production is easily adjustable it is more variable how it influences gut barrier function and inflammatory markers in the gut and periphery. The effect of butyrate seems generally to be more consistent and positive on inflammatory markers related to the gut than on inflammatory markers in the peripheral tissue. This discrepancy may be explained by differences in butyrate concentrations in the gut compared with the much lower concentration at more remote sites.

ACS Style

Knud Erik Bach Knudsen; Helle Nygaard Lærke; Mette Skou Hedemann; Tina Skau Nielsen; Anne Krog Ingerslev; Ditte Søvsø Gundelund Nielsen; Peter Kappel Theil; Stig Purup; Stine Hald; Anne Grethe Schioldan; Maria L. Marco; Søren Gregersen; Kjeld Hermansen. Impact of Diet-Modulated Butyrate Production on Intestinal Barrier Function and Inflammation. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1499 .

AMA Style

Knud Erik Bach Knudsen, Helle Nygaard Lærke, Mette Skou Hedemann, Tina Skau Nielsen, Anne Krog Ingerslev, Ditte Søvsø Gundelund Nielsen, Peter Kappel Theil, Stig Purup, Stine Hald, Anne Grethe Schioldan, Maria L. Marco, Søren Gregersen, Kjeld Hermansen. Impact of Diet-Modulated Butyrate Production on Intestinal Barrier Function and Inflammation. Nutrients. 2018; 10 (10):1499.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Knud Erik Bach Knudsen; Helle Nygaard Lærke; Mette Skou Hedemann; Tina Skau Nielsen; Anne Krog Ingerslev; Ditte Søvsø Gundelund Nielsen; Peter Kappel Theil; Stig Purup; Stine Hald; Anne Grethe Schioldan; Maria L. Marco; Søren Gregersen; Kjeld Hermansen. 2018. "Impact of Diet-Modulated Butyrate Production on Intestinal Barrier Function and Inflammation." Nutrients 10, no. 10: 1499.

Research article
Published: 30 August 2018 in International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition
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Intake of red and processed meat increases the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), whereas dairy product consumption and the intake of dietary fibre are negatively associated with this risk. We investigated the effect of (i) low-protein diets with either whey or cooked meat (beef) as the protein source and (ii) high-protein diets with cooked meat (beef) either without or with the inclusion of 10% butyrylated high-amylose maize starch (HAMSB), on the urinary metabolome of rats. Urine samples from rats were analysed using untargeted LC-MS metabolomics. The level and source of the dietary protein affected the urinary excretion of numerous metabolites indicating that several metabolic pathways were changed. The inclusion of HAMSB in a high-protein diet caused significant alterations in the excretion of several metabolites. HAMSB reduced urinary excretion of potentially harmful metabolites resulting from a high level of meat consumption.

ACS Style

Zahra Sattari Najafabadi; Tina Skau Nielsen; Mette Skou Hedemann. Dietary protein source and butyrylated high-amylose maize starch included in a high-protein diet determines the urinary metabolome of rats. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 2018, 70, 255 -266.

AMA Style

Zahra Sattari Najafabadi, Tina Skau Nielsen, Mette Skou Hedemann. Dietary protein source and butyrylated high-amylose maize starch included in a high-protein diet determines the urinary metabolome of rats. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 2018; 70 (3):255-266.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zahra Sattari Najafabadi; Tina Skau Nielsen; Mette Skou Hedemann. 2018. "Dietary protein source and butyrylated high-amylose maize starch included in a high-protein diet determines the urinary metabolome of rats." International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 70, no. 3: 255-266.

Journal article
Published: 18 May 2018 in Foods
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Intake of butyrylated starches may increase colonic butyrate supply, which can be of public health and clinical benefit by maintaining colonic health. The objective was to investigate if an organocatalytic method with tartaric acid as a catalyst could be applied to produce butyrylated products from different starch sources and to characterize their chemical structure and fermentation capability by using solid-state 13C MAS NMR (magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy and an in vitro fermentation model, respectively. Low-amylose and high-amylose potato starch (LAPS and HAPS) and low-amylose and high-amylose maize starch (LAMS and HAMS) were subjected to organocatalytic butyrylation. This resulted in products with an increasing degree of substitution (DS) measured by heterogenous saponification and back titration with the HCl (chemical method) depending on reaction time. NMR analysis, however, showed that the major part of the acylation was induced by tartarate (75–89%) and only a minor part (11–25%) by butyrate. Generally, the chemical method overestimated the DS by 38% to 91% compared with the DS determination by NMR. Increasing the DS appeared to lower the in vitro fermentation capability of starches independent of the starch source and, therefore, do not seem to present a feasible method to deliver more butyrate to the colon than lower DS products.

