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Capacity development (CD) interventions are becoming a vital component of development projects. However, there is a lack of information about the relationships between capacity and project delivery. This paper presents the results of a study of how CD was applied to one of India’s largest urban infrastructure programs. While the Indian government considered a lack of capacity to be the main problem in project delivery, there is little evidence that explains the relationships between capacity and project delivery. This study analyzes the content of 58 interviews with project engineers, managers, and administrators about the hurdles they experienced at each stage of project delivery and seeks to understand these hurdles through the lens of CD. The study identifies the influence of capacity factors on project delivery and the converse influence of project performance and outcomes on CD. Ultimately, this study reveals the complex two-way interactions between capacity and project delivery.
Yehyun An; Ralph P. Hall; Taekwan Yoon. The Complex Relationship between Capacity and Infrastructure Project Delivery: The Case of the Indian National Urban Renewal Mission. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9356 .
AMA StyleYehyun An, Ralph P. Hall, Taekwan Yoon. The Complex Relationship between Capacity and Infrastructure Project Delivery: The Case of the Indian National Urban Renewal Mission. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):9356.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYehyun An; Ralph P. Hall; Taekwan Yoon. 2021. "The Complex Relationship between Capacity and Infrastructure Project Delivery: The Case of the Indian National Urban Renewal Mission." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 9356.
With an increasing number of smart city initiatives in developed as well as developing nations, smart cities are seen as a catalyst for improving the quality of life for city residents. However, the current understanding of the risks that may hamper the successful implementation of smart city projects remains limited. This research examines the risk landscape for implementing smart city projects in two Indian cities, Kakinada and Kanpur, by interviewing 20 professionals from industry and local government who were closely associated with implementing smart city projects. Seven risks are identified—namely resource management and partnership, institutional, scheduling and execution, social, financial, political, and technology—using thematic analysis. Further, the interrelationships between the risks are modelled using causal mapping techniques. The results suggest different risk priorities among the two types of professionals interviewed. Further, a number of risks were found to be closely connected. These findings suggest that risk mitigation strategies need to take a comprehensive view towards all risks and their interconnections instead of managing each risk in isolation.
Khushboo Gupta; Ralph P. Hall. Exploring Smart City Project Implementation Risks in the Cities of Kakinada and Kanpur. Journal of Urban Technology 2020, 28, 155 -173.
AMA StyleKhushboo Gupta, Ralph P. Hall. Exploring Smart City Project Implementation Risks in the Cities of Kakinada and Kanpur. Journal of Urban Technology. 2020; 28 (1-2):155-173.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhushboo Gupta; Ralph P. Hall. 2020. "Exploring Smart City Project Implementation Risks in the Cities of Kakinada and Kanpur." Journal of Urban Technology 28, no. 1-2: 155-173.
The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted billions of lives across the world and has revealed and worsened the social and economic inequalities that have emerged over the past several decades. As governments consider public health and economic strategies to respond the crisis, it is critical they also address the weaknesses of their economic and social systems that inhibited their ability to respond comprehensively to the pandemic. These same weaknesses have also undermined efforts to advance equality and sustainability. This paper explores over 30 interventions across the following nine categories of change that hold the potential to address inequality, provide all citizens with access to essential goods and services, and advance progress towards sustainability: (1) Income and wealth transfers to facilitate an equitable increase in purchasing power/disposable income; (2) broadening worker and citizen ownership of the means of production and supply of services, allowing corporate profit-taking to be more equitably distributed; (3) changes in the supply of essential goods and services for more citizens; (4) changes in the demand for more sustainable goods and services desired by people; (5) stabilizing and securing employment and the workforce; (6) reducing the disproportionate power of corporations and the very wealthy on the market and political system through the expansion and enforcement of antitrust law such that the dominance of a few firms in critical sectors no longer prevails; (7) government provision of essential goods and services such as education, healthcare, housing, food, and mobility; (8) a reallocation of government spending between military operations and domestic social needs; and (9) suspending or restructuring debt from emerging and developing countries. Any interventions that focus on growing the economy must also be accompanied by those that offset the resulting compromises to health, safety, and the environment from increasing unsustainable consumption. This paper compares and identifies the interventions that should be considered as an important foundational first step in moving beyond the COVID-19 pandemic and towards sustainability. In this regard, it provides a comprehensive set of strategies that could advance progress towards a component of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 10 to reduce inequality within countries. However, the candidate interventions are also contrasted with all 17 SDGs to reveal potential problem areas/tradeoffs that may need careful attention.
