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The impact of the spatial variation of inertial response and fast frequency services has not been fully investigated in power system scheduling models incorporating constraints on network security. This paper demonstrates the importance of acknowledging the variety of local frequency dynamics in the aftermath of a generation loss. It proposes a novel scheduling methodology that enables the system security in all areas of the system thus preventing potential tripping of distributed generation triggered by locally-measured high rates of change of frequency. The proposed methodology highlights the positive contribution to local frequency dynamics from an HVDC link, whose capacity is optimally dispatched to allocate power flow and fast-frequency services. The novel power system scheduling model is applied to analyze a typical 2030 GB low-carbon scenario. Results show that there are changes in the commitment decisions compared to the solution obtained with a one-area formulation when local security is taken into account. These changes translate into additional operational cost.
Vincenzo Trovato. The impact of spatial variation of inertial response and flexible inter-area allocation of fast frequency response on power system scheduling. Electric Power Systems Research 2021, 198, 107354 .
AMA StyleVincenzo Trovato. The impact of spatial variation of inertial response and flexible inter-area allocation of fast frequency response on power system scheduling. Electric Power Systems Research. 2021; 198 ():107354.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVincenzo Trovato. 2021. "The impact of spatial variation of inertial response and flexible inter-area allocation of fast frequency response on power system scheduling." Electric Power Systems Research 198, no. : 107354.
Renewable integration into the electricity system of Great Britain (GB) is causing considerable demand for additional flexibility from plants. In particular, a considerable share of this flexibility may be dispatched to secure post-fault transient frequency dynamics. Pursuant to the unprecedented changes to the traditional portfolio of generation sources, this work presents a detailed analysis of the potential system-level value of unlocking flexibility from nuclear electricity production. A rigorous enhanced mixed integer linear programming (MILP) unit commitment formulation is adopted to simulate several generation-demand scenarios where different layers of flexibility are associated to the operation of nuclear power plants. Moreover, the proposed optimisation model is able to assess the benefit of the large contribution to the system inertial response provided by nuclear power plants. This is made possible by considering a set of linearised inertia-dependent and multi-speed constraints on post fault frequency dynamics. Several case studies are introduced considering 2050 GB low-carbon scenarios. The value of operating the nuclear fleet under more flexible paradigms is assessed, including environmental considerations quantified in terms of system-level CO2 emissions’ reduction.
Mohamed Hadri; Vincenzo Trovato; Agnes Bialecki; Bruno Merk; Aiden Peakman. Assessment of High-Electrification UK Scenarios with Varying Levels of Nuclear Power and Associated Post-Fault Behaviour. Energies 2021, 14, 1780 .
AMA StyleMohamed Hadri, Vincenzo Trovato, Agnes Bialecki, Bruno Merk, Aiden Peakman. Assessment of High-Electrification UK Scenarios with Varying Levels of Nuclear Power and Associated Post-Fault Behaviour. Energies. 2021; 14 (6):1780.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed Hadri; Vincenzo Trovato; Agnes Bialecki; Bruno Merk; Aiden Peakman. 2021. "Assessment of High-Electrification UK Scenarios with Varying Levels of Nuclear Power and Associated Post-Fault Behaviour." Energies 14, no. 6: 1780.
Thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) can effectively support network operation through their intrinsic flexibility and play a pivotal role in delivering cost effective decarbonization. This paper proposes a scalable distributed solution for the operation of large populations of TCLs providing frequency response and performing energy arbitrage. Each TCL is described as a price-responsive rational agent that participates in an integrated energy/frequency response market and schedules its operation in order to minimize its energy costs and maximize the revenues from frequency response provision. A mean field game formulation is used to implement a compact description of the interactions between typical power system characteristics and TCLs flexibility properties. In order to accommodate the heterogeneity of the thermostatic loads into the mean field equations, the whole population of TCLs is clustered into smaller subsets of devices with similar properties, using k-means clustering techniques. This framework is applied to a multi-area power system to study the impact of network congestions and of spatial variation of flexible resources in grids with large penetration of renewable generation sources. Numerical simulations on relevant case studies allow to explicitly quantify the effect of these factors on the value of TCLs flexibility and on the overall efficiency of the power system.