ACS Style

Tina Skau Nielsen; Nuria Canibe; Flemming Hofmann Larsen. Butyrylation of Maize and Potato Starches and Characterization of the Products by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and In Vitro Fermentation. Foods 2018, 7, 79 .

AMA Style

Tina Skau Nielsen, Nuria Canibe, Flemming Hofmann Larsen. Butyrylation of Maize and Potato Starches and Characterization of the Products by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and In Vitro Fermentation. Foods. 2018; 7 (5):79.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tina Skau Nielsen; Nuria Canibe; Flemming Hofmann Larsen. 2018. "Butyrylation of Maize and Potato Starches and Characterization of the Products by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and In Vitro Fermentation." Foods 7, no. 5: 79.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Journal of Functional Foods
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Butyrate produced by microbial fermentation of dietary fibres beneficially affect the colonic epithelium. Here we enhanced butyrate production through in vitro incubations of different sources of arabinoxylan (AX) with butyrogenic bacteria (Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Eubacterium rectale) to explore their potential synbiotic effects on the intestinal epithelial barrier function. B. fibrisolvens incubated with AX produced the highest butyrate levels (15 mM). Sodium-butyrate (1–10 mM) and fermentation products (5% v/v) from B. fibrisolvens increased the barrier function in a human colonic epithelial cell line. This was associated with regulation of different genes involved in epithelial integrity, mucus secretion, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and butyrate transport. In conclusion, butyrate in concentrations that can be achieved by dietary intervention in vivo enhanced the epithelial barrier function in vitro. B. fibrisolvens might be a potential new probiotic for increasing colonic butyrate production in humans, specifically in synbiotic combination with AX, a common DF component of food cereals.

ACS Style

Ditte Søvsø Gundelund Nielsen; Bent Borg Jensen; Peter Kappel Theil; Tina Skau Nielsen; Knud Erik Bach Knudsen; Stig Purup. Effect of butyrate and fermentation products on epithelial integrity in a mucus-secreting human colon cell line. Journal of Functional Foods 2018, 40, 9 -17.

AMA Style

Ditte Søvsø Gundelund Nielsen, Bent Borg Jensen, Peter Kappel Theil, Tina Skau Nielsen, Knud Erik Bach Knudsen, Stig Purup. Effect of butyrate and fermentation products on epithelial integrity in a mucus-secreting human colon cell line. Journal of Functional Foods. 2018; 40 ():9-17.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ditte Søvsø Gundelund Nielsen; Bent Borg Jensen; Peter Kappel Theil; Tina Skau Nielsen; Knud Erik Bach Knudsen; Stig Purup. 2018. "Effect of butyrate and fermentation products on epithelial integrity in a mucus-secreting human colon cell line." Journal of Functional Foods 40, no. : 9-17.

Journals
Published: 16 November 2017 in Food & Function
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There is an unmet need for appealing and functional barley β-glucan (BG) food matrices that can provide sufficient and active BG doses to consumers.

ACS Style

Mette S. Mikkelsen; Morten G. Jensen; Tina S. Nielsen. Barley beta-glucans varying in molecular mass and oligomer structure affect cecal fermentation and microbial composition but not blood lipid profiles in hypercholesterolemic rats. Food & Function 2017, 8, 4723 -4732.

AMA Style

Mette S. Mikkelsen, Morten G. Jensen, Tina S. Nielsen. Barley beta-glucans varying in molecular mass and oligomer structure affect cecal fermentation and microbial composition but not blood lipid profiles in hypercholesterolemic rats. Food & Function. 2017; 8 (12):4723-4732.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mette S. Mikkelsen; Morten G. Jensen; Tina S. Nielsen. 2017. "Barley beta-glucans varying in molecular mass and oligomer structure affect cecal fermentation and microbial composition but not blood lipid profiles in hypercholesterolemic rats." Food & Function 8, no. 12: 4723-4732.

