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Current legislation in the European Union places limits on live pig transport according to outside temperature, but less is known about the effects of sudden changes in the thermal microenvironment in trailers, particularly during long-distance transport. In this study, we measured the temperature and relative humidity inside livestock vehicles carrying 1920 Spanish finisher pigs (live weight 100 kg and 240 animals per journey) during eight long-distance (>15 h) commercial journeys to slaughter from northern Spain to Portugal in the summer and winter. Here, we report the rate of change in the air temperature (°C × min−1) and air enthalpies in the transport vehicle (kg water kg dry air-1). At sticking, blood samples were taken for to measure cortisol, glucose, and creatine kinase (CK) as stress response indicators, and the meat pH after 45 min and the pH after 24 h were also determined. The rate of change in the air temperature and enthalpy was higher inside the livestock vehicle during the winter months and was positively related with higher cortisol and glucose levels and lower pH after 45 min (p< 0.05). It is proposed that the rate of temperature change and air enthalpy represent useful integrated indices of thermal stress for pigs during transport.
Genaro C. Miranda-De la Lama; Rubén Bermejo-Poza; Nora Formoso-Rafferty; Malcolm Mitchell; Pilar Barreiro; Morris Villarroel. Long-Distance Transport of Finisher Pigs in the Iberian Peninsula: Effects of Season on Thermal and Enthalpy Conditions, Welfare Indicators and Meat pH. Animals 2021, 11, 2410 .
AMA StyleGenaro C. Miranda-De la Lama, Rubén Bermejo-Poza, Nora Formoso-Rafferty, Malcolm Mitchell, Pilar Barreiro, Morris Villarroel. Long-Distance Transport of Finisher Pigs in the Iberian Peninsula: Effects of Season on Thermal and Enthalpy Conditions, Welfare Indicators and Meat pH. Animals. 2021; 11 (8):2410.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGenaro C. Miranda-De la Lama; Rubén Bermejo-Poza; Nora Formoso-Rafferty; Malcolm Mitchell; Pilar Barreiro; Morris Villarroel. 2021. "Long-Distance Transport of Finisher Pigs in the Iberian Peninsula: Effects of Season on Thermal and Enthalpy Conditions, Welfare Indicators and Meat pH." Animals 11, no. 8: 2410.
Aquaponic food production requires a broad spectrum of knowledge in order to understand and manage the processes involved, and for commercial aquaponics to develop its full potential, it will require an appropriately trained workforce. Devised in collaboration as an Erasmus+ Strategic Partnership for Higher Education, [email protected] covers the basics of aquaponics with a focus on transferable and entrepreneurial skills. The aquaponics curriculum can either be taught using blended learning—combining digital media and the internet with classroom formats that require the physical co-presence of the teacher and students—or as an e-learning course. The supplementary entrepreneurial skills module was devised on the basis of two surveys: of aquaponics companies around the world, in order to get a broad overview of the skills that are important in the early years of a business; and of European higher education institutions that teach subjects where aquaponics could be incorporated as an optional module. The entrepreneurial skills curriculum introduces the main processes involved in developing a business idea into a start-up company. All of the [email protected] resources—the e-learning modules, textbooks, module guides for students, curriculum guides for teachers, best practice guide for teaching aquaponics, and toolbox of innovative didactic practices—are open access.
Sarah Milliken; Andrej Ovca; Nadine Antenen; Morris Villarroel; Tjaša Bulc; BenZ Kotzen; Ranka Junge. [email protected]—The First Aquaponics Curriculum to Be Developed Specifically for University Students. Horticulturae 2021, 7, 18 .
AMA StyleSarah Milliken, Andrej Ovca, Nadine Antenen, Morris Villarroel, Tjaša Bulc, BenZ Kotzen, Ranka Junge. [email protected]—The First Aquaponics Curriculum to Be Developed Specifically for University Students. Horticulturae. 2021; 7 (2):18.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSarah Milliken; Andrej Ovca; Nadine Antenen; Morris Villarroel; Tjaša Bulc; BenZ Kotzen; Ranka Junge. 2021. "[email protected]—The First Aquaponics Curriculum to Be Developed Specifically for University Students." Horticulturae 7, no. 2: 18.
Understanding temperament is an important part of cattle production since undesirable temperament may cause serious problems associated with aggression, maternal care, and human safety. However, little is known about how farmers define or assess temperament, especially in autochthonous cattle breeds. The aim of this study was to explore perceptions of farmers about the temperament of the Pyrenean cattle breed with special attention to beef cow-calf systems in Spain. The methodology used to obtain the information was focus group discussions (FGD). Farmers defined temperament as a behavioural response to challenging situations imposed by human handling. Specific terms used were related to active or passive reactions to fear (e.g., “strong”, “aggressive”, “nervous”, “fearful”). The speed of response to stimuli was also important. Female temperament was thought to become more docile with age while bull temperament was more variable. Maternal aggressiveness was highlighted as a potential human safety problem, but also desirable in an extensively bred animal who may need to defend calves against predators. Anatomical characteristics were seen as unreliable predictors of temperament, while behavioural indicators were more widely used, such as “alertness”, which was a general trait of the breed, and “gaze”, which, when associated with an alert expression, suggests a potential threat. Sensory acuity, such as sight and smell, were thought to be related with temperament in some FGDs but there was no overall agreement as to whether different behavioural responses were due to differences in sensory acuity. The results from the study could be useful during training programs or in the development of new genetic selection schemes and evaluation protocols involving cattle temperament.