Vincenzo Trovato; Antonio De Paola; Goran Strbac. Distributed Control of Clustered Populations of Thermostatic Loads in Multi-Area Systems: A Mean Field Game Approach. Energies 2020, 13, 6483 .
AMA StyleVincenzo Trovato, Antonio De Paola, Goran Strbac. Distributed Control of Clustered Populations of Thermostatic Loads in Multi-Area Systems: A Mean Field Game Approach. Energies. 2020; 13 (24):6483.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVincenzo Trovato; Antonio De Paola; Goran Strbac. 2020. "Distributed Control of Clustered Populations of Thermostatic Loads in Multi-Area Systems: A Mean Field Game Approach." Energies 13, no. 24: 6483.
The replacement of conventional synchronous generators with converter-interfaced generation units calls for increased amounts of flexibility. This paper proposes a novel formulation of the security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC) model applied to a multi-area power system connected via High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) links. From a system perspective, this paper provides a critical analysis of the synergies and differences between the exploitation of thermostatic loads and HVDC links when providing different layers of flexibility to the system. The former units operate within a local dimension, while the latter enable cross-border exchange of flexibility. Eight different ancillary services are modelled to tackle generation/load outages and uncertainty/variability in renewable energy output. The model is applied to the Great Britain network, which is connected to the Irish network and to the one in Continental Europe. Results suggest a critical review of the operation of future low-carbon HVDC-interconnected systems. Feasibility studies on the benefit for interconnection should no longer neglect considerations on local post-fault frequency dynamics in each area of the system. Then, fundamental changes to the mechanisms that price ancillary services become necessary in order to align these mechanisms with the technical needs of the system.
Vincenzo Trovato; Andrea Mazza; Gianfranco Chicco. Flexible operation of low-inertia power systems connected via high voltage direct current interconnectors. Electric Power Systems Research 2020, 192, 106911 .
AMA StyleVincenzo Trovato, Andrea Mazza, Gianfranco Chicco. Flexible operation of low-inertia power systems connected via high voltage direct current interconnectors. Electric Power Systems Research. 2020; 192 ():106911.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVincenzo Trovato; Andrea Mazza; Gianfranco Chicco. 2020. "Flexible operation of low-inertia power systems connected via high voltage direct current interconnectors." Electric Power Systems Research 192, no. : 106911.
There is a growing body of evidence that energy storage systems can provide significant flexibility to the electricity grid. This study introduces a system comprising an energy storage unit connected behind-the-meter with a large-scale wind power generator. The associated constraints are derived from storage device and wind power parameters, and then implemented to carry out energy arbitrage, manage imbalance of the wind farm, and help the grid during times of peak demand in the winter. A suitable representation of the system components enables the straightforward implementation of energy storage dynamics in a purely linear rolling-planning optimisation framework. A case study is constructed for the simultaneous optimal allocation of energy to maximise profits, followed by a detailed financial investment analysis. It is demonstrated that a business case can be constituted only for the proposed energy imbalance management strategy, which also extends the cyclic lifetime of the storage unit.
Vincenzo Trovato; Bharath Kantharaj. Energy storage behind-the-meter with renewable generators: Techno-economic value of optimal imbalance management. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 2020, 118, 105813 .
AMA StyleVincenzo Trovato, Bharath Kantharaj. Energy storage behind-the-meter with renewable generators: Techno-economic value of optimal imbalance management. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems. 2020; 118 ():105813.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVincenzo Trovato; Bharath Kantharaj. 2020. "Energy storage behind-the-meter with renewable generators: Techno-economic value of optimal imbalance management." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 118, no. : 105813.
Vincenzo Trovato; Maria Dicorato; Giuseppe Forte; Michele Trovato. System value for wind farms providing frequency services under different control frameworks. 2019 IEEE Milan PowerTech 2019, 1 .
