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Full professor of Agronomy • Vice-chairman of the I.S.H.S. Commission on Irrigation and Plant Water Relations from 2008 to 2013. • Chair of the I.S.H.S. Working Group on Water Supply and Irrigation • Leader of a technical unit within the EU-SEE project AGRO-START (2013-2016). • In 2017, Alvino was the guest editor of the Special Issue Refining Irrigation Strategies in Horticultural Production, Horticulturae MPDI. • Responsible for an Erasmus+ Key Action 2 named African Higher Education Leadership in Advancing Inclusive Innovation for Development (AHEAD). • Currently, Alvino is the guest editor of the Special Issue “Evapotranspiration and Plant Irrigation Strategies", Water, MDPI.
Water, energy and food security are crucial for a sustainable long-term economy
Arturo Alvino; Maria Ferreira. Refining Irrigation Strategies in Horticultural Production. Horticulturae 2021, 7, 29 .
AMA StyleArturo Alvino, Maria Ferreira. Refining Irrigation Strategies in Horticultural Production. Horticulturae. 2021; 7 (2):29.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArturo Alvino; Maria Ferreira. 2021. "Refining Irrigation Strategies in Horticultural Production." Horticulturae 7, no. 2: 29.
Monitoring the spatial and temporal variability of yield crop traits using remote sensing techniques is the basis for the correct adoption of precision farming. Vegetation index images are mainly associated with yield and yield-related physiological traits, although quick and sound strategies for the classification of the areas with plants with homogeneous agronomic crop traits are still to be explored. A classification technique based on remote sensing spectral information analysis was performed to discriminate between wheat cultivars. The study analyzes the ability of the cluster method applied to the data of three vegetation indices (VIs) collected by high-resolution UAV at three different crop stages (seedling, tillering, and flowering), to detect the yield and yield component dynamics of seven durum wheat cultivars. Ground truth data were grouped according to the identified clusters for VI cluster validation. The yield crop variability recorded in the field at harvest showed values ranging from 2.55 to 7.90 t. The ability of the VI clusters to identify areas with similar agronomic characteristics for the parameters collected and analyzed a posteriori revealed an already important ability to detect areas with different yield potential at seedling (5.88 t ha−1 for the first cluster, 4.22 t ha−1 for the fourth). At tillering, an enormous difficulty in differentiating the less productive areas in particular was recorded (5.66 t ha−1 for cluster 1 and 4.74, 4.31, and 4.66 t ha−1 for clusters 2, 3, and 4, respectively). An excellent ability to group areas with the same yield production at flowering was recorded for the cluster 1 (6.44 t ha−1), followed by cluster 2 (5.6 t ha−1), cluster 3 (4.31 t ha−1), and cluster 4 (3.85 t ha−1). Agronomic crop traits, cultivars, and environmental variability were analyzed. The multiple uses of VIs have improved the sensitivity of k-means clustering for a new image segmentation strategy. The cluster method can be considered an effective and simple tool for the dynamic monitoring and assessment of agronomic traits in open field wheat crops.
Stefano Marino; Arturo Alvino. Vegetation Indices Data Clustering for Dynamic Monitoring and Classification of Wheat Yield Crop Traits. Remote Sensing 2021, 13, 541 .
AMA StyleStefano Marino, Arturo Alvino. Vegetation Indices Data Clustering for Dynamic Monitoring and Classification of Wheat Yield Crop Traits. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13 (4):541.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefano Marino; Arturo Alvino. 2021. "Vegetation Indices Data Clustering for Dynamic Monitoring and Classification of Wheat Yield Crop Traits." Remote Sensing 13, no. 4: 541.
Timely and accurate estimation of crop yield variability before harvest is crucial in precision farming. This study is aimed to evaluate the ability of cluster analysis based on Vegetation Indices (VIs) that were obtained from UAVs to predict the spatial variability on agronomic traits of ten winter wheat cultivars. Five VIs groups were identified and the ground truth yield-related data were analyzed for clusters validation. The yield data revealed a value of 6.91 t ha−1 for the first cluster with the highest VIs value and a decrease of −12%, −21%, and −27% for the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th clusters; respectively; the 5th cluster; with the lowest VIs value showed the lower yield values (4 t ha−1). Agronomic traits, such as dry biomass, spike numbers, and weight were grouped according to VIs clusters and analyzed and showed the same trends. The analysis of spatial distribution and agronomic data of the ten cultivars within the single clusters highlighted that the most productive varieties showing a greater value of spike weight and numbers and a greater presence of areas with high values of VIs and vice versa the less productive once, though two cultivars showed productions not linked to cluster classification and high data range variability were recorded. Cluster identified by high-resolution UAV vegetation indices can be a valid strategy although its effectiveness is closely linked to the cultivar component and, therefore, requires extensive verification.