Laura Estévez-Moreno; Genaro Miranda-De la Lama; Morris Villarroel; Laura García; José Abecia; Pilar Santolaria; Gustavo María. Revisiting Cattle Temperament in Beef Cow-Calf Systems: Insights from Farmers’ Perceptions about an Autochthonous Breed. Animals 2021, 11, 82 .
AMA StyleLaura Estévez-Moreno, Genaro Miranda-De la Lama, Morris Villarroel, Laura García, José Abecia, Pilar Santolaria, Gustavo María. Revisiting Cattle Temperament in Beef Cow-Calf Systems: Insights from Farmers’ Perceptions about an Autochthonous Breed. Animals. 2021; 11 (1):82.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaura Estévez-Moreno; Genaro Miranda-De la Lama; Morris Villarroel; Laura García; José Abecia; Pilar Santolaria; Gustavo María. 2021. "Revisiting Cattle Temperament in Beef Cow-Calf Systems: Insights from Farmers’ Perceptions about an Autochthonous Breed." Animals 11, no. 1: 82.
We consider the evolutionary scheme of morality proposed by Tomasello to defend the idea that the ability to orient the learning of offspring using signs of approval/disapproval could be a decisive and necessary step in the evolution of human morality. Those basic forms of intentional evaluative feedback, something we have called assessor teaching, allow parents to transmit their accumulated experience to their children, both about the behaviors that should be learned as well as how they should be copied. The rationale underlying this process is as follows: if a behavior is approved, then it is good; if it is disapproved, then it is bad. The evaluative guidance on how to behave most probably spread among peers in situations of mutual benefit, such as cooperative child rearing. We argue that our hominin ancestors provided with this capacity for assessor teaching were ideally positioned to develop the two specifically human levels of morality proposed by Tomasello: the morality of fairness and the morality of justice. Assessor teaching could have facilitated the genesis of rudimentary codes of behavior tied with the need to agree about how to behave to succeed in joint cooperative activities. Moreover, learning through assessor teaching provides a plausible explanation for the origin of the objectivist and prescriptive dimensions of human morality. First, we emphasize that individuals feel that they evaluate the behavior of others objectively to guide their learning, and, second, we underline the imperative intention that any moral manifestation possesses.
Laureano Castro; Miguel Ángel Castro-Nogueira; Morris Villarroel; Miguel Ángel Toro. Assessor Teaching and the Evolution of Human Morality. Biological Theory 2020, 16, 5 -15.
AMA StyleLaureano Castro, Miguel Ángel Castro-Nogueira, Morris Villarroel, Miguel Ángel Toro. Assessor Teaching and the Evolution of Human Morality. Biological Theory. 2020; 16 (1):5-15.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaureano Castro; Miguel Ángel Castro-Nogueira; Morris Villarroel; Miguel Ángel Toro. 2020. "Assessor Teaching and the Evolution of Human Morality." Biological Theory 16, no. 1: 5-15.
Every year thousands of horses from Mexico and the United States of America (USA) are transported to slaughter in Mexico, but little is known about their welfare or pre-slaughter logistics. In this study, we recorded the origin, sex, age and condition of horses (121 journeys, 2648 animals) upon arrival to an abattoir in northern Mexico, including transport details. Horse welfare was measured indirectly via individual scores for body condition, coat quality, lameness, ocular and nasal discharge, as well as reactivity to a chute restraint test, all performed shortly after unloading. The average journey duration was 9.69 (±7.6) hours for horses from Mexico and 16.77 (±4.51) hours for horses from the USA (77 % of all journeys). The prevalence of ocular discharge, nasal discharge, skin wounds, lameness and diarrhoea, were 23 %, 12 %, 11 %, 9 %, 1 % (respectively) of all the horses observed, with no significant differences between Mexican and American horses (P ≥ 0.05). During the chute test the American horses were calmer than the Mexican ones (P < 0.001), who were more restless and aggressive (P = 0.001). Likewise, vocalizations in their three variants during the restraint, neigh/whinny (P = 0.018), nicker (P < 0.001), and snort (P = 0.018), were more common in horses from Mexico. In order to help characterize fitness for transport, a two-step cluster analysis was applied using the welfare indicators, suggesting the existence of four clusters (C) evaluated on arrival at the abattoir (from good to very poor fitness): good (profile C4, n = 769, 29.1 %), average (profile C1, n = 799 horses, 30.2 %), poor (profile C3, n = 586, 22.1 %) and very poor (profile C2, n = 494, 18.6 %). In fact, the C4 best welfare group had 0% lame, 0% nasal discharge, 16.4 % ocular discharge, 7.9 % skin wounds. Instead, the C2 poorest welfare group had 45.8 % lame, 61.1 % nasal discharge, 42.8 % ocular discharge, and 19.9 % skin wounds. Results show potential for using nasal discharge, lameness and ocular discharge as key indicators of horse fitness and welfare on abattoir. The study provides detailed scientific data to help establish strategies regarding optimal days of recovery post-transport and fattening for homogenization of weights between animals of different origins, logistic planning, and optimization of logistic resources to minimize the biological cost of long-distance transport.