Nicholas A. Ashford; Ralph P. Hall; Johan Arango-Quiroga; Kyriakos A. Metaxas; Amy L. Showalter. Addressing Inequality: The First Step Beyond COVID-19 and towards Sustainability. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5404 .
AMA StyleNicholas A. Ashford, Ralph P. Hall, Johan Arango-Quiroga, Kyriakos A. Metaxas, Amy L. Showalter. Addressing Inequality: The First Step Beyond COVID-19 and towards Sustainability. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (13):5404.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicholas A. Ashford; Ralph P. Hall; Johan Arango-Quiroga; Kyriakos A. Metaxas; Amy L. Showalter. 2020. "Addressing Inequality: The First Step Beyond COVID-19 and towards Sustainability." Sustainability 12, no. 13: 5404.
A vast majority of farmers in the rural middle hills of Nepal are smallholders who often use family labor and follow traditional agricultural and water management practices. This study examines a range of perspectives (from rural farmers to development experts) on the limited commercialization of rural agriculture in this region of Nepal and the potential approaches to promoting agricultural growth and commercialization among small landholders. An analysis of household surveys, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions in three wards of Kaski, Syangja, and Palpa districts of Nepal revealed that nearly one-third of farmers left their agricultural lands barren or only partly cultivated, and more than one-third were not motivated to engage in agricultural activities. This lack of motivation was found to be connected with limited or no access to irrigation water, poor production systems, a lack of access to markets, a low return on investment in agriculture, the low social status of farm-work, the incidence of crop infestations, and fear of production risks due to extreme climatic factors (such as low/high rainfall, droughts, etc.). Remittances related to outmigration were also found to be important factors limiting a farmer’s involvement in agriculture, which also creates labor shortages. This research confirms that, for agricultural production to be profitable and commercial, households need to receive qualified technical support to introduce new technologies, engage in markets, access input suppliers and service providers, and adopt high-value production crops and related techniques. Households that receive an income from government jobs, private sources, and remittances reported agriculture being a laborious and difficult task. Addressing these mediating factors along with the provision of effective crop insurance and subsides for the lower-income segments of the population, has the potential to (re)engage rural households in farming activities. Such an approach could provide a way to realize the government’s plans to commercialize smallholder farming.
Raj K. Gc; Ralph P. Hall. The Commercialization of Smallholder Farming—A Case Study from the Rural Western Middle Hills of Nepal. Agriculture 2020, 10, 143 .
AMA StyleRaj K. Gc, Ralph P. Hall. The Commercialization of Smallholder Farming—A Case Study from the Rural Western Middle Hills of Nepal. Agriculture. 2020; 10 (5):143.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaj K. Gc; Ralph P. Hall. 2020. "The Commercialization of Smallholder Farming—A Case Study from the Rural Western Middle Hills of Nepal." Agriculture 10, no. 5: 143.
Rapid urbanization can result in challenges, such as overcrowding, congestion, and a lack of urban services. To address these challenges, an increasing number of communities are exploring the concept of a smart city (SC). Although rapid urbanization is a problem for cities around the world, its consequences can be severe for those located in developing nations. While previous studies have focused on SCs that were built from the ground up, there is a critical need for studies that focus on how to advance SC initiatives in developing regions faced with limited land and resources. This study identified two proposed SCs in India—Kakinada and Kanpur—which are currently implementing SC projects to explore their SC transformation. This case study aims to explore how “smartness” is understood in these cities and examines the local conditions shaping SC objectives by studying the existing issues in the cities, the proposed projects, and the perception of SC experts on a) what they understand by “smartness”; b) why cities want to become smart; and c) how they will become smart. The study findings indicate that although the high-level goals of the proposed SCs in India are similar to those of existing SCs in developed nations, the underlying objectives and strategies vary and are shaped by the urbanization challenges facing the Indian cities. This research also highlights the key questions a SC planning effort should address, especially in a developing nation context.