AMA StyleVincenzo Trovato, Maria Dicorato, Giuseppe Forte, Michele Trovato. System value for wind farms providing frequency services under different control frameworks. 2019 IEEE Milan PowerTech. 2019; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVincenzo Trovato; Maria Dicorato; Giuseppe Forte; Michele Trovato. 2019. "System value for wind farms providing frequency services under different control frameworks." 2019 IEEE Milan PowerTech , no. : 1.
This paper studies the distributed coordination oflarge populations of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs). It is assumed that each TCL operates in an integrated energy/frequency response market and reacts to broadcast prices in order to minimize its energy cost and, at the same time, maximize its revenues from frequency response. A mean field game is used to model the competing interactions between the TCLs, quantity their impact on the system unit commitment and characterize the desired market equilibrium solution. This approach is then compared with a no-flexibility case in a 2030 scenario of the GB system, assessing the potential benefits of different types of flexible price-responsive TCLs in terms of cost reduction for the individual customers and for the overall system.
Antonio De Paola; Vincenzo Trovato; David Angeli; Goran Strbac. Value of Thermostatic Loads in Energyffirequency Response Markets: a Mean Field Game Approach. 2019 IEEE Milan PowerTech 2019, 1 -6.
AMA StyleAntonio De Paola, Vincenzo Trovato, David Angeli, Goran Strbac. Value of Thermostatic Loads in Energyffirequency Response Markets: a Mean Field Game Approach. 2019 IEEE Milan PowerTech. 2019; ():1-6.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonio De Paola; Vincenzo Trovato; David Angeli; Goran Strbac. 2019. "Value of Thermostatic Loads in Energyffirequency Response Markets: a Mean Field Game Approach." 2019 IEEE Milan PowerTech , no. : 1-6.
This paper proposes a novel distributed solution for the operation of large populations of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) providing frequency support. A game-theory framework is adopted, modelling the TCLs as price-responsive rational agents that schedule their energy consumption and allocate frequency response provision in order to minimize their operational costs. The novelty of this work lies in the use of mean field games to abstract the complex interactions of large numbers of TCLs with the grid and in the introduction of an innovative market structure, envisioning distinct price signals for electricity and response. Differently from previous approaches, such prices are not designed ad hoc but are derived instead from an underlying system scheduling model.
Antonio De Paola; Vincenzo Trovato; David Angeli; Goran Strbac. A Mean Field Game Approach for Distributed Control of Thermostatic Loads Acting in Simultaneous Energy-Frequency Response Markets. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 2019, 10, 5987 -5999.
AMA StyleAntonio De Paola, Vincenzo Trovato, David Angeli, Goran Strbac. A Mean Field Game Approach for Distributed Control of Thermostatic Loads Acting in Simultaneous Energy-Frequency Response Markets. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 2019; 10 (6):5987-5999.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonio De Paola; Vincenzo Trovato; David Angeli; Goran Strbac. 2019. "A Mean Field Game Approach for Distributed Control of Thermostatic Loads Acting in Simultaneous Energy-Frequency Response Markets." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 10, no. 6: 5987-5999.
Integration of large amounts of asynchronous renewable energy sources (RES) would reduce the effective inertia of the future Great Britain (GB) network. As a result, after a large infeed loss, containing the grid frequency and limiting its rate of change (RoCoF) above certain thresholds would be a challenge for the system operator. In particular, large RoCoFs could activate RoCoF-sensitive loss-of-mains (LoM) protections of distributed generators (DGs) and trigger cascading disconnections. In this context, thermostatic loads (TCLs) can be controlled to collectively provide support and contribute to the overall system inertial and frequency response. This paper focuses on the transient response period after a frequency disturbance and the fast protection events occurring in this time frame. In particular, this works evaluates the interplay between the local activation settings of LoM protection of DGs and those used to enable the TCL support. This interaction is analysed through a case study on a 36-bus dynamic equivalent of the GB network which shows how local post-fault frequency dynamics drive the overall system response. Results show that TCLs are able to prevent RoCoF-driven DG tripping and reduce the need to adopt high LoM settings, decreasing the risks of maloperation associated with desensitised protections.