Genaro C. Miranda-De la Lama; Cesar A. Gonzales-Castro; Francisco J. Gutierrez-Piña; Morris Villarroel; Gustavo A. Maria; Laura X. Estévez-Moreno. Welfare of horses from Mexico and the United States of America transported for slaughter in Mexico: Fitness profiles for transport and pre-slaughter logistics. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 2020, 180, 105033 .
AMA StyleGenaro C. Miranda-De la Lama, Cesar A. Gonzales-Castro, Francisco J. Gutierrez-Piña, Morris Villarroel, Gustavo A. Maria, Laura X. Estévez-Moreno. Welfare of horses from Mexico and the United States of America transported for slaughter in Mexico: Fitness profiles for transport and pre-slaughter logistics. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2020; 180 ():105033.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGenaro C. Miranda-De la Lama; Cesar A. Gonzales-Castro; Francisco J. Gutierrez-Piña; Morris Villarroel; Gustavo A. Maria; Laura X. Estévez-Moreno. 2020. "Welfare of horses from Mexico and the United States of America transported for slaughter in Mexico: Fitness profiles for transport and pre-slaughter logistics." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 180, no. : 105033.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae biomass generated as a by-product in industrial processes and other biomasses grown in industry waste waters like Spirulina platensis and Rubrivivax gelatinous can be used in aquafeed, thus reducing the costs of discard and minimizing environmental damage. In this study, 840 male Nile tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus; 26.8 ± 1.03 g average weight) were distributed among 21 tanks (40 fish/tank, 1.07 kg/m3). Fish were fed to satiation three times a day throughout the trial (72 days). A completely randomized design experiment with 7 treatments (control group and 6 different diets, 3 replicates per treatment) was conducted to investigate the effects of these three microbial biomasses (added at 0.25 and 0.5% into an isoproteic/isoenergetic tilapia diet) on the growth and visceral indexes of the fish and on the composition and texture of the fillets. Feed conversion ratio was significantly lower in fish fed 0.5% R. gelatinosus than that in the control group, but no difference was detected among the treatments either for the other growth indicators or for the organs’ indexes. Including microbial biomass in the diet did not significantly affect either fillet pH or texture parameters. However, the use of microbial biomass increased the protein content and decreased the n-6/n-3 ratio of the fillets compared with that of the control group. So, it was concluded that the dietary intake of low concentrations of S. cerevisiae, S. platensis and R. gelatinosus biomasses did not affect the growth performance of tilapias, increased the nutritional quality and preserved the texture features of the fillets.
Thiago Luís Magnani Grassi; Natália Mingues Paiva; Dayse Lícia Oliveira; Fábio Taniwaki; Jefferson Felipe Cavazzana; Gisele Cristina Rocha Da Costa Camargo; Juliana Campos Pereira Diniz; Rubén Bermejo-Poza; Ricardo Borghesi; Morris Villarroel; Elisa Helena Giglio Ponsano. Growth performance and flesh quality of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed low concentrations of Rubrivivax gelatinosus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Spirulina platensis. Aquaculture International 2020, 28, 1305 -1317.
AMA StyleThiago Luís Magnani Grassi, Natália Mingues Paiva, Dayse Lícia Oliveira, Fábio Taniwaki, Jefferson Felipe Cavazzana, Gisele Cristina Rocha Da Costa Camargo, Juliana Campos Pereira Diniz, Rubén Bermejo-Poza, Ricardo Borghesi, Morris Villarroel, Elisa Helena Giglio Ponsano. Growth performance and flesh quality of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed low concentrations of Rubrivivax gelatinosus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Spirulina platensis. Aquaculture International. 2020; 28 (3):1305-1317.
Chicago/Turabian StyleThiago Luís Magnani Grassi; Natália Mingues Paiva; Dayse Lícia Oliveira; Fábio Taniwaki; Jefferson Felipe Cavazzana; Gisele Cristina Rocha Da Costa Camargo; Juliana Campos Pereira Diniz; Rubén Bermejo-Poza; Ricardo Borghesi; Morris Villarroel; Elisa Helena Giglio Ponsano. 2020. "Growth performance and flesh quality of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed low concentrations of Rubrivivax gelatinosus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Spirulina platensis." Aquaculture International 28, no. 3: 1305-1317.
Manuel Gesto; Morris Villarroel; Lluis Tort. Fish individuality, physiology and welfare. Physiology & Behavior 2020, 219, 112867 .
AMA StyleManuel Gesto, Morris Villarroel, Lluis Tort. Fish individuality, physiology and welfare. Physiology & Behavior. 2020; 219 ():112867.
Chicago/Turabian StyleManuel Gesto; Morris Villarroel; Lluis Tort. 2020. "Fish individuality, physiology and welfare." Physiology & Behavior 219, no. : 112867.