In vitro and animal studies
Published: 02 April 2017 in International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition
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The effects of carbohydrate (CHO) source and processing (extrusion cooking) on large intestinal fermentation products were studied in ileo-cannulated pigs as a model for humans. Pigs were fed diets containing barley, pea or a mixture of potato starch:wheat bran (PSWB) either raw or extrusion cooked. Extrusion cooking reduced the amount of starch fermented in the large intestine by 52–96% depending on the CHO source and the total pool of butyrate in the distal small intestine + large intestine by on average 60% across diets. Overall, extrusion cooking caused a shift in the composition of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) produced towards more acetate and less propionate and butyrate. The CHO source and processing highly affected the fermentation characteristics and extrusion cooking generally reduced large intestinal fermentation and resulted in a less desirable composition of the fermentation products. The latter outcome is non-conducive to a healthy large intestinal environment and its resulting metabolic health.

ACS Style

Tina Skau Nielsen; Henry Jørgensen; Knud Erik Bach Knudsen; Helle Nygaard Lærke. The microbial fermentation characteristics depend on both carbohydrate source and heat processing: a model experiment with ileo-cannulated pigs. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 2017, 68, 811 -820.

AMA Style

Tina Skau Nielsen, Henry Jørgensen, Knud Erik Bach Knudsen, Helle Nygaard Lærke. The microbial fermentation characteristics depend on both carbohydrate source and heat processing: a model experiment with ileo-cannulated pigs. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 2017; 68 (7):811-820.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tina Skau Nielsen; Henry Jørgensen; Knud Erik Bach Knudsen; Helle Nygaard Lærke. 2017. "The microbial fermentation characteristics depend on both carbohydrate source and heat processing: a model experiment with ileo-cannulated pigs." International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 68, no. 7: 811-820.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2016 in Journal of Animal Science
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Contamination of foods and feeds with mycotoxins is of significant concern due to their adverse effects on pig productivity and on animal and human health. Development of scientifically sound in vitro systems for toxicological screening for mycotoxins is important for improvement of food safety for consumers and for animal health and welfare. The aim of the present study was to determine the cytotoxicity of several mycotoxins potentially present in feed and food in a sensitive screening assay with normal human small intestinal cells (FHs 74 Int.). For cytotoxicity studies, cells were treated with mycotoxins for 72 h, and viability was measured by AlamarBlue reduction. For apoptosis studies, cells were treated with mycotoxins for 24 h, and apoptosis was measured by caspase 3/7 activation. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of mycotoxins was calculated from sigmoidal dose-response plots. T-2 toxin was the most cytotoxic mycotoxin (6.4 nM), followed by HT-2 toxin (24 nM), PR toxin (44 nM), gliotoxin (0.11 µM), NIV (0.32 µM), deoxynivalenol (DON; 0.34 µM), patulin (0.97 µM), and zearalenone (ZEA; 11 µM). Mycophenolic acid, roquefortine, citrinin, and moniformin did not cause sufficient cytotoxicity to determine IC50 values. Gliotoxin, citrinin, mycophenolic acid, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and especially ZEA increased (P < 0.05) caspase 3/7 activation at their highest concentration tested, while a dose-dependent decrease in caspase 3/7 activation was found following DON exposure, and no significant effect was observed after NIV treatment. These results suggest that mycotoxins with diverse chemical structures and biosynthetic origins are toxic to humans and animals in low concentrations and therefore are of great health and agroeconomic significance. In conclusion, FHs 74 intestinal cells in culture appear to be a new sensitive assay when screening for mycotoxin cytotoxicity. Copyright © 2016. American Society of Animal Science.

ACS Style

Tina Skau Nielsen; Izel Fourie Sørensen; Jens Laurids Sørensen; Teis Søndergaard; Stig Purup. Cytotoxic and apoptotic effect of mycotoxins in human small intestinal cells 1. Journal of Animal Science 2016, 94, 234 -237.