Vincenzo Trovato; Inmaculada Martínez Sanz; Balarko Chaudhuri; Goran Strbac. Preventing cascading tripping of distributed generators during non-islanding conditions using thermostatic loads. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 2018, 106, 183 -191.
AMA StyleVincenzo Trovato, Inmaculada Martínez Sanz, Balarko Chaudhuri, Goran Strbac. Preventing cascading tripping of distributed generators during non-islanding conditions using thermostatic loads. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems. 2018; 106 ():183-191.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVincenzo Trovato; Inmaculada Martínez Sanz; Balarko Chaudhuri; Goran Strbac. 2018. "Preventing cascading tripping of distributed generators during non-islanding conditions using thermostatic loads." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 106, no. : 183-191.
Future changes in the generation mix may reduce the overall amount of system inertia. It becomes crucial to provide response services more quickly to secure post-fault transient frequency dynamics. This paper proposes a novel mixed integer linear programming unit commitment formulation that simultaneously optimizes energy production and the allocation of inertial response (IR), enhanced frequency response (EFR) and primary response (PR) against largest plant outage. A set of linearized inertia-dependent and multi-speed constraints on frequency evolution explicitly recognizes the quicker provision of EFR compared to PR and their mutual interplay with IR. The proposed model is applied to analyze a typical 2030 GB low-carbon scenario. Results demonstrate the value, as reduction of system operational cost, when battery storage provides EFR, facilitating a cost-efficient transition toward the low-carbon electricity sector.
Vincenzo Trovato; Agnes Bialecki; Anes Dallagi. Unit Commitment With Inertia-Dependent and Multispeed Allocation of Frequency Response Services. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 2018, 34, 1537 -1548.
AMA StyleVincenzo Trovato, Agnes Bialecki, Anes Dallagi. Unit Commitment With Inertia-Dependent and Multispeed Allocation of Frequency Response Services. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 2018; 34 (2):1537-1548.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVincenzo Trovato; Agnes Bialecki; Anes Dallagi. 2018. "Unit Commitment With Inertia-Dependent and Multispeed Allocation of Frequency Response Services." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 34, no. 2: 1537-1548.
Integration of intermittent RES into the electricity system imposes a considerable demand for additional flexibility. This paper analyses the challenges on the provision of ancillary services and potential solutions from emerging flexible technologies (including flexible generation, energy storage, demand side response and interconnection) in the future UK electricity system. The results suggest that the cost of reserve and response services in 2030 may increase up to 1.23 B£ and 1.04 B£, respectively. Alternative flexible technologies have been demonstrated to play an important role in the provision of ancillary services, although the benefits vary among different technologies. Furthermore, these flexible technologies can also reduce carbon emission and hence the required amount of high-cost low-carbon generation to achieve the same carbon target.
Fei Teng; Marko Aunedi; Goran Strbac; Vincenzo Trovato; Anes Dallagi. Provision of ancillary services in future low-carbon UK electricity system. 2017 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT-Europe) 2017, 1 -6.
AMA StyleFei Teng, Marko Aunedi, Goran Strbac, Vincenzo Trovato, Anes Dallagi. Provision of ancillary services in future low-carbon UK electricity system. 2017 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT-Europe). 2017; ():1-6.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFei Teng; Marko Aunedi; Goran Strbac; Vincenzo Trovato; Anes Dallagi. 2017. "Provision of ancillary services in future low-carbon UK electricity system." 2017 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT-Europe) , no. : 1-6.
Thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) are an attractive source of responsive demand. This paper aims to provides a better understanding of the relation between thermal properties of TCLs and their suitability to provide energy arbitrage and frequency services. An approximate analysis on the basis of dimensionless parameters is used to visualise the relative abilities of eight classes of TCLs. The results are compared to those obtained from a formal optimisation approach, in the context of a GB case study. Additional studies are performed to investigate the impact of increasingly flexible frequency services and physical variations of TCL thermal models (thermal conductance and temperature deadband).