Pre‐slaughter handling involves fasting fish and catching them, which can affect fish welfare and flesh quality, but few studies have considered their combined effects. In this study, adult rainbow trout (320 ± 10 g average weight) were fasted for 7 days (135.6 degree days) and subjected to a long catch duration (20 min), compared with controls (no fasting or short catch duration). Condition factor, organ weight indexes and carcass yield decreased with fasting but not catch duration. Plasma concentrations of cortisol, glucose and lactate increased after a long catch, while plasma triglycerides decreased with fasting. Liver glycogen concentration was lower in fasted fish, and liver luminosity and chroma were higher after fasting with a long catch. Regarding flesh quality, rigor mortis resolved more slowly and final muscle pH at 48 hr post‐mortem was higher for fasted fish with a long catch time. Muscle glycogen concentration was higher in fasted fish, where chroma was also lower. Fasted fish had lower lipid oxidation, but there were no differences in fat content in muscle. Fasted fish with a long catch duration also had less monounsaturated and more saturated fatty acids. In conclusion, a long catch triggered a stress response that had negative effects on flesh quality, independently of fasting.
Rubén Bermejo-Poza; Morris Villarroel; Concepción Pérez; Elisabet González De Chavarri; María Teresa Díaz; Fernando Torrent; Jesús De La Fuente. Fasting combined with long catch duration modifies the physio‐metabolic response and flesh quality of rainbow trout. Aquaculture Research 2019, 51, 1244 -1255.
AMA StyleRubén Bermejo-Poza, Morris Villarroel, Concepción Pérez, Elisabet González De Chavarri, María Teresa Díaz, Fernando Torrent, Jesús De La Fuente. Fasting combined with long catch duration modifies the physio‐metabolic response and flesh quality of rainbow trout. Aquaculture Research. 2019; 51 (3):1244-1255.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRubén Bermejo-Poza; Morris Villarroel; Concepción Pérez; Elisabet González De Chavarri; María Teresa Díaz; Fernando Torrent; Jesús De La Fuente. 2019. "Fasting combined with long catch duration modifies the physio‐metabolic response and flesh quality of rainbow trout." Aquaculture Research 51, no. 3: 1244-1255.
High or variable ambient temperature can affect thermal regulation in livestock, but few studies have studied thermal variability during air and road transport, partly due to the lack of tools to compare thermal data from a long time series over periods of different duration. In this study, we recorded the ear skin temperature (EST) of 11 Duroc breeder pigs (7 females and 4 males) during commercial intercontinental transport from Canada to Spain, which included both road and aircraft travel and lasted 65 h. The EST was measured using a logger placed inside the left ear. Phase space diagrams EST, that is EST time series vs. itself delayed in time, were used to quantify the variability of the time-temperature series based on the areas that included all the points in the phase space. Phase space areas were significantly higher for all the animals during air travel, almost doubling that of road transport. Using the phase spaces, we identified an event during air transport that lasted 57 min, leading to a general decrease in EST by 8 °C, with respect to the average EST (34.1 °C). We also found that thermal variability was more stable in males (F = 20.81, p = 0.0014), which were also older and heavier.
Miguel Garrido-Izard; Eva-Cristina Correa; José-María Requejo; Morris Villarroel; Belén Diezma. Phase Space Analysis of Pig Ear Skin Temperature during Air and Road Transport. Applied Sciences 2019, 9, 5527 .
AMA StyleMiguel Garrido-Izard, Eva-Cristina Correa, José-María Requejo, Morris Villarroel, Belén Diezma. Phase Space Analysis of Pig Ear Skin Temperature during Air and Road Transport. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9 (24):5527.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiguel Garrido-Izard; Eva-Cristina Correa; José-María Requejo; Morris Villarroel; Belén Diezma. 2019. "Phase Space Analysis of Pig Ear Skin Temperature during Air and Road Transport." Applied Sciences 9, no. 24: 5527.
Jose M. Requejo; Miguel Garrido-Izard; Eva Correa; Morris Villarroel; Belen Diezma. Corrigendum to “Pig ear skin temperature and feed efficiency: Using the phase space to estimate thermoregulatory effort” [Biosyst Eng 174 (2018) 80–88]. Biosystems Engineering 2019, 188, 355 .
AMA StyleJose M. Requejo, Miguel Garrido-Izard, Eva Correa, Morris Villarroel, Belen Diezma. Corrigendum to “Pig ear skin temperature and feed efficiency: Using the phase space to estimate thermoregulatory effort” [Biosyst Eng 174 (2018) 80–88]. Biosystems Engineering. 2019; 188 ():355.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJose M. Requejo; Miguel Garrido-Izard; Eva Correa; Morris Villarroel; Belen Diezma. 2019. "Corrigendum to “Pig ear skin temperature and feed efficiency: Using the phase space to estimate thermoregulatory effort” [Biosyst Eng 174 (2018) 80–88]." Biosystems Engineering 188, no. : 355.
Revisamos la relación entre el enriquecimiento ambiental y el bienestar de los peces, incluido el enriquecimiento ocupacional. Explicamos los diferentes aspectos a tener en cuenta y concluimos que el enriquecimiento ocupacional no parece tener efectos negativos sobre el crecimiento y que puede ayudar a sobrellevar los efectos de un estresor agudo.
Morris Villarroel Robinson; Fernando Torrent Bravo; Jesús De La Fuente Vázquez; Concepción Pérez Marcos; Elisabet González De Chávarri. Environmental enrichment and fish welfare. Derecho Animal. Forum of Animal Law Studies 2019, 10, 98 -104.