Khushboo Gupta; Ralph P. Hall. Understanding the What, Why, and How of Becoming a Smart City: Experiences from Kakinada and Kanpur. Smart Cities 2020, 3, 232 -247.
AMA StyleKhushboo Gupta, Ralph P. Hall. Understanding the What, Why, and How of Becoming a Smart City: Experiences from Kakinada and Kanpur. Smart Cities. 2020; 3 (2):232-247.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhushboo Gupta; Ralph P. Hall. 2020. "Understanding the What, Why, and How of Becoming a Smart City: Experiences from Kakinada and Kanpur." Smart Cities 3, no. 2: 232-247.
Rural water supply systems (RWSS) in developing countries typically have deficiencies that threaten their sustainability. This research used Multi-Criteria Analysis and the Analytical Hierarchy Process to identify indicators that can be used to assess the sustainability of RWSS. The assessment tool developed is composed of 17 attributes with 95 quantifiable indicators. The tool enables the assessment of the sustainability of RWSS, using data collected through semi-structured interviews, social cartography, technical inspection, household surveys, and water monitoring. The tool was applied in a case study of a RWSS in the Andean region of Colombia, illustrating a participatory, holistic, and structured assessment that provided a single sustainability measure for the system (3.0/5.0). The tool’s completeness is represented by its extensive attributes and indicators that deliver a robust baseline on the state of a system, help identify improvement strategies, and monitor system performance over time that can assists rural community organizations with RWSS management.
Isabel Domínguez; Edgar Ricardo Oviedo-Ocaña; Karen Hurtado; Andrés Barón; Ralph P. Hall. Assessing Sustainability in Rural Water Supply Systems in Developing Countries Using a Novel Tool Based on Multi-Criteria Analysis. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5363 .
AMA StyleIsabel Domínguez, Edgar Ricardo Oviedo-Ocaña, Karen Hurtado, Andrés Barón, Ralph P. Hall. Assessing Sustainability in Rural Water Supply Systems in Developing Countries Using a Novel Tool Based on Multi-Criteria Analysis. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (19):5363.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsabel Domínguez; Edgar Ricardo Oviedo-Ocaña; Karen Hurtado; Andrés Barón; Ralph P. Hall. 2019. "Assessing Sustainability in Rural Water Supply Systems in Developing Countries Using a Novel Tool Based on Multi-Criteria Analysis." Sustainability 11, no. 19: 5363.
In Nepal, rural water systems (RWS) are classified by practitioners as single-use domestic water systems (SUS) or multiple-use water systems (MUS). In the rural hills of Nepal, subsistence farming communities typically use RWS to support income-generating productive activities that can enhance rural livelihoods. However, there is limited research on the extent of existing productive activity and the factors enabling these activities. This paper examines the extent of water-related productive activities and the factors driving these activities based on a study, undertaken between October 2017 to June 2018, of 202 households served from five single-use domestic water systems and five multiple use water systems in the mid-hills of Nepal. The research found that a majority (94%) of these households engaged in two or more productive activities including growing vegetables and horticulture crops, raising livestock, and producing biogas and Rakshi (locally-produced alcohol), regardless of the system design, i.e., SUS vs. MUS. Around 90% of the households were engaged in productive activities that contributed to over 10% of their mean annual household income ($4,375). Since the SUS vs. MUS classification was not found to be a significant determinant of the extent of productive activity, the households were reclassified as having high or low levels of productive activity based on the quantity of water used for these activities and the associated earned income. A multinomial logistic regression model was developed to measure the relative significance of various predictors of high productive activity households. Five dominant predictors were identified: households that farm as a primary occupation, use productive technologies, are motivated to pursue productive activities, have received water-related productive activity training, and have received external support related to productive activities. Whereas MUS are designed for productive activity, nearly every household in SUS communities was involved in productive activities making them ‘de-facto’ MUS. These results challenge the current approach to rural water provision that views SUS and MUS as functionally different services.