Stefano Marino; Arturo Alvino. Agronomic Traits Analysis of Ten Winter Wheat Cultivars Clustered by UAV-Derived Vegetation Indices. Remote Sensing 2020, 12, 249 .
AMA StyleStefano Marino, Arturo Alvino. Agronomic Traits Analysis of Ten Winter Wheat Cultivars Clustered by UAV-Derived Vegetation Indices. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12 (2):249.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefano Marino; Arturo Alvino. 2020. "Agronomic Traits Analysis of Ten Winter Wheat Cultivars Clustered by UAV-Derived Vegetation Indices." Remote Sensing 12, no. 2: 249.
A field experiment was performed on spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) under different irrigation regimes in a hilly area of Southern Italy. Objectives of the study include evaluating the physiological and biometrical response of mint from plant establishment up to its complete maturation, as well as the yield composition in essential oil at two different dates. Increasing levels of water stress affected later developing leaves and plant’s water status and net photosynthesis (from the beginning of stress (DAT 63), while affecting negatively the biometric response very soon and significantly from 35 DAT. Photosynthesis limitation played a critical role from DAT 53 on, namely later, in the harvest period (DAT 35–70). Under severe water stress, crop restricted water losses by modulating stomatal closure and, at harvest, showing lowered mesophyll conductance. Irrigation treatments did not affect the concentration of organic compounds, while the yield of essential oils was negatively affected by water stress due to reduced crop growth, in terms of total and leaf biomass, leaf area index (LAI) and crop height.
Stefano Marino; Uzair Ahmad; Maria Isabel Ferreira; Arturo Alvino. Evaluation of the Effect of Irrigation on Biometric Growth, Physiological Response, and Essential Oil of Mentha spicata (L.). Water 2019, 11, 2264 .
AMA StyleStefano Marino, Uzair Ahmad, Maria Isabel Ferreira, Arturo Alvino. Evaluation of the Effect of Irrigation on Biometric Growth, Physiological Response, and Essential Oil of Mentha spicata (L.). Water. 2019; 11 (11):2264.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefano Marino; Uzair Ahmad; Maria Isabel Ferreira; Arturo Alvino. 2019. "Evaluation of the Effect of Irrigation on Biometric Growth, Physiological Response, and Essential Oil of Mentha spicata (L.)." Water 11, no. 11: 2264.
An on-farm research study was carried out on two small-plots cultivated with two cultivars of durum wheat (Odisseo and Ariosto). The paper presents a theoretical approach for investigating frequency vegetation indices (VIs) in different areas of the experimental plot for early detection of agronomic spatial variability. Four flights were carried out with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to calculate high-resolution normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and optimized soil-adjusted vegetation index (OSAVI) images. Ground agronomic data (biomass, leaf area index (LAI), spikes, plant height, and yield) have been linked to the vegetation indices (VIs) at different growth stages. Regression coefficients of all samplings data were highly significant for both the cultivars and VIs at anthesis and tillering stage. At harvest, the whole plot (W) data were analyzed and compared with two sub-areas characterized by high agronomic performance (H) yield 20% higher than the whole plot, and low performances (L), about 20% lower of yield related to the whole plot). The whole plot and two sub-areas were analyzed backward in time comparing the VIs frequency curves. At anthesis, more than 75% of the surface of H sub-areas showed a VIs value higher than the L sub-plot. The differences were evident also at the tillering and seedling stages, when the 75% (third percentile) of VIs H data was over the 50% (second percentile) of the W curve and over the 25% (first percentile) of L sub-plot. The use of high-resolution images for analyzing the frequency value of VIs in different areas can be a useful approach for the detection of agronomic constraints for precision agriculture purposes.
Stefano Marino; Arturo Alvino. Detection of Spatial and Temporal Variability of Wheat Cultivars by High-Resolution Vegetation Indices. Agronomy 2019, 9, 226 .
AMA StyleStefano Marino, Arturo Alvino. Detection of Spatial and Temporal Variability of Wheat Cultivars by High-Resolution Vegetation Indices. Agronomy. 2019; 9 (5):226.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefano Marino; Arturo Alvino. 2019. "Detection of Spatial and Temporal Variability of Wheat Cultivars by High-Resolution Vegetation Indices." Agronomy 9, no. 5: 226.
Stefano Marino; Arturo Alvino. Detection of homogeneous wheat areas using multi-temporal UAS images and ground truth data analyzed by cluster analysis. European Journal of Remote Sensing 2018, 51, 266 -275.
AMA StyleStefano Marino, Arturo Alvino. Detection of homogeneous wheat areas using multi-temporal UAS images and ground truth data analyzed by cluster analysis. European Journal of Remote Sensing. 2018; 51 (1):266-275.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefano Marino; Arturo Alvino. 2018. "Detection of homogeneous wheat areas using multi-temporal UAS images and ground truth data analyzed by cluster analysis." European Journal of Remote Sensing 51, no. 1: 266-275.