AMA StyleMorris Villarroel Robinson, Fernando Torrent Bravo, Jesús De La Fuente Vázquez, Concepción Pérez Marcos, Elisabet González De Chávarri. Environmental enrichment and fish welfare. Derecho Animal. Forum of Animal Law Studies. 2019; 10 (4):98-104.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMorris Villarroel Robinson; Fernando Torrent Bravo; Jesús De La Fuente Vázquez; Concepción Pérez Marcos; Elisabet González De Chávarri. 2019. "Environmental enrichment and fish welfare." Derecho Animal. Forum of Animal Law Studies 10, no. 4: 98-104.
The aim was to evaluate the effect of size (long or chopped wheat straw), type (barley or wheat) and presence/absence (1 week) of straw supplementation on behaviour and welfare of fattening lambs. Sixteen lambs (65 days) were individually housed to be used in two simultaneous experiments (8 lambs each) for 5 weeks of fattening. After a habituation period, they were offered straw that differed either in size (Experiment 1) or type (Experiment 2), which was followed by a week without straw and then reallocation of straw. Maintenance behaviours, play and stereotypies were analysed using video recording. Physiological stress responses were measured using blood samples taken at the end of the week without straw and after the reallocation of the straw. A preference test was performed during the last week. Concentrate and roughage consumption, average daily gain and conversion index were estimated. Lambs provided with long straw spent more time eating forage, playing and performed fewer stereotypies (Experiment 1). Lambs given wheat straw increased their play behaviour compared with those given barley straw, without affecting stereotypies (Experiment 2). When the straw was removed, lambs performed more behaviours associated with stress; however, this was not reflected in blood stress indicators. Lambs clearly preferred long straw over chopped straw, but no clear preference was observed between wheat and barley straw. The amount of forage intake was consistent with the time spent eating forage, but the amount of concentrate intake did not vary with eating concentrate behaviour, since the amount of concentrate intake was higher when the straw was removed, especially in Experiment 2. Our results show that size more than type of straw supplement impact the behaviour of lambs. Long straw reduces the stereotypies and increases play. This may improve the welfare and performance of fattening lambs, adding ethical value to a highly appreciated product.
Lorena A. Aguayo‐Ulloa; Maria Pascual‐Alonso; César González‐Lagos; Genaro C. Miranda‐De La Lama; Morris Villarroel; Begoña Asenjo; Virginia Resconi; Gustavo A. María. Behaviour and welfare of fattening lambs supplemented with varying sizes and types of straw. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 2019, 103, 1747 -1757.
AMA StyleLorena A. Aguayo‐Ulloa, Maria Pascual‐Alonso, César González‐Lagos, Genaro C. Miranda‐De La Lama, Morris Villarroel, Begoña Asenjo, Virginia Resconi, Gustavo A. María. Behaviour and welfare of fattening lambs supplemented with varying sizes and types of straw. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 2019; 103 (6):1747-1757.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLorena A. Aguayo‐Ulloa; Maria Pascual‐Alonso; César González‐Lagos; Genaro C. Miranda‐De La Lama; Morris Villarroel; Begoña Asenjo; Virginia Resconi; Gustavo A. María. 2019. "Behaviour and welfare of fattening lambs supplemented with varying sizes and types of straw." Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 103, no. 6: 1747-1757.
Using a survey, we aimed to investigate Mexican transporter knowledge towards pre-slaughter logistic chain and occupational risks and secondly, to quantify how transport can affect sheep welfare. We used univariate and multivariate statistics based on cluster analysis. According to a cluster analysis, the incidence of risks varied with the association between transport, pre-slaughter logistic operations and journey distance. Cluster 1 included long distance journeys (LDJ), cluster 2 medium distance journeys (MDJ) and cluster 3 short distance journeys (SDJ). In MDJ the collection points were quite varied compared to the LDJ and SDJ groups, which were always in the north or central regions, respectively. The LDJ group used pot-belly trailers or 10 ton (t) to 16 t lorries, the MDJ group preferably used 10 t to 16 t lorries and group SDJ used 3.5 lorries or pick-ups. Most of the accidents were grouped in SDJ, which also included transporters who smoked most and drank coffee as a countermeasure for sleepiness. The MDJ group loaded more animals at the farm, while the other two groups mostly collected animals at assembly centres or auction markets. Results suggest the existence of three types of journey distances, most of the road accidents were grouped in long distance journeys. It is critical for everyone engaged in welfare promotion along the pre-slaughter logistic chain to recognize the links between human well-being, animal welfare, and the environment, and to know that the way sheep are transported can have broader One-Welfare implications.
Miguel A. Pulido; Laura X. Estévez-Moreno; Morris Villarroel; María A. Mariezcurrena-Berasain; Genaro C. Miranda-De la Lama. Transporters knowledge toward preslaughter logistic chain and occupational risks in Mexico: An integrative view with implications on sheep welfare. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 2019, 33, 114 -120.
AMA StyleMiguel A. Pulido, Laura X. Estévez-Moreno, Morris Villarroel, María A. Mariezcurrena-Berasain, Genaro C. Miranda-De la Lama. Transporters knowledge toward preslaughter logistic chain and occupational risks in Mexico: An integrative view with implications on sheep welfare. Journal of Veterinary Behavior. 2019; 33 ():114-120.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiguel A. Pulido; Laura X. Estévez-Moreno; Morris Villarroel; María A. Mariezcurrena-Berasain; Genaro C. Miranda-De la Lama. 2019. "Transporters knowledge toward preslaughter logistic chain and occupational risks in Mexico: An integrative view with implications on sheep welfare." Journal of Veterinary Behavior 33, no. : 114-120.