Raj K. Gc; Shyam Ranganathan; Ralph P. Hall. Does Rural Water System Design Matter? A Study of Productive Use of Water in Rural Nepal. Water 2019, 11, 1978 .
AMA StyleRaj K. Gc, Shyam Ranganathan, Ralph P. Hall. Does Rural Water System Design Matter? A Study of Productive Use of Water in Rural Nepal. Water. 2019; 11 (10):1978.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaj K. Gc; Shyam Ranganathan; Ralph P. Hall. 2019. "Does Rural Water System Design Matter? A Study of Productive Use of Water in Rural Nepal." Water 11, no. 10: 1978.
Over the past forty years, income growth for the middle and lower classes has stagnated, while the economy (and with it, economic inequality) has grown significantly. Early automation, the decline of labor unions, changes in corporate taxation, the financialization and globalization of the economy, deindustrialization in the U.S. and many OECD countries, and trade have contributed to these trends. However, the transformative roles of more recent automation and digital technologies/artificial intelligence (AI) are now considered by many as additional and potentially more potent forces undermining the ability of workers to maintain their foothold in the economy. These drivers of change are intensifying the extent to which advancing technology imbedded in increasingly productive real capital is driving productivity. To compound the problem, many solutions presented by industrialized nations to environmental problems rely on hyper-efficient technologies, which if fully implemented, could further advance the displacement of well-paid job opportunities for many. While there are numerous ways to address economic inequality, there is growing interest in using some form of universal basic income (UBI) to enhance income and provide economic stability. However, these approaches rarely consider the potential environmental impact from the likely increase in aggregate demand for goods and services or consider ways to focus this demand on more sustainable forms of consumption. Based on the premise that the problems of income distribution and environmental sustainability must be addressed in an integrated and holistic way, this paper considers how a range of approaches to financing a UBI system, and a complementary market solution based on an ownership-broadening approach to inclusive capitalism, might advance or undermine strategies to improve environmental sustainability.
Ralph P. Hall; Robert Ashford; Nicholas A. Ashford; Johan Arango-Quiroga. Universal Basic Income and Inclusive Capitalism: Consequences for Sustainability. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4481 .
AMA StyleRalph P. Hall, Robert Ashford, Nicholas A. Ashford, Johan Arango-Quiroga. Universal Basic Income and Inclusive Capitalism: Consequences for Sustainability. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (16):4481.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRalph P. Hall; Robert Ashford; Nicholas A. Ashford; Johan Arango-Quiroga. 2019. "Universal Basic Income and Inclusive Capitalism: Consequences for Sustainability." Sustainability 11, no. 16: 4481.
Strategic niche management and transition management have been promoted as useful avenues to pursue in order to achieve both specific product or process changes and system transformation by focusing on technology development through evolutionary and co-evolutionary processes, guided by government and relevant stakeholders. However, these processes are acknowledged to require decades to achieve their intended changes, a timeframe that is too long to adequately address many of the environmental and social issues many industrialized and industrializing nations are facing. An approach that involves incumbents and does not consider targets that look beyond reasonably foreseeable technology is likely to advance a model where incumbents evolve rather than being replaced or displaced. On the other hand, approaches that focus on creating new entrants could nurture niche development or deployment of disruptive technologies, but those technologies may only be marginally better than the technologies they replace. Either approach may take a long time to achieve their goals. Sustainable development requires both radical disruptive technological and institutional changes, the latter including stringent regulation, the integration of disparate goals, and changes in incentives to enable new voices to contribute to new systems and solutions. This paper outlines options for a strong governmental role in setting future sustainability goals and the pathways for achieving them.
Nicholas A. Ashford; Ralph P. Hall. Achieving Global Climate and Environmental Goals by Governmental Regulatory Targeting. Ecological Economics 2018, 152, 246 -259.
AMA StyleNicholas A. Ashford, Ralph P. Hall. Achieving Global Climate and Environmental Goals by Governmental Regulatory Targeting. Ecological Economics. 2018; 152 ():246-259.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicholas A. Ashford; Ralph P. Hall. 2018. "Achieving Global Climate and Environmental Goals by Governmental Regulatory Targeting." Ecological Economics 152, no. : 246-259.