AMA Style

Tina Skau Nielsen, Izel Fourie Sørensen, Jens Laurids Sørensen, Teis Søndergaard, Stig Purup. Cytotoxic and apoptotic effect of mycotoxins in human small intestinal cells 1. Journal of Animal Science. 2016; 94 (suppl_3):234-237.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tina Skau Nielsen; Izel Fourie Sørensen; Jens Laurids Sørensen; Teis Søndergaard; Stig Purup. 2016. "Cytotoxic and apoptotic effect of mycotoxins in human small intestinal cells 1." Journal of Animal Science 94, no. suppl_3: 234-237.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2016 in Journal of Animal Science
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The dietary carbohydrates are a diverse group of substances with a range of chemical, physical, and physiological properties. The primary chemical classification of carbohydrates is by molecular size (degree of polymerization [DP]), the type of linkage (α or β), and composition of individual monomers. This approach divides carbohydrates into 3 main groups, sugars (DP1–2), oligosaccharides (DP3–9), and polysaccharides (DP ≥ 10), the latter being further divided into starch (α-1:4,1,6-D-glucans) and nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP). Dietary fiber (DF) recently has been defined as carbohydrate polymers with 3 and more monomeric units plus lignin, which are not hydrolyzed by the endogenous enzymes in the small intestine of humans. This physiologically based definition is broader than what classically has been considered fiber in animal nutrition and delimitates carbohydrates according to their potential for digestion by endogenous enzymes. Carbohydrates are the principal substrates for energy metabolism but also exert a number of other effects throughout the gastrointestinal tract. The starch structure as well as type and levels of DF influence, to a varying degree, the rate of starch digestion in the small intestine. Some types of soluble NSP are found to interact with intestinal mucus and produce a layer that significantly delays the transport of lipid digestion products. Potentially, the same may be the case for proteinous compounds. The delay in the transport of the nutrients to the gut epithelium can potentially influence gastric emptying and the satiating effect of the feed mediated through gastrointestinal hormones. Dietary fiber compounds that reach the large intestine undigested can, by a targeted approach, be used to modulate the gastrointestinal environment and the production of fermentation products. For instance, resistant starch and some NSP have been found to stimulate butyrate-producing microorganisms and increase the production, luminal concentration, and absorption of short-chain fatty acids and butyrate. Resistant starch in diets further provoked major changes in colonic gene expression, which represents induction of oxidative metabolic pathways and suppression of immune response and cell division pathways. Copyright © 2016. American Society of Animal Science.

ACS Style

K. E. Bach Knudsen; Helle Nygaard Lærke; Anne Krog Ingerslev; Mette Skou Hedemann; Tina Skau Nielsen; P. K. Theil. Carbohydrates in pig nutrition – Recent advances. Journal of Animal Science 2016, 94, 1 -11.

AMA Style

K. E. Bach Knudsen, Helle Nygaard Lærke, Anne Krog Ingerslev, Mette Skou Hedemann, Tina Skau Nielsen, P. K. Theil. Carbohydrates in pig nutrition – Recent advances. Journal of Animal Science. 2016; 94 (suppl_3):1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

K. E. Bach Knudsen; Helle Nygaard Lærke; Anne Krog Ingerslev; Mette Skou Hedemann; Tina Skau Nielsen; P. K. Theil. 2016. "Carbohydrates in pig nutrition – Recent advances." Journal of Animal Science 94, no. suppl_3: 1-11.

Journals
Published: 04 March 2016 in Food & Function
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Identification of dietary strategies to increase large intestinal production and absorption of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), especially butyrate, is of great interest due to the possible health promoting effects.

ACS Style

Tina S. Nielsen; Bent B. Jensen; Stig Purup; Stephanie Jackson; Markku Saarinen; Anna Lyra; Jens F. Sørensen; Peter K. Theil; Knud Erik B. Knudsen. A search for synbiotics: effects of enzymatically modified arabinoxylan and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens on short-chain fatty acids in the cecum content and plasma of rats. Food & Function 2016, 7, 1839 -1848.

AMA Style

Tina S. Nielsen, Bent B. Jensen, Stig Purup, Stephanie Jackson, Markku Saarinen, Anna Lyra, Jens F. Sørensen, Peter K. Theil, Knud Erik B. Knudsen. A search for synbiotics: effects of enzymatically modified arabinoxylan and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens on short-chain fatty acids in the cecum content and plasma of rats. Food & Function. 2016; 7 (4):1839-1848.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tina S. Nielsen; Bent B. Jensen; Stig Purup; Stephanie Jackson; Markku Saarinen; Anna Lyra; Jens F. Sørensen; Peter K. Theil; Knud Erik B. Knudsen. 2016. "A search for synbiotics: effects of enzymatically modified arabinoxylan and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens on short-chain fatty acids in the cecum content and plasma of rats." Food & Function 7, no. 4: 1839-1848.