Fish normally undergo periods of food deprivation that are longer than non-hibernating mammals. In aquacultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), it is unclear how fasting may affect their physiological adaptative response, especially when they are normally fed daily. In addition, that response may vary with temperature, making it necessary to express fasting duration in terms of degree days. In the current study, trout were fasted for 5, 10, and 20 days (55, 107, and 200 degree days (°C d), respectively). To assess the physiological response of fish to fasting, different biometric, blood, plasma, and metabolic parameters were measured, as well as liver fatty acid composition. The fish weight, condition factor, and the hepato-somatic index of 5-day fasted trout were not significantly different from those of control fish. Gastric pH increased as fasting progressed while plasma concentrations of glucose, triglycerides, and total proteins decreased significantly after 10 days of fasting, while the percentage of non-esterified fatty acids increased. There were no significant differences in plasma ions (sodium, potassium, and calcium), except for chloride ion which decreased after 5 days of fasting. Liver glycogen decreased after 5 days of fasting while glycogen concentration in muscle did not decrease until 20 days of fasting. Liver color presented a higher chroma after 5 days of fasting, suggesting a mobilization of reserves. Finally, acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain was not affected by food deprivation but increased after 10 days of fasting in liver and muscle, suggesting the mobilization of body reserves, but without severely affecting basal metabolism.
Rubén Bermejo-Poza; Montserrat Fernández-Muela; Jesús De La Fuente; Concepción Pérez; Elisabet González De Chavarri; María Teresa Díaz Díaz-Chirón; Fernando Torrent; Morris Villarroel. Physio-metabolic response of rainbow trout during prolonged food deprivation before slaughter. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 2018, 45, 253 -265.
AMA StyleRubén Bermejo-Poza, Montserrat Fernández-Muela, Jesús De La Fuente, Concepción Pérez, Elisabet González De Chavarri, María Teresa Díaz Díaz-Chirón, Fernando Torrent, Morris Villarroel. Physio-metabolic response of rainbow trout during prolonged food deprivation before slaughter. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry. 2018; 45 (1):253-265.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRubén Bermejo-Poza; Montserrat Fernández-Muela; Jesús De La Fuente; Concepción Pérez; Elisabet González De Chavarri; María Teresa Díaz Díaz-Chirón; Fernando Torrent; Morris Villarroel. 2018. "Physio-metabolic response of rainbow trout during prolonged food deprivation before slaughter." Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 45, no. 1: 253-265.
The transport of broilers to slaughter normally results in a small percentage of dead on arrival (DoA) but little is known about the effects of flock thinning or bird weight. A multivariable linear model was used to analyse the incidence of DoA over one year in 1,856 flocks of Ross broilers (9,188 shipments). Each flock was categorized according to broiler type (yellow-skinned females and males, white-skinned females and males and roaster females) and thinning (birds transported after thinning, remaining birds after thinning and non-thinned flocks), in addition to transport distance, waiting time, maximum and minimum daily temperatures, precipitation and maximum wind speed. The overall percentage of DoA was 0.187%. The effect of the daily maximum outside temperature on DoA was quadratic with minimum DoA at 21.5ºC. Arrival time to the slaughterhouse and waiting time increased DoA by 0.0044% and 0.0021% for every 60 min increase, respectively. DoA were higher in males (which were heavier than females), and in the flocks that were previously thinned. An interaction between thinning and bird type was found, so that DoA were higher in previously thinned flocks of male broilers and roaster females. Despite the high incidence of thinning and larger bird weight, the percentage of DoA was comparable to previous studies. This research provides one of the largest detailed analyses of DoA in commercial broiler production in the Iberian Peninsula. The models described allow to quantify how increases in temperature, transport distance, waiting time, bird weight and the practise of thinning can all increase broiler mortality.
Morris Villarroel; Fernando Pomares; Miguel A. Ibáñez; Almudena Lage; Paula Martínez-Guijarro; Jesús Méndez; Carlos De Blas. Rearing, bird type and pre-slaughter transport conditions I. Effect on dead on arrival. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 2018, 16, e0503 .
AMA StyleMorris Villarroel, Fernando Pomares, Miguel A. Ibáñez, Almudena Lage, Paula Martínez-Guijarro, Jesús Méndez, Carlos De Blas. Rearing, bird type and pre-slaughter transport conditions I. Effect on dead on arrival. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research. 2018; 16 (2):e0503.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMorris Villarroel; Fernando Pomares; Miguel A. Ibáñez; Almudena Lage; Paula Martínez-Guijarro; Jesús Méndez; Carlos De Blas. 2018. "Rearing, bird type and pre-slaughter transport conditions I. Effect on dead on arrival." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 16, no. 2: e0503.