Vincenzo Trovato; Simon Tindemans; Goran Strbac. Understanding the aggregate flexibility of thermostatically controlled loads. 2017 IEEE Manchester PowerTech 2017, 1 -6.
AMA StyleVincenzo Trovato, Simon Tindemans, Goran Strbac. Understanding the aggregate flexibility of thermostatically controlled loads. 2017 IEEE Manchester PowerTech. 2017; ():1-6.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVincenzo Trovato; Simon Tindemans; Goran Strbac. 2017. "Understanding the aggregate flexibility of thermostatically controlled loads." 2017 IEEE Manchester PowerTech , no. : 1-6.
Thermostatically Controlled Loads (TCLs) represent a valuable source of flexibility for the system. Depending on network needs, these devices could alter their nominal energy consumption and provide multiple ancillary services, facilitating the cost-effective transition to a low-carbon power system. Previous work mainly focused on investigating single service provision from TCLs, while intersections among different services have not been considered. Furthermore, the intrinsic energy payback effect was not fully included within optimisation models for TCL scheduling. This paper presents a novel Demand Side Response Model (DSRM), which enables the optimal scheduling of energy/power consumption of a heterogeneous population of TCLs and the simultaneous allocation of multiple ancillary services. The model explicitly considers the effect of the energy recovery after delivering the services so that the deliverability of scheduled services from TCLs is always guaranteed. The proposed DSRM is integrated into an Advanced Stochastic Unit Commitment model (ASUC) to investigate the system benefits of the flexibility from TCLs. Case studies demonstrate that 1) time-varying provision of multiple services from TCLs significantly increases their benefits, 2) TCL operation which aims to minimise the amplitude of the energy recovery causes sub-optimal utilisation of the devices, 3) ignoring the energy payback leads to overestimate the TCL value.
Vincenzo Trovato; Fei Teng; Goran Strbac. Role and Benefits of Flexible Thermostatically Controlled Loads in Future Low-Carbon Systems. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 2017, 9, 5067 -5079.
AMA StyleVincenzo Trovato, Fei Teng, Goran Strbac. Role and Benefits of Flexible Thermostatically Controlled Loads in Future Low-Carbon Systems. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 2017; 9 (5):5067-5079.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVincenzo Trovato; Fei Teng; Goran Strbac. 2017. "Role and Benefits of Flexible Thermostatically Controlled Loads in Future Low-Carbon Systems." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 9, no. 5: 5067-5079.
In the Great Britain power system, reduced system inertia (particularly during low demand conditions) and larger possible infeed loss would make grid frequency regulation extremely challenging in future. Traditional primary frequency response could be insufficient to limit the frequency variation within acceptable range. This paper shows that thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) (domestic refrigerators) can be controlled without real-time communication and in a nondisruptive way to collectively enhance the network frequency response. The aggregated power consumption of TCLs, distributed across the system, could be controlled as a `linear' function of the locally measured frequency and its rate of change. Alternatively, their aggregated consumption could be made to follow a `pre-set' power profile depending on the estimated infeed loss. A novel technique for accurate estimation of infeed loss and consequent postfault TCL power reduction is also proposed. The effectiveness of the two TCL control strategies is compared for primary and secondary frequency response through a case study on a 36 busbar reduced equivalent of the Great Britain power system. The effect of spatial variation of transient frequencies and the time delays in frequency measurement and filtering are considered to show how the TCLs can realistically provide rapid frequency response.
Vincenzo Trovato; Inmaculada Martinez Sanz; Balarko Chaudhuri; Goran Strbac. Advanced Control of Thermostatic Loads for Rapid Frequency Response in Great Britain. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 2016, 32, 2106 -2117.
AMA StyleVincenzo Trovato, Inmaculada Martinez Sanz, Balarko Chaudhuri, Goran Strbac. Advanced Control of Thermostatic Loads for Rapid Frequency Response in Great Britain. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 2016; 32 (3):2106-2117.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVincenzo Trovato; Inmaculada Martinez Sanz; Balarko Chaudhuri; Goran Strbac. 2016. "Advanced Control of Thermostatic Loads for Rapid Frequency Response in Great Britain." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 32, no. 3: 2106-2117.