Research article
Published: 01 December 2015 in Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
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This study compared the effects of a resistant starch (RS)-rich, arabinoxylan (AX)-rich, or low-DF Western-style control diet (all high-fat) on large intestinal gene expression, adiposity, and glycemic response parameters in pigs. Animals were slaughtered after 3 weeks of treatment. Plasma butyrate concentration was higher following the high-DF diets, whereas plasma glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance increased after 3 weeks irrespective of diet. The mRNA abundance in the large intestine of genes involved in nutrient transport, immune response, and intestinal permeability was affected by segment (cecum, proximal, mid or distal colon) and some genes also by diet. In contrast, there was no diet-induced effect on adipose mRNA abundance or adipocyte size. Overall, a high level of RS or AX did not demonstrate strong beneficial effects on large intestinal gene expression as indicators of colonic health or glycemic response parameters when included in a high-fat diet for pigs as a model of healthy humans.

ACS Style

Tina Skau Nielsen; Peter Kappel Theil; Stig Purup; Natalja P. Nørskov; Knud Erik Bach Knudsen. Effects of Resistant Starch and Arabinoxylan on Parameters Related to Large Intestinal and Metabolic Health in Pigs Fed Fat-Rich Diets. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2015, 63, 10418 -10430.

AMA Style

Tina Skau Nielsen, Peter Kappel Theil, Stig Purup, Natalja P. Nørskov, Knud Erik Bach Knudsen. Effects of Resistant Starch and Arabinoxylan on Parameters Related to Large Intestinal and Metabolic Health in Pigs Fed Fat-Rich Diets. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2015; 63 (48):10418-10430.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tina Skau Nielsen; Peter Kappel Theil; Stig Purup; Natalja P. Nørskov; Knud Erik Bach Knudsen. 2015. "Effects of Resistant Starch and Arabinoxylan on Parameters Related to Large Intestinal and Metabolic Health in Pigs Fed Fat-Rich Diets." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 63, no. 48: 10418-10430.

Journal article
Published: 20 October 2014 in British Journal of Nutrition
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The effects of a high level of dietary fibre (DF) either as arabinoxylan (AX) or resistant starch (RS) on digestion processes, SCFA concentration and pool size in various intestinal segments and on the microbial composition in the faeces were studied in a model experiment with pigs. A total of thirty female pigs (body weight 63·1 (sem4·4) kg) were fed a low-DF, high-fat Western-style control diet (WSD), an AX-rich diet (AXD) or a RS-rich diet (RSD) for 3 weeks. Diet significantly affected the digestibility of DM, protein, fat, NSP and NSP components, and the arabinose:xylose ratio, as well as the disappearance of NSP and AX in the large intestine. RS was mainly digested in the caecum. AX was digested at a slower rate than RS. The digesta from AXD-fed pigs passed from the ileum to the distal colon more than twice as fast as those from WSD-fed pigs, with those from RSD-fed pigs being intermediate (P< 0·001). AXD feeding resulted in a higher number ofFaecalibacterium prausnitzii,Roseburia intestinalis,Blautia coccoides–Eubacterium rectale,Bifidobacteriumspp. andLactobacillusspp. in the faeces sampled at week 3 of the experimental period (P< 0·05). In the caecum, proximal and mid colon, AXD feeding resulted in a 3- to 5-fold higher pool size of butyrate compared with WSD feeding, with the RSD being intermediate (P <0·001). In conclusion, the RSD and AXD differently affected digestion processes compared with the WSD, and the AXD most efficiently shifted the microbial composition towards butyrogenic species in the faeces and increased the large-intestinal butyrate pool size.

ACS Style

Tina Skau Nielsen; Helle Nygaard Lærke; Peter K. Theil; Jens F. Sørensen; Markku Saarinen; Sofia Forssten; Knud E. Bach Knudsen. Diets high in resistant starch and arabinoxylan modulate digestion processes and SCFA pool size in the large intestine and faecal microbial composition in pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 2014, 112, 1837 -1849.

AMA Style

Tina Skau Nielsen, Helle Nygaard Lærke, Peter K. Theil, Jens F. Sørensen, Markku Saarinen, Sofia Forssten, Knud E. Bach Knudsen. Diets high in resistant starch and arabinoxylan modulate digestion processes and SCFA pool size in the large intestine and faecal microbial composition in pigs. British Journal of Nutrition. 2014; 112 (11):1837-1849.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tina Skau Nielsen; Helle Nygaard Lærke; Peter K. Theil; Jens F. Sørensen; Markku Saarinen; Sofia Forssten; Knud E. Bach Knudsen. 2014. "Diets high in resistant starch and arabinoxylan modulate digestion processes and SCFA pool size in the large intestine and faecal microbial composition in pigs." British Journal of Nutrition 112, no. 11: 1837-1849.