A multivariable linear model was used to analyse the incidence of carcass quality defects over one year in a commercial database that included 1,856 flocks of Ross broilers (9,188 shipments, 1,975,420 carcasses inspected). The incidence of foot-pad dermatitis (FPD), scratches and wing and back haematomas was scored and analysed in terms of the effects of transport distance, arrival time to the slaughterhouse, waiting time at the slaughterhouse, maximum outside temperature on the day of transport, feed conversion rate, stocking density, bird type (yellow-skinned females or males, white-skinned females or males and roaster females), thinning (birds transported after thinning, birds remaining after thinning, and non-thinned flocks), bed litter type (rice hulls, chopped straw or wood shavings), and ventilation system (dynamic, static or tunnel). The incidence of FPD was significantly (p
Morris Villarroel; Iván Francisco; Miguel A. Ibáñez; Martin Novoa; Paula Martínez-Guijarro; Jesús Méndez; Carlos De Blas. Rearing, bird type and pre-slaughter transport conditions of broilers II. Effect on foot-pad dermatitis and carcass quality. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 2018, 16, e0504 .
AMA StyleMorris Villarroel, Iván Francisco, Miguel A. Ibáñez, Martin Novoa, Paula Martínez-Guijarro, Jesús Méndez, Carlos De Blas. Rearing, bird type and pre-slaughter transport conditions of broilers II. Effect on foot-pad dermatitis and carcass quality. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research. 2018; 16 (2):e0504.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMorris Villarroel; Iván Francisco; Miguel A. Ibáñez; Martin Novoa; Paula Martínez-Guijarro; Jesús Méndez; Carlos De Blas. 2018. "Rearing, bird type and pre-slaughter transport conditions of broilers II. Effect on foot-pad dermatitis and carcass quality." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 16, no. 2: e0504.
Mammalian skin temperature is often used as an indicator of health status but has also been used in animal production as a proxy measure for thermoregulatory effort or energy wastage. An animal with a higher skin temperature may also have a lower feed efficiency. With advances in technology it is now feasible to continuously record temperatures of livestock over protracted periods of time. In this study, the ear skin pig temperature was related to feed efficiency using phase space diagram methodology. Fourteen Landrace finishers (all male) housed in one pen over a week at relatively high temperatures (average temperature throughout the experiment 27 °C) were supervised. The date, time and amount of feed consumed per individual animals was monitored via an electronic feeding station. The number of visits to the feeding station was used as an indicator of physical locomotor activity. Each animal was weighed at the beginning and at the end of the experiment to calculate their feed efficiency. The areas of the phase space diagrams of skin temperatures were used to quantify the variability of the time temperature series. Two areas in the phase space were correlated with feed efficiency (r = 0.77) and physical locomotor activity (r = 0.53). An index was developed that includes both areas, which increased the correlation between the variability of ear skin temperature and feed efficiency to r = 0.85. This methodology could be used to help categorise pigs in terms of feed efficiency for rapid phenotyping.
Jose M. Requejo; Miguel Garrido-Izard; Eva C. Correa; Morris Villarroel; Belen Diezma. Pig ear skin temperature and feed efficiency: Using the phase space to estimate thermoregulatory effort. Biosystems Engineering 2018, 174, 80 -88.
AMA StyleJose M. Requejo, Miguel Garrido-Izard, Eva C. Correa, Morris Villarroel, Belen Diezma. Pig ear skin temperature and feed efficiency: Using the phase space to estimate thermoregulatory effort. Biosystems Engineering. 2018; 174 ():80-88.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJose M. Requejo; Miguel Garrido-Izard; Eva C. Correa; Morris Villarroel; Belen Diezma. 2018. "Pig ear skin temperature and feed efficiency: Using the phase space to estimate thermoregulatory effort." Biosystems Engineering 174, no. : 80-88.
Microbial biomass (MB) produced by different industries is thought to be a beneficial supplement in fish feed due to high contents of antioxidants and pigments. However, little is known about their impact on fish health. In this experiment, 960 tilapia (26.84 ± 1.03 g) were fed one of eight experimental diets—a control diet with no MB (C), a control diet with vitamin E (VE) and six diets with three types of MB at two concentrations (0.25% and 0.5%): Rubrivivax gelatinosus (RG25 and RG50), Spirulina platensis (SP25 and SP50) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC25 and SC50). Adding MB to diets decreased plasma total oxidant status, malonaldehyde and leucocyte respiratory burst; increased the total antioxidant status; and did not affect the blood biochemical parameters. In flesh, the use of the MB lowered the thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances and increased redness (except for SC) and carotenoid deposition (except SC25). So, it was concluded that the use of the MB provided an antioxidant effect in tilapia blood plasma, decreased lipid oxidation and increased pigmentation and carotenoid deposition in the fish flesh, without imparting a negative impact on the animals’ health.
Thiago Luís Magnani Grassi; Dayse Lícia Oliveira; Natália Mingues Paiva; Juliana Campos Pereira Diniz; Anelise Maria Bosco; Ariana Aparecida Ferreira Pereira; Amanda Regina Pinatti Menezes; Taiana Carvalho Valadares; Rosemeire Conceição Parra Pastor; Paulo César Ciarlini; Giovani Sampaio Gonçalves; Morris Villarroel; Elisa Helena Giglio Ponsano. Microbial biomass as an antioxidant for tilapia feed. Aquaculture Research 2018, 49, 2881 -2890.