Irrigation schemes are an important part of meeting the national agenda in Malawi, yet the design and management of these schemes have not taken advantage of emerging approaches that could improve their performance. One such idea is the concept of multiple‐use water services (MUS). This case study focuses on rural irrigation systems in the Nkhata Bay District, evaluating system usage, profiles of the irrigators, and barriers to irrigation to identify opportunities to kick‐start MUS using existing organizational structures. Interviews were conducted with 141 respondents from 5 functioning irrigation sections. The study found that there are already systems in place for cooperation, with both the government and communities each contributing to long‐term sustainability. Basic MUS could advance the water–energy–food–health nexus and build more resilient communities. The following recommendations would enable communities and development partners to advance irrigation‐based MUS in Malawi: (i) target long‐established, committed, farmer groups; (ii) provide reliable and sustainable local technologies to lift water; (iii) improve access to markets and inputs to support higher‐value cash crops being grown on irrigated land; (iv) create an overlap between community‐level irrigation and borehole committees, private sectors, local government ministries and development partners. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sam Stedman; Alien Mathews Mnyimbiri; Zinyengo Kawonga; Mphatso Malota; Dalo Njera; Ralph P. Hall; Rochelle H. Holm. Using irrigation to kick-start multiple-use water services for small-scale farmers in Malawi: A case study of the Nkhata Bay District. Irrigation and Drainage 2018, 67, 645 -653.
AMA StyleSam Stedman, Alien Mathews Mnyimbiri, Zinyengo Kawonga, Mphatso Malota, Dalo Njera, Ralph P. Hall, Rochelle H. Holm. Using irrigation to kick-start multiple-use water services for small-scale farmers in Malawi: A case study of the Nkhata Bay District. Irrigation and Drainage. 2018; 67 (5):645-653.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSam Stedman; Alien Mathews Mnyimbiri; Zinyengo Kawonga; Mphatso Malota; Dalo Njera; Ralph P. Hall; Rochelle H. Holm. 2018. "Using irrigation to kick-start multiple-use water services for small-scale farmers in Malawi: A case study of the Nkhata Bay District." Irrigation and Drainage 67, no. 5: 645-653.
Access to quality public transportation is critical for employment, especially for low-income and minority populations. This study contributes to previous work on equity analyses of the U.S. public transportation system by including the 45 largest Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) in a single analysis. Year-2014 Census demographic data were combined with an existing 2014 dataset of transit job accessibility. Then, transit equality and justice indicators were developed and a regression analysis was performed to explore trends in transit job accessibility by race and income. The findings suggest that within individual MSAs, low-income populations and minorities have the highest transit job accessibility. However, the overall transit ridership is low, and in certain MSAs with high transit job accessibility both high and low income populations have high access levels but middle income populations do not. Within individual MSAs, on average, accessibility differences by income are greater than accessibility differences by race. The relative importance of race versus income for injustice increases with MSA size. In upper mid-size and large MSAs, differences by race increase. Also, the differences by race are greater among low-income populations. Accessibility-related equality and justice indicators are only one of many issues that comprise the wider discussion of equity.
Armin Jeddi Yeganeh; Ralph Hall; Annie Pearce; Steve Hankey. A social equity analysis of the U.S. public transportation system based on job accessibility. Journal of Transport and Land Use 2018, 11, 1 .
AMA StyleArmin Jeddi Yeganeh, Ralph Hall, Annie Pearce, Steve Hankey. A social equity analysis of the U.S. public transportation system based on job accessibility. Journal of Transport and Land Use. 2018; 11 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArmin Jeddi Yeganeh; Ralph Hall; Annie Pearce; Steve Hankey. 2018. "A social equity analysis of the U.S. public transportation system based on job accessibility." Journal of Transport and Land Use 11, no. 1: 1.