This paper reviews the literature on applications of remote sensing for monitoring soil- and crop- water status for irrigation purposes. The review is organized into two main sections: (1) sensors and platforms applied to irrigation studies and (2) remote sensing approaches for precision irrigation to estimate crop water status, evapotranspiration, infrared thermography, soil and crop characteristics methods. Recent literature reports several remote sensing (RS) approaches to monitor crop water status in the cultivated environment. Establishing the right amount of water to supply for different irrigation strategies (maximization of yield or water use efficiency (WUE)) for a large number of crops is a problem that remains unresolved. For each crop, it will be necessary to create a stronger connection between crop-water status and crop yield.
Arturo Alvino; Stefano Marino. Remote Sensing for Irrigation of Horticultural Crops. Horticulturae 2017, 3, 40 .
AMA StyleArturo Alvino, Stefano Marino. Remote Sensing for Irrigation of Horticultural Crops. Horticulturae. 2017; 3 (2):40.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArturo Alvino; Stefano Marino. 2017. "Remote Sensing for Irrigation of Horticultural Crops." Horticulturae 3, no. 2: 40.
The scope of the present article is to explain the factors affecting quality of leafy-vegetable species. The presentation will be narrowed to the species widely cultivated in temperate climates for commercial use; thus, wild leafy vegetables and species cultivated for home gardening are not included. The article briefly explains the agronomic factors affecting the quality of raw leafy vegetables.
A. Alvino; G. Barbieri. Vegetables of Temperate Climates: Leafy Vegetables. Encyclopedia of Food and Health 2015, 393 -400.
AMA StyleA. Alvino, G. Barbieri. Vegetables of Temperate Climates: Leafy Vegetables. Encyclopedia of Food and Health. 2015; ():393-400.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Alvino; G. Barbieri. 2015. "Vegetables of Temperate Climates: Leafy Vegetables." Encyclopedia of Food and Health , no. : 393-400.
An agronomic research was conducted to evaluate the spatial variability of an onion crop, with the aim to test Vegetation indices (VIs) as a tool to detect different yield areas. Eleven VIs were derived from geo-referred hyperspectral readings taken at bulbification stage. Eight VIs showed significant regressions with yield, and grouped in four clusters according to statistical analysis (H = high; Ms and Mi as medium superior and inferior; L = low). Maps were elaborated with ordinary Kriging. At a visual assessment, many VIs appeared similar to yield map. The surface analysis revealed that all VIs accurately detected an L area (top of maps) characterized by heavy soil constrains, and the H area on the left side of the map (button and upper part). The best estimation of the total field yield was obtained by the so-called Soil-line vegetation indices and in particular by TSAVI. This study reinforces the possibility of assessing onion yield by spectroradiometric measurements at field scale.
S. Marino; Arturo Alvino. Hyperspectral vegetation indices for predicting onion (Allium cepa L.) yield spatial variability. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 2015, 116, 109 -117.
AMA StyleS. Marino, Arturo Alvino. Hyperspectral vegetation indices for predicting onion (Allium cepa L.) yield spatial variability. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 2015; 116 ():109-117.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. Marino; Arturo Alvino. 2015. "Hyperspectral vegetation indices for predicting onion (Allium cepa L.) yield spatial variability." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 116, no. : 109-117.
Hyperspectral vegetation indexes (VIs) were used to detect stressed crop areas in drip irrigated tomato subjected to waterlogging. The crop was quite uniform throughout the field until the beginning of flowering, as confirmed by spectroradiometric readings and agronomic traits. From 78 days after transplanting (DAT) (42 days before harvest), a spot area of 500 m2 showed increasing excess soil moisture due to topsoil depression, which induced evident waterlogging. Leaves first yellowed (90 DAT) and eventually plants died (100 DAT). The plants surrounding this spot area were affected in their physiological, spectroradiometric and productive responses. Regressions among spectral VIs and crop yield, and photosynthesis (A) and stomatal conductance (gs) were highly significant. The best relationships were found with Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index, Optimized Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index, Transformed Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index, Structure Intensive Pigment Index and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. Maps of photosynthesis and VIs were roughly similar to the spatial distribution of crop yield. Spectroradiometry was proved efficient as early warning tool for detecting over-irrigation at the field scale. Proximal sensing techniques may contribute to improve (i) irrigation efficiency, with positive effects on tomato crop productivity and water saving, and (ii) the accuracy of remote sensing surveys aimed at estimating tomato crop yield.
S. Marino; Claudia Cocozza; R. Tognetti; Arturo Alvino. Use of proximal sensing and vegetation indexes