Two major sources of rapid frequency response (RFR) to counter the reducing system inertia problem of the Great Britain (GB) system are “synthetic inertia” from wind turbines and fast demand response (FDR). In this paper, we consider a future low inertia scenario to show the effectiveness of RFR provision from the large offshore wind farms (OWFs) planned in the North Sea (concentrated response) against FDR from loads spread across the GB system (distributed response). The spatial variation in transient frequencies, which can be pronounced in the aftermath of a disturbance and is critical for the response activation of these actuators, is accounted. Case studies using a reduced GB system model show the effectiveness of distributed FDR and concentrated support from OWFs in providing RFR when disturbances occur in different areas of the system where different inertia levels are present.
Inmaculada Martinez-Sanz; Balarko Chaudhuri; Adria Junyent-Ferre; Vincenzo Trovato; Goran Strbac. Distributed vs. concentrated rapid frequency response provision in future great britain system. 2016 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM) 2016, 1 -5.
AMA StyleInmaculada Martinez-Sanz, Balarko Chaudhuri, Adria Junyent-Ferre, Vincenzo Trovato, Goran Strbac. Distributed vs. concentrated rapid frequency response provision in future great britain system. 2016 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM). 2016; ():1-5.
Chicago/Turabian StyleInmaculada Martinez-Sanz; Balarko Chaudhuri; Adria Junyent-Ferre; Vincenzo Trovato; Goran Strbac. 2016. "Distributed vs. concentrated rapid frequency response provision in future great britain system." 2016 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM) , no. : 1-5.
This paper quantifies the value of a large population of heterogeneous thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs). The TCL dynamics are regulated by means of an advanced demand side response model (DSRM). It optimally determines the flexible energy/power consumption and simultaneously allocates multiple ancillary services. This model explicitly incorporates the control of dynamics of the TCL recovery pattern after the provision of the selected services. The proposed framework is integrated in a mixed integer linear programming formulation for a multi-stage stochastic unit commitment. The scheduling routine considers inertia-dependent frequency response requirements to deal with the drastic reduction of system inertia under future low-carbon scenarios. Case studies focus on the system operation cost and CO2 emissions reductions for individual TCLs for a) different future network scenarios, b) different frequency requirements, c) changes of TCL parameters (e.g. coefficient of performance, thermal insulation etc.).
Vincenzo Trovato; Fei Teng; Goran Strbac. Value of thermostatic loads in future low-carbon Great Britain system. 2016 Power Systems Computation Conference (PSCC) 2016, 1 -7.
AMA StyleVincenzo Trovato, Fei Teng, Goran Strbac. Value of thermostatic loads in future low-carbon Great Britain system. 2016 Power Systems Computation Conference (PSCC). 2016; ():1-7.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVincenzo Trovato; Fei Teng; Goran Strbac. 2016. "Value of thermostatic loads in future low-carbon Great Britain system." 2016 Power Systems Computation Conference (PSCC) , no. : 1-7.
Collectively, thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) offer significant potential for short-term demand response. This intrinsic flexibility can be used to provide various ancillary services or to carry out energy arbitrage. This study introduces an aggregate description of the flexibility of a heterogeneous TCL as a leaky storage unit, with associated constraints that are derived from the TCL device parameters and quality of service requirements. In association with a suitable TCL control strategy this enables a straightforward embedding of TCL dynamics in optimisation frameworks. The tools developed are applied to the problem of determining an optimal multi-service portfolio for TCLs. A linear optimisation model is constructed for the optimal simultaneous allocation of frequency services and energy arbitrage. In a case study, optimal service allocations are computed for eight representative classes of cold appliances and the results are validated using simulations of individual refrigerators. Finally, it is demonstrated that clustering of appliances with similar capabilities can significantly enhance the flexibility available to the system.