Niniejszy artykuł skupia się na podejściu charakterystycznym dla ekonomii binarnej i wyjaśnia, w jaki sposób koncepcja ta może przyczynić się nie tylko do zwiększenia ich zdolności zarabiania kapitału, ale również do zwiększenia popytu na zatrudnienie oraz perspektyw osiągnięcia równowagi środowiskowej. Koncepcja ekonomii binarnej (ang. binary approach) proponuje wdrożenie systemu pozwalającego na rozszerzenie systemu własności finansów korporacyjnych, który byłby wolny od podatków, redystrybucji czy ingerencji państwa. Przedsiębiorstwa miałyby prawo do pozyskiwania źródeł finansowania swoich potrzeb tak, jak to robiły dotychczas, ale dysponowałyby jeszcze dodatkowymi, potencjalnie bardziej rentownymi instrumentami rynkowymi umożliwiającymi im takie działanie.
Robert Ashford; Ralph P. Hall; Nicholas A. Ashford. Koncepcja binary approach jako instrument kszta?towania zrównowa?onego wzrostu. Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny 2017, 79, 191 -201.
AMA StyleRobert Ashford, Ralph P. Hall, Nicholas A. Ashford. Koncepcja binary approach jako instrument kszta?towania zrównowa?onego wzrostu. Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny. 2017; 79 (4):191-201.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRobert Ashford; Ralph P. Hall; Nicholas A. Ashford. 2017. "Koncepcja binary approach jako instrument kszta?towania zrównowa?onego wzrostu." Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny 79, no. 4: 191-201.
The 2030 agenda presents an integrated set of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and targets that will shape development activities for the coming decade. The challenge now facing development organizations and governments is how to operationalize this interconnected set of goals and targets through effective projects and programs. This paper presents a micro-level modeling approach that can quantitatively assess the impacts associated with rural water interventions that are tailored to specific communities. The analysis focuses on how a multiple-use water services (MUS) approach to SDG 6 could reinforce a wide range of other SDGs and targets. The multilevel modeling framework provides a generalizable template that can be used in multiple sectors. In this paper, we apply the methodology to a dataset on rural water services from Mozambique to show that community-specific equivalents of macro-level variables used in the literature such as Cost of Illness (COI) avoided can provide a better indication of the impacts of a specific intervention. The proposed modeling framework presents a new frontier for designing projects in any sector that address the specific needs of communities, while also leveraging the knowledge gained from previous projects in any country. The approach also presents a way for agencies and organizations to design projects or programs that bridge sectors/disciplines (water, irrigation, health, energy, economic development, etc.) to advance an interconnected set of SDGs and targets.
Ralph P. Hall; Shyam Ranganathan; Raj Kumar G. C.. A General Micro-Level Modeling Approach to Analyzing Interconnected SDGs: Achieving SDG 6 and More through Multiple-Use Water Services (MUS). Sustainability 2017, 9, 314 .
AMA StyleRalph P. Hall, Shyam Ranganathan, Raj Kumar G. C.. A General Micro-Level Modeling Approach to Analyzing Interconnected SDGs: Achieving SDG 6 and More through Multiple-Use Water Services (MUS). Sustainability. 2017; 9 (2):314.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRalph P. Hall; Shyam Ranganathan; Raj Kumar G. C.. 2017. "A General Micro-Level Modeling Approach to Analyzing Interconnected SDGs: Achieving SDG 6 and More through Multiple-Use Water Services (MUS)." Sustainability 9, no. 2: 314.
Pit latrines can provide improved household sanitation, but without effective and inexpensive emptying options, they are often abandoned once full and may pose a public health threat. Emptying techniques can be difficult, as the sludge contents of each pit latrine are different. The design of effective emptying techniques (e.g., pumps) is limited by a lack of data characterizing typical in situ latrine sludge resistance. This investigation aimed to better understand the community education and technical engineering needs necessary to improve pit latrine management. In low income areas within Mzuzu city, Malawi, 300 pit latrines from three distinct areas were assessed using a dynamic cone penetrometer to quantify fecal sludge strength, and household members were surveyed to determine their knowledge of desludging procedures and practices likely to impact fecal sludge characteristics. The results demonstrate that there is a significant difference in sludge strength between lined and unlined pits within a defined area, though sludge hardened with depth, regardless of the pit type or region. There was only limited association between cone penetration depth and household survey data. To promote the adoption of pit emptying, it is recommended that households be provided with information that supports pit emptying, such as latrine construction designs, local pit emptying options, and cost. This study indicates that the use of a penetrometer test in the field prior to pit latrine emptying may facilitate the selection of appropriate pit emptying technology.