Journal article
Published: 27 January 2012 in Journal of Dairy Research
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Intake of dietary phyto-oestrogens has received a great deal of attention owing to their potential influence on hormone-sensitive cancers such as breast and prostate cancer. Cows’ milk contains phyto-oestrogens and the content varies according to the composition of the feed and the type and amount of legumes used. In this study we evaluated the proliferative effect of milk (whey) with different phyto-oestrogen content in human breast (MCF-7) and prostate cancer cells (PC-3). Milk was obtained from cows fed either a birdsfoot trefoil-timothy silage based ration (B1) or two different red clover silage based diets (R1 and R2) resulting in total phyto-oestrogen contents of 403, 1659 and 1434 ng/ml for the B1, R1 and R2 diets, respectively. Whey was produced from the milk and added to cell culture medium in concentrations up to 10% for MCF-7 cells and 5% for PC-3 cells. Cell proliferation was measured fluorometrically after 7 d for MCF-7 cells and 5 d for PC-3 cells. There was no significant difference in the proliferative effect of whey from the different dietary treatments at any of the whey concentrations tested. An anti-proliferative effect (Pmoestradiol in the medium. This effect was independent of dietary treatment of cows. Whey induced a significant (P

ACS Style

Tina Skau Nielsen; Annika Höjer; Anne-Maj Gustavsson; Jens Hansen-Møller; Stig Purup. Proliferative effect of whey from cows’ milk varying in phyto-oestrogens in human breast and prostate cancer cells. Journal of Dairy Research 2012, 79, 143 -149.

AMA Style

Tina Skau Nielsen, Annika Höjer, Anne-Maj Gustavsson, Jens Hansen-Møller, Stig Purup. Proliferative effect of whey from cows’ milk varying in phyto-oestrogens in human breast and prostate cancer cells. Journal of Dairy Research. 2012; 79 (2):143-149.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tina Skau Nielsen; Annika Höjer; Anne-Maj Gustavsson; Jens Hansen-Møller; Stig Purup. 2012. "Proliferative effect of whey from cows’ milk varying in phyto-oestrogens in human breast and prostate cancer cells." Journal of Dairy Research 79, no. 2: 143-149.

Review
Published: 01 January 2012 in Animal
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The life science industries have a strong interest in screening for novel bioactives in complex mixtures like milk and dairy products. Food bioactives are not only important for public health in general, but also have potential therapeutic applications for the treatment of a number of diseases. To identify these novel bioactives, establishment of robust screening assays is essential. The use of in vitro cell-based models for screening and testing have the advantage that several concentrations of mixtures or specific compounds can be assayed at the same time in cells from specific tissues. Primary cell cultures from target organs or established cell lines can be used to identify the most sensitive cells. In addition, a large number of transfected cell lines with very specific sensitivities have been developed. Different endpoints inherent to basal or more sophisticated cellular functions can be investigated, such as cell viability, apoptosis, migration, intracellular signalling, regulation of gene expression, morphology and metabolic alterations. The gastrointestinal tract is an obvious target for bioactive molecules delivered through milk and dairy products, because it lies at the interface between dietary components in the lumen and the internal processes of the host. Identification of bioactive factors that affects proliferation or migration of epithelial cells may have potential applications in promoting gastrointestinal health in both humans and animals. The mammary gland is another target organ of considerable interest since it has been estimated that up to 50% of all newly diagnosed breast cancers may be related to dietary factors. A large number of gastrointestinal and mammary epithelial cell lines are commercially available, but in order to study some cellular functions, primary cultures of freshly isolated cells are often preferred, as established cell lines do not always express specialised properties in culture.

ACS Style

Stig Purup; Tina Skau Nielsen. Cell-based models to test the effects of milk-derived bioactives. Animal 2012, 6, 423 -432.

AMA Style

Stig Purup, Tina Skau Nielsen. Cell-based models to test the effects of milk-derived bioactives. Animal. 2012; 6 (3):423-432.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stig Purup; Tina Skau Nielsen. 2012. "Cell-based models to test the effects of milk-derived bioactives." Animal 6, no. 3: 423-432.