Vincenzo Trovato; Simon H. Tindemans; Goran Strbac. Leaky storage model for optimal multi‐service allocation of thermostatic loads. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 2016, 10, 585 -593.
AMA StyleVincenzo Trovato, Simon H. Tindemans, Goran Strbac. Leaky storage model for optimal multi‐service allocation of thermostatic loads. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution. 2016; 10 (3):585-593.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVincenzo Trovato; Simon H. Tindemans; Goran Strbac. 2016. "Leaky storage model for optimal multi‐service allocation of thermostatic loads." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 10, no. 3: 585-593.
Vincenzo Trovato; G. Strbac. Multiple services allocation for flexible thermostatic loads. CIRED Workshop 2016 2016, 1 .
AMA StyleVincenzo Trovato, G. Strbac. Multiple services allocation for flexible thermostatic loads. CIRED Workshop 2016. 2016; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVincenzo Trovato; G. Strbac. 2016. "Multiple services allocation for flexible thermostatic loads." CIRED Workshop 2016 , no. : 1.
High penetration of wind generation will increase the requirement for fast frequency response services as currently wind plants do not provide inertial response. Although the importance of inertia reduction has been widely recognized, its impact on the system scheduling has not been fully investigated. In this context, this paper proposes a novel mixed integer linear programming (MILP) formulation for stochastic unit commitment that optimizes system operation by simultaneously scheduling energy production, standing/spinning reserves and inertia-dependent fast frequency response in light of uncertainties associated with wind production and generation outages. Post-fault dynamic frequency requirements, rate of change of frequency, frequency nadir and quasi-steady-state frequency are formulated as MILP constraints by using the simplified model of system dynamics. Moreover the proposed methodology enables the impact of wind uncertainty on system inertia to be considered. Case studies are carried out on the 2030 Great Britain system to demonstrate the importance of incorporating inertia-dependent fast frequency response in the stochastic scheduling and to indicate the potential for the proposed model to inform reviews of grid codes associated with fast frequency response and future development of inertia-related market.
Fei Teng; Vincenzo Trovato; Goran Strbac. Stochastic Scheduling With Inertia-Dependent Fast Frequency Response Requirements. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 2015, 31, 1557 -1566.
AMA StyleFei Teng, Vincenzo Trovato, Goran Strbac. Stochastic Scheduling With Inertia-Dependent Fast Frequency Response Requirements. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 2015; 31 (2):1557-1566.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFei Teng; Vincenzo Trovato; Goran Strbac. 2015. "Stochastic Scheduling With Inertia-Dependent Fast Frequency Response Requirements." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 31, no. 2: 1557-1566.
Future power systems will have to integrate large amounts of wind and solar generation to drastically reduce CO 2 emissions. Achieving this goal comes at the cost of a reduced level of the system inertia and an increased need for fast response services. Previous research has shown the effectiveness of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) providing frequency response, and the ability to accurately control the aggregate power consumption of TCLs. In this paper, we explore the design space of frequency response patterns of flexible TCLs. Two distinct frequency response implementations are presented. The first makes the TCLs' power consumption a linear function of system frequency and/or its rate of change; in the second, TCLs respond to a frequency event tracking a pre-programmed reference power profile. Computer simulations illustrate strengths and weaknesses of the proposed implementations in the context of the GB 2020 Gone Green scenario. Author(s) Trovato, V. Dept. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Imperial Coll. London, London, UK Tindemans, S.H. ; Strbac, G.
Vincenzo Trovato; Simon H. Tindemans; Goran Strbac. Designing effective frequency response patterns for flexible thermostatic loads. 2015 IEEE 15th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC) 2015, 1003 -1008.
AMA StyleVincenzo Trovato, Simon H. Tindemans, Goran Strbac. Designing effective frequency response patterns for flexible thermostatic loads. 2015 IEEE 15th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC). 2015; ():1003-1008.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVincenzo Trovato; Simon H. Tindemans; Goran Strbac. 2015. "Designing effective frequency response patterns for flexible thermostatic loads." 2015 IEEE 15th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC) , no. : 1003-1008.