Charles F. C. Chirwa; Ralph P. Hall; Leigh-Anne H. Krometis; Eric A. Vance; Adam Edwards; Ting Guan; Rochelle H. Holm. Pit Latrine Fecal Sludge Resistance Using a Dynamic Cone Penetrometer in Low Income Areas in Mzuzu City, Malawi. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2017, 14, 87 .
AMA StyleCharles F. C. Chirwa, Ralph P. Hall, Leigh-Anne H. Krometis, Eric A. Vance, Adam Edwards, Ting Guan, Rochelle H. Holm. Pit Latrine Fecal Sludge Resistance Using a Dynamic Cone Penetrometer in Low Income Areas in Mzuzu City, Malawi. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14 (2):87.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCharles F. C. Chirwa; Ralph P. Hall; Leigh-Anne H. Krometis; Eric A. Vance; Adam Edwards; Ting Guan; Rochelle H. Holm. 2017. "Pit Latrine Fecal Sludge Resistance Using a Dynamic Cone Penetrometer in Low Income Areas in Mzuzu City, Malawi." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 2: 87.
Emily Van Houweling; Ralph Hall; Marcos Carzolio; Eric Vance. ‘My Neighbour Drinks Clean Water, While I Continue To Suffer’: An Analysis of the Intra-Community Impacts of a Rural Water Supply Project in Mozambique. The Journal of Development Studies 2016, 53, 1147 -1162.
AMA StyleEmily Van Houweling, Ralph Hall, Marcos Carzolio, Eric Vance. ‘My Neighbour Drinks Clean Water, While I Continue To Suffer’: An Analysis of the Intra-Community Impacts of a Rural Water Supply Project in Mozambique. The Journal of Development Studies. 2016; 53 (8):1147-1162.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmily Van Houweling; Ralph Hall; Marcos Carzolio; Eric Vance. 2016. "‘My Neighbour Drinks Clean Water, While I Continue To Suffer’: An Analysis of the Intra-Community Impacts of a Rural Water Supply Project in Mozambique." The Journal of Development Studies 53, no. 8: 1147-1162.
In 2015, African ministers established the Ngor Declaration to achieve universal access to adequate sanitation and hygiene services and eliminate open defecation by 2030. Realizing this target will require significant public and private investment. Over the last two decades, there has been increasing recognition that sanitation programs should be demand driven, yet limited information exists about how much rural residents in developing countries are willing to pay for sanitation improvements. This paper applies the contingent valuation approach to evaluate how much households in rural Senegal are willing to pay for a ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine. The analysis uses data from 1,635 household surveys that were conducted in 47 rural communities across four regions in Senegal. The willingness to pay model found that respondents were more willing to pay for a VIP latrine if they had plans to improve their existing latrine, lived in districts located nearer to the capital city of Dakar, were dissatisfied with their existing sanitation service, and were male. The analysis also indicates that the current household contribution of 5% of the costs of constructing a VIP latrine could be increased to 30% with only a modest decline in the number of households willing to pay this amount.
Ralph P. Hall; Eric A. Vance; Emily Van Houweling; Wandi Huang. Willingness to pay for VIP latrines in rural Senegal. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 2015, 5, 586 -593.
AMA StyleRalph P. Hall, Eric A. Vance, Emily Van Houweling, Wandi Huang. Willingness to pay for VIP latrines in rural Senegal. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development. 2015; 5 (4):586-593.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRalph P. Hall; Eric A. Vance; Emily Van Houweling; Wandi Huang. 2015. "Willingness to pay for VIP latrines in rural Senegal." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 5, no. 4: 586-593.
By Mark Seiss, Ralph Hall & 1 more. The Importance of Cleaning Data During Fieldwork: Evidence from Mozambique
Mark Seiss; Eric A. Vance; Ralph P. Hall. The Importance of Cleaning Data During Fieldwork: Evidence from Mozambique. Survey Practice 2014, 7, 1 -11.