Journal article
Published: 03 October 2011 in Journal of Dairy Research
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Dietary estrogens may play a role in the etiology of hormone-dependent cancers like breast cancer. Cow's milk contains various endogenous estrogens and feed derived phytoestrogens that potentially contribute to an estrogenic effect of milk in consumers, and therefore we evaluated the effect of milk (whey) in a proliferation assay with estrogen-sensitive MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Milk samples were obtained from 22 cows representing different stages of pregnancy (first and second half) and whey was produced from the milk. 0·1, 0·25 or 0·5% whey was included in the cell culture medium and after 6 days of treatment cell proliferation was assessed by a colorimetric method with a fluorometer. Whey induced significant (Pm estradiol in the medium. In conclusion, these results indicate that whey, irrespective of the pregnancy stage from which the milk was obtained induced a significant proliferative response in MCF-7 cells and no anti-proliferative effect, which may be caused, at least in part, by estrogens present in milk. The implications of our findings in relation to for example breast cancer will have to be studied further in other model systems preferentially in vivo.

ACS Style

Tina Skau Nielsen; Charlotte Andersen; Kris Sejrsen; Stig Purup. Proliferative effect of whey from cows' milk obtained at two different stages of pregnancy measured in MCF-7 cells. Journal of Dairy Research 2011, 79, 33 -38.

AMA Style

Tina Skau Nielsen, Charlotte Andersen, Kris Sejrsen, Stig Purup. Proliferative effect of whey from cows' milk obtained at two different stages of pregnancy measured in MCF-7 cells. Journal of Dairy Research. 2011; 79 (1):33-38.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tina Skau Nielsen; Charlotte Andersen; Kris Sejrsen; Stig Purup. 2011. "Proliferative effect of whey from cows' milk obtained at two different stages of pregnancy measured in MCF-7 cells." Journal of Dairy Research 79, no. 1: 33-38.

Journal article
Published: 05 April 2011 in Cancer Prevention Research
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We investigated whether maternal exposure during pregnancy to cow's milk containing endogenous estrogens and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and either high or low levels of isoflavones from dietary legumes (HIM and LIM, respectively) affected carcinogen-induced mammary carcinogenesis in female rat offspring. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were given HIM, LIM, or tap water (control) from gestational day (GD) 11 until birth; hereafter all rats received tap water. Mammary tumorigenesis was induced by administrating 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) on postnatal day 50. No differences in maternal serum estradiol (P = 0.19) and IGF-1 levels (P = 0.15) at GD 19 or birth weight among the milk and water groups were seen, but estradiol, and IGF-1 levels and birth weight were numerically higher in the LIM group than in the HIM group. Puberty onset occurred earlier in the LIM offspring than in controls (P = 0.03). Although the high isoflavone content seemed to prevent the effect on circulating estradiol and IGF-1 levels and advanced puberty onset seen in the LIM group, HIM increased DMBA–DNA adducts in the mammary gland and tended to increase mammary tumorigenesis. In contrast, offspring exposed to LIM in utero, did not exhibit increased breast cancer risk, despite having higher estradiol and IGF-1 environment and consequently earlier puberty onset. These results indicate that the phytochemical content in the cow's milk, consumed by a pregnant dam, determines how milk affects the offspring. Cancer Prev Res; 4(5); 694–701. ©2011 AACR.

ACS Style

Tina Skau Nielsen; Stig Purup; Anni Wärri; Roger W. Godschalk; Leena Hilakivi-Clarke. Effects of Maternal Exposure to Cow's Milk High or Low in Isoflavones on Carcinogen-Induced Mammary Tumorigenesis among Rat Offspring. Cancer Prevention Research 2011, 4, 694 -701.

AMA Style

Tina Skau Nielsen, Stig Purup, Anni Wärri, Roger W. Godschalk, Leena Hilakivi-Clarke. Effects of Maternal Exposure to Cow's Milk High or Low in Isoflavones on Carcinogen-Induced Mammary Tumorigenesis among Rat Offspring. Cancer Prevention Research. 2011; 4 (5):694-701.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tina Skau Nielsen; Stig Purup; Anni Wärri; Roger W. Godschalk; Leena Hilakivi-Clarke. 2011. "Effects of Maternal Exposure to Cow's Milk High or Low in Isoflavones on Carcinogen-Induced Mammary Tumorigenesis among Rat Offspring." Cancer Prevention Research 4, no. 5: 694-701.