AMA StyleThiago Luís Magnani Grassi, Dayse Lícia Oliveira, Natália Mingues Paiva, Juliana Campos Pereira Diniz, Anelise Maria Bosco, Ariana Aparecida Ferreira Pereira, Amanda Regina Pinatti Menezes, Taiana Carvalho Valadares, Rosemeire Conceição Parra Pastor, Paulo César Ciarlini, Giovani Sampaio Gonçalves, Morris Villarroel, Elisa Helena Giglio Ponsano. Microbial biomass as an antioxidant for tilapia feed. Aquaculture Research. 2018; 49 (8):2881-2890.
Chicago/Turabian StyleThiago Luís Magnani Grassi; Dayse Lícia Oliveira; Natália Mingues Paiva; Juliana Campos Pereira Diniz; Anelise Maria Bosco; Ariana Aparecida Ferreira Pereira; Amanda Regina Pinatti Menezes; Taiana Carvalho Valadares; Rosemeire Conceição Parra Pastor; Paulo César Ciarlini; Giovani Sampaio Gonçalves; Morris Villarroel; Elisa Helena Giglio Ponsano. 2018. "Microbial biomass as an antioxidant for tilapia feed." Aquaculture Research 49, no. 8: 2881-2890.
The effect of wine by-products in the feeding of ewes on fatty acid composition of milk and meat of their suckling lambs and the sensory quality of the meat was investigated. Forty-two ewes were fed during the second half of gestation and lactation one out of three treatments: a control diet based on a commercial concentrate and two concentrates supplemented with either 10% grape pomace or 5% grape seed. In addition, all animals had ad libitum access of Lucerne chaff. The control group showed lower concentration of saturated fatty acids (mainly in short and medium chain) and higher monounsaturated fatty acids (mainly oleic acid) in the milk fat, being the total polyunsaturated fatty acids unchanged. However, this variation was not reflected in the meat of the suckling lambs, where only few differences in individual fatty acids were found, such as linoleic acid being highest in the pomace treatment. Spicy and metallic flavours were increased in the wine by-products groups, but overall liking was not affected. The by-products added to the diets may be a good way to reduce costs on feeding and waste, but they were not able to provide a healthier fatty acid profile, neither in milk nor in the meat of the suckling lambs.
V. C. Resconi; M. Pascual-Alonso; L. Aguayo-Ulloa; G. C. Miranda-De La Lama; S. Alierta; Maria Mar Campo; J. L. Olleta; Morris Villarroel; G. A. María. Effect of Dietary Grape Pomace and Seed on Ewe Milk and Meat Quality of Their Suckling Lambs. Journal of Food Quality 2018, 2018, 1 -8.
AMA StyleV. C. Resconi, M. Pascual-Alonso, L. Aguayo-Ulloa, G. C. Miranda-De La Lama, S. Alierta, Maria Mar Campo, J. L. Olleta, Morris Villarroel, G. A. María. Effect of Dietary Grape Pomace and Seed on Ewe Milk and Meat Quality of Their Suckling Lambs. Journal of Food Quality. 2018; 2018 ():1-8.
Chicago/Turabian StyleV. C. Resconi; M. Pascual-Alonso; L. Aguayo-Ulloa; G. C. Miranda-De La Lama; S. Alierta; Maria Mar Campo; J. L. Olleta; Morris Villarroel; G. A. María. 2018. "Effect of Dietary Grape Pomace and Seed on Ewe Milk and Meat Quality of Their Suckling Lambs." Journal of Food Quality 2018, no. : 1-8.
Several recent studies have shown that Arthrospira sp. supplementation of feeds has a beneficial effect on fish health and growth, but less is known about its possible effects on stress responsiveness. The present study was designed to evaluate using Arthrospira platensis as a feed supplement for Oreochromis niloticus fry, reared in recirculating aquaculture systems. Two isocaloric and isonitrogenous fishmeal-based diets were prepared with 0% and 1% A. platensis and fed to fry, approximately 10 mg live weight at the beginning of the experimental period (n=16 tanks, 8 tanks per treatment), at a feeding rate of 6% live weight, four meals a day for 50 d. The weight gain per tank, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio were similar among treatments but A. platensis supplementation significantly increased survival (p<0.05). Stress responsiveness was measured in all fish from 12 tanks using a non-invasive two-choice test. All fish from one home tank (n=6 tanks per treatment), were placed into a shaded tank where oxygen levels were slowly reduced. A doorway was then opened to a second illuminated tank with normal oxygen levels and the number of fish that left the home tank were counted. The fish fed A. platensis stayed significantly (p=0.001) longer in the home tank (30.20 min ± 13.22) than controls (17.35 min ± 8.32), suggesting a lower stress responsiveness and a higher tolerance to hypoxia.
Ignacio Plaza; José L. García; Morris Villarroel. Effect of spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) supplementation on tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) growth and stress responsiveness under hypoxia. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 2018, 16, e0606 .
AMA StyleIgnacio Plaza, José L. García, Morris Villarroel. Effect of spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) supplementation on tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) growth and stress responsiveness under hypoxia. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research. 2018; 16 (1):e0606.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIgnacio Plaza; José L. García; Morris Villarroel. 2018. "Effect of spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) supplementation on tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) growth and stress responsiveness under hypoxia." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 16, no. 1: e0606.