AMA StyleMark Seiss, Eric A. Vance, Ralph P. Hall. The Importance of Cleaning Data During Fieldwork: Evidence from Mozambique. Survey Practice. 2014; 7 (4):1-11.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMark Seiss; Eric A. Vance; Ralph P. Hall. 2014. "The Importance of Cleaning Data During Fieldwork: Evidence from Mozambique." Survey Practice 7, no. 4: 1-11.
The United Nations (UN) Universal Declaration of Human Rights engenders important state commitments to respect, fulfill, and protect a broad range of socio-economic rights. In 2010, a milestone was reached when the UN General Assembly recognized the human right to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation. However, water plays an important role in realizing other human rights such as the right to food and livelihoods, and in realizing the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. These broader water-related rights have been recognized but have not yet been operationalized. This paper unravels these broader water-related rights in a more holistic interpretation of existing international human rights law. By focusing on an emerging approach to water services provision—known as ‘domestic-plus’ services—the paper argues how this approach operationalizes a comprehensive range of socio-economic rights in rural and peri-urban areas. Domestic-plus services provide water for domestic and productive uses around homesteads, which challenges the widespread practice in the public sector of planning and designing water infrastructure for a single-use. Evidence is presented to show that people in rural communities are already using their water supplies planned for domestic uses to support a wide range of productive activities. Domestic-plus services recognize and plan for these multiple-uses, while respecting the priority for clean and safe drinking water. The paper concludes that domestic-plus services operationalize the obligation to progressively fulfill a comprehensive range of indivisible socio-economic rights in rural and peri-urban areas.
Ralph P. Hall; Barbara Van Koppen; Emily Van Houweling. The Human Right to Water: The Importance of Domestic and Productive Water Rights. Science and Engineering Ethics 2013, 20, 849 -868.
AMA StyleRalph P. Hall, Barbara Van Koppen, Emily Van Houweling. The Human Right to Water: The Importance of Domestic and Productive Water Rights. Science and Engineering Ethics. 2013; 20 (4):849-868.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRalph P. Hall; Barbara Van Koppen; Emily Van Houweling. 2013. "The Human Right to Water: The Importance of Domestic and Productive Water Rights." Science and Engineering Ethics 20, no. 4: 849-868.
Nicholas A. Ashford; Ralph P. Hall; Robert H. Ashford. The crisis in employment and consumer demand: Reconciliation with environmental sustainability. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 2012, 2, 1 -22.
AMA StyleNicholas A. Ashford, Ralph P. Hall, Robert H. Ashford. The crisis in employment and consumer demand: Reconciliation with environmental sustainability. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions. 2012; 2 ():1-22.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicholas A. Ashford; Ralph P. Hall; Robert H. Ashford. 2012. "The crisis in employment and consumer demand: Reconciliation with environmental sustainability." Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 2, no. : 1-22.
This article explores the complex relationship between environmental regulation, innovation, and sustainable development within the context of an increasingly globalizing economy. The economic development, environment, and employment aspects of sustainable development are emphasized. We contend that the most crucial problem in achieving sustainability is lock-in or path dependency due to (1) the failure to envision, design, and implement policies that achieve co-optimization, or the mutually reinforcing, of social goals, and (2) entrenched economic and political interests that gain from the present system and advancement of its current trends. The article argues that industrial policy, environmental law and policy, and trade initiatives must be ‘opened up’ by expanding the practice of multi-purpose policy design, and that these policies must be integrated as well. Sustainable development requires stimulating revolutionary technological innovation through environmental, health, safety, economic, and labor market regulation. Greater support for these changes must also be reinforced by ‘opening up the participatory and political space’ to enable new voices to contribute to integrated thinking and solutions.
Nicholas A. Ashford; Ralph P. Hall. The Importance of Regulation-Induced Innovation for Sustainable Development. Sustainability 2011, 3, 270 -292.
AMA StyleNicholas A. Ashford, Ralph P. Hall. The Importance of Regulation-Induced Innovation for Sustainable Development. Sustainability. 2011; 3 (1):270-292.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicholas A. Ashford; Ralph P. Hall. 2011. "The Importance of Regulation-Induced Innovation for Sustainable Development." Sustainability 3, no. 1: 270-292.