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Bradly Trumbo
US Army Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla District, Walla Walla, WA 99362, USA

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Review
Published: 26 October 2020 in Sustainability
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Hydropower remains a key renewable energy source in the pursuit of the decarbonization of the economy, although the relatively high potential impact of the hydro-morphological alterations it may cause poses significant concerns for aquatic ecosystems. In the last years, new technologies and practices have been increasingly adopted to minimize the impacts of hydropower plants, while improving efficiency and flexibility of energy generation. The overall effect of these innovations may be a more sustainable design and operation of hydropower, striking a better balance between the objectives of decarbonization and ecosystem protection. This contribution presents and discusses a few representative examples of hydropower installations from companies in Italy, France, Switzerland, Belgium and the USA, where solutions have been adopted in this direction. The case studies cover (1) ecologically improved and low head hydropower converters (Vortex turbine, Hydrostatic Pressure Machine, VLH and Girard-optimized turbines, hydrokinetic turbines), hydropeaking reduction (2) new control systems, governors and digitalization, (3) hydropower as a strategy for local sustainable development and (4) energy recovery in existing hydraulic infrastructures and aqueducts. It was found that better-governing systems can extend the life span of runners, for example avoiding the runner uplift during a trip. Digitalization can improve efficiency by 1.2%. New sustainable practices and turbines with better ecological behavior can minimize environmental impacts, like the reduction of fish mortality, improvement of fish habitat availability, reduction of oil for lubrication purposes and generation of economic incomes for local development. The use of existing structures reduces the total installation cost: examples are the total saving of 277 €/kW by reusing irrigation pipes and reservoirs, or the reduction of the investment period from 9 years to 6 years by turbining the environmental flow. Innovative low head hydropower converters can exhibit good ecological behavior, with reduced costs (<5000 €/kW) especially when installed in existing weirs. Results are discussed, contextualized and generalized to provide engineering data and tools to support future realizations of similar case studies; normalized costs, efficiency improvement, best practices and new technologies are discussed.

ACS Style

Emanuele Quaranta; Manuel Bonjean; Damiano Cuvato; Christophe Nicolet; Matthieu Dreyer; Anthony Gaspoz; Samuel Rey-Mermet; Bruno Boulicaut; Luigi Pratalata; Marco Pinelli; Giuseppe Tomaselli; Paolo Pinamonti; Raffael Pichler; Paolo Turin; Daniele Turrin; Jason Foust; Bradly Trumbo; Martin Ahmann; Marc Modersitzki; Susy Kist; Cecilia Mosca; Carlo Malerba; Ada Francesconi; Ivan Casoli; Raffaele Ferrari; Vittoria Stefani; Marco Scibetta; Lorenza Meucci; Walter Gostner; Riccardo Bergamin; Francesco De Pretto; Davide Turcato; Vincent Kocher; Pierre Lefaucheux; Abdelali Elmaataoui; Mario Mariucci; Prakriteesh Sarma; Geert Slachmuylders; Riccardo Clementi; Fabio Pasut; Nicola Bragato. Hydropower Case Study Collection: Innovative Low Head and Ecologically Improved Turbines, Hydropower in Existing Infrastructures, Hydropeaking Reduction, Digitalization and Governing Systems. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8873 .

AMA Style

Emanuele Quaranta, Manuel Bonjean, Damiano Cuvato, Christophe Nicolet, Matthieu Dreyer, Anthony Gaspoz, Samuel Rey-Mermet, Bruno Boulicaut, Luigi Pratalata, Marco Pinelli, Giuseppe Tomaselli, Paolo Pinamonti, Raffael Pichler, Paolo Turin, Daniele Turrin, Jason Foust, Bradly Trumbo, Martin Ahmann, Marc Modersitzki, Susy Kist, Cecilia Mosca, Carlo Malerba, Ada Francesconi, Ivan Casoli, Raffaele Ferrari, Vittoria Stefani, Marco Scibetta, Lorenza Meucci, Walter Gostner, Riccardo Bergamin, Francesco De Pretto, Davide Turcato, Vincent Kocher, Pierre Lefaucheux, Abdelali Elmaataoui, Mario Mariucci, Prakriteesh Sarma, Geert Slachmuylders, Riccardo Clementi, Fabio Pasut, Nicola Bragato. Hydropower Case Study Collection: Innovative Low Head and Ecologically Improved Turbines, Hydropower in Existing Infrastructures, Hydropeaking Reduction, Digitalization and Governing Systems. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (21):8873.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emanuele Quaranta; Manuel Bonjean; Damiano Cuvato; Christophe Nicolet; Matthieu Dreyer; Anthony Gaspoz; Samuel Rey-Mermet; Bruno Boulicaut; Luigi Pratalata; Marco Pinelli; Giuseppe Tomaselli; Paolo Pinamonti; Raffael Pichler; Paolo Turin; Daniele Turrin; Jason Foust; Bradly Trumbo; Martin Ahmann; Marc Modersitzki; Susy Kist; Cecilia Mosca; Carlo Malerba; Ada Francesconi; Ivan Casoli; Raffaele Ferrari; Vittoria Stefani; Marco Scibetta; Lorenza Meucci; Walter Gostner; Riccardo Bergamin; Francesco De Pretto; Davide Turcato; Vincent Kocher; Pierre Lefaucheux; Abdelali Elmaataoui; Mario Mariucci; Prakriteesh Sarma; Geert Slachmuylders; Riccardo Clementi; Fabio Pasut; Nicola Bragato. 2020. "Hydropower Case Study Collection: Innovative Low Head and Ecologically Improved Turbines, Hydropower in Existing Infrastructures, Hydropeaking Reduction, Digitalization and Governing Systems." Sustainability 12, no. 21: 8873.

Research article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Marine and Freshwater Research
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Surface bypasses are downstream migration structures that can help reduce hydropower-induced damage to migrating fish. However, no comprehensive design concept that facilitates good surface bypass performance for a wide range of sites and species is available. This is why fish-passage efficiencies at recently built bypass structures vary widely between 0% and up to 97%. We reviewed 50 surface bypass performance studies and existing guidelines for salmonids, eels and potamodromous species to identify crucial design criteria for surface bypasses employed in North America, Europe and Australia. Two-tailed Pearson correlation of bypass efficiency and bypass design criteria shows that bypass entrance area (r=0.3300, P=0.0036) and proportion of inflow to the bypass (r=0.3741, P=0.0032) are the most influential parameters on bypass efficiency. However, other parameters such as guiding structures (P=0.2181, ordinary Student’s t-test) and trash-rack spacing (r=–0.1483, P=0.3951, Spearman correlation), although not statistically significant, have been shown to have an effect on efficiency in some studies. The use of different performance criteria and efficiency definitions for bypass evaluation hampers direct comparison of studies and, therefore, deduction of design criteria. To enable meta-analyses and improve bypass design considerations, we suggest a list of standardised performance parameters for bypasses that should be considered in future bypass-performance studies.

ACS Style

Elena-Maria Klopries; Zhiqun (Daniel) Deng; Theresa U. Lachmann; Holger Schüttrumpf; Bradly A. Trumbo. Surface bypass as a means of protecting downstream-migrating fish: lack of standardised evaluation criteria complicates evaluation of efficacy. Marine and Freshwater Research 2018, 69, 1882 .

AMA Style

Elena-Maria Klopries, Zhiqun (Daniel) Deng, Theresa U. Lachmann, Holger Schüttrumpf, Bradly A. Trumbo. Surface bypass as a means of protecting downstream-migrating fish: lack of standardised evaluation criteria complicates evaluation of efficacy. Marine and Freshwater Research. 2018; 69 (12):1882.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elena-Maria Klopries; Zhiqun (Daniel) Deng; Theresa U. Lachmann; Holger Schüttrumpf; Bradly A. Trumbo. 2018. "Surface bypass as a means of protecting downstream-migrating fish: lack of standardised evaluation criteria complicates evaluation of efficacy." Marine and Freshwater Research 69, no. 12: 1882.

Journal article
Published: 03 March 2016 in North American Journal of Fisheries Management
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We evaluated the relative effectiveness of continuous versus point electrofishing methods for describing fish assemblage metrics in the lower Atchafalaya River Floodway system, Louisiana. Continuous data were collected by boat electrofishing opposing shores of a 100‐m reach for a total of 480 s. Point data were collected in an adjacent 100‐m reach by boat electrofishing for 60 s at four points (240 s total) at 25‐m intervals on alternating shorelines. We tested for significant differences between the methods with a linear model for species richness and CPUE (fish/min) and a generalized linear model for species diversity. We also compared the length frequencies of Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides between methods. We found no difference in diversity between methods but significantly higher species richness (mean = 1.46 species) and significantly lower CPUE (mean = −24.63 fish/min) for continuous electrofishing. We found no difference in Largemouth Bass length frequency between methods, but point electrofishing captured more individuals between 300 and 400 mm. Our results indicate that point electrofishing may be an efficient, effective technique for capturing target species and larger individuals that may otherwise avoid capture. When coupled with continuous electrofishing, point electrofishing may bolster assemblage and population size structure data, particularly in shallow, turbid environments. Received July 9, 2014; accepted December 8, 2015 Published online March 31, 2016

ACS Style

Bradly A. Trumbo; Michael D. Kaller; A. Raynie Harlan; Tiffany Pasco; William E. Kelso; D. Allen Rutherford. Effectiveness of Continuous versus Point Electrofishing for Fish Assemblage Assessment in Shallow, Turbid Aquatic Habitats. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 2016, 36, 398 -406.

AMA Style

Bradly A. Trumbo, Michael D. Kaller, A. Raynie Harlan, Tiffany Pasco, William E. Kelso, D. Allen Rutherford. Effectiveness of Continuous versus Point Electrofishing for Fish Assemblage Assessment in Shallow, Turbid Aquatic Habitats. North American Journal of Fisheries Management. 2016; 36 (2):398-406.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bradly A. Trumbo; Michael D. Kaller; A. Raynie Harlan; Tiffany Pasco; William E. Kelso; D. Allen Rutherford. 2016. "Effectiveness of Continuous versus Point Electrofishing for Fish Assemblage Assessment in Shallow, Turbid Aquatic Habitats." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 36, no. 2: 398-406.

Journal article
Published: 12 December 2013 in Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries
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Barotrauma caused by rapid decompression during hydroturbine (turbine) passage may occur as fish move through the low pressure region below the turbine runner. This scenario is of particular concern in North American rivers with populations of ESA-listed salmon. The US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory released Sensor Fish into lower Snake and Columbia River turbines to determine the magnitude and rate of pressure change fish might experience. Recorded pressures were applied to simulated turbine passage (STP) in laboratory studies to determine the effect of rapid decompression on juvenile Chinook salmon. These STP studies have increased our understanding of how pressure effects fish passing through turbines and suggest that the ratio of pressure change [acclimation pressure (the depth upstream of the dam where fish are neutrally buoyant) divided by nadir pressure (lowest pressure)] is highly predictive in determining the effect on smolt survival. However, uncertainty remains in smolt acclimation depth prior to entering turbine intakes at hydroelectric facilities. The USACE continues to make progress on salmon survival and recovery efforts through continued research and by applying pressure study results to turbine design. Designing new turbines with higher nadir pressure criteria is likely to provide safer fish passage for all salmonid species experiencing turbine passage.

ACS Style

Bradly A. Trumbo; Martin L. Ahmann; Jon F. Renholds; Richard S. Brown; Alison H. Colotelo; Z. D. Deng. Improving hydroturbine pressures to enhance salmon passage survival and recovery. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 2013, 24, 955 -965.

AMA Style

Bradly A. Trumbo, Martin L. Ahmann, Jon F. Renholds, Richard S. Brown, Alison H. Colotelo, Z. D. Deng. Improving hydroturbine pressures to enhance salmon passage survival and recovery. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries. 2013; 24 (3):955-965.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bradly A. Trumbo; Martin L. Ahmann; Jon F. Renholds; Richard S. Brown; Alison H. Colotelo; Z. D. Deng. 2013. "Improving hydroturbine pressures to enhance salmon passage survival and recovery." Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 24, no. 3: 955-965.

Journal article
Published: 11 December 2013 in Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
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Models based on simple air temperature–water temperature relationships have been useful in highlighting potential threats to coldwater‐dependent species such as Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis by predicting major losses of habitat and substantial reductions in geographic distribution. However, spatial variability in the relationship between changes in air temperature to changes in water temperature complicates predictions. We directly measured paired summer air and water temperatures over 2 years in a stratified representative sample of watersheds (<1–274 km2) supporting wild Brook Trout throughout Virginia near the southern edge of the species distribution. We used the temperature data to rank streams in terms of two important components of habitat vulnerability: sensitivity (predicted change in water temperature per unit increase in air temperature) and exposure (predicted frequency, magnitude, and duration of threshold water temperatures). Across all sites, sensitivity was substantially lower (median sensitivity = 0.35°C) than the 0.80°C assumed in some previous models. Median sensitivity across all sites did not differ between the 2 years of the study. In contrast, median exposure was considerably greater in 2010 (a particularly warm summer) than in 2009, but exposure ranks of habitat patches were highly consistent. Variation in sensitivity and exposure among habitat patches was influenced by landscape metrics (percent forested riparian corridor, patch area, and elevation), but considerable unexplained variation in sensitivity and exposure among sites was likely due to local‐scale differences in the extent of groundwater influence. Overall, our direct measurement approach identified significantly more Brook Trout habitat patches with low sensitivity and low exposure that may persist under warming air temperatures than did previous large‐scale models. Our sensitivity and exposure classification should provide a useful general framework for managers in making investment decisions for protecting and restoring Brook Trout habitat.

ACS Style

Bradly A. Trumbo; Keith H. Nislow; Jonathan Stallings; Mark Hudy; Eric P. Smith; Ng-Yun Kim; Bruce Wiggins; Charles A. Dolloff. Ranking Site Vulnerability to Increasing Temperatures in Southern Appalachian Brook Trout Streams in Virginia: An Exposure-Sensitivity Approach. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 2013, 143, 173 -187.

AMA Style

Bradly A. Trumbo, Keith H. Nislow, Jonathan Stallings, Mark Hudy, Eric P. Smith, Ng-Yun Kim, Bruce Wiggins, Charles A. Dolloff. Ranking Site Vulnerability to Increasing Temperatures in Southern Appalachian Brook Trout Streams in Virginia: An Exposure-Sensitivity Approach. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 2013; 143 (1):173-187.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bradly A. Trumbo; Keith H. Nislow; Jonathan Stallings; Mark Hudy; Eric P. Smith; Ng-Yun Kim; Bruce Wiggins; Charles A. Dolloff. 2013. "Ranking Site Vulnerability to Increasing Temperatures in Southern Appalachian Brook Trout Streams in Virginia: An Exposure-Sensitivity Approach." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 143, no. 1: 173-187.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2012 in Fisheries Research
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ACS Style

Alison H. Colotelo; Brett D. Pflugrath; Richard S. Brown; Colin J. Brauner; Robert P. Mueller; Thomas J. Carlson; Zhiqun (Daniel) Deng; Martin L. Ahmann; Bradly A. Trumbo. The effect of rapid and sustained decompression on barotrauma in juvenile brook lamprey and Pacific lamprey: Implications for passage at hydroelectric facilities. Fisheries Research 2012, 129-130, 17 -20.

AMA Style

Alison H. Colotelo, Brett D. Pflugrath, Richard S. Brown, Colin J. Brauner, Robert P. Mueller, Thomas J. Carlson, Zhiqun (Daniel) Deng, Martin L. Ahmann, Bradly A. Trumbo. The effect of rapid and sustained decompression on barotrauma in juvenile brook lamprey and Pacific lamprey: Implications for passage at hydroelectric facilities. Fisheries Research. 2012; 129-130 ():17-20.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alison H. Colotelo; Brett D. Pflugrath; Richard S. Brown; Colin J. Brauner; Robert P. Mueller; Thomas J. Carlson; Zhiqun (Daniel) Deng; Martin L. Ahmann; Bradly A. Trumbo. 2012. "The effect of rapid and sustained decompression on barotrauma in juvenile brook lamprey and Pacific lamprey: Implications for passage at hydroelectric facilities." Fisheries Research 129-130, no. : 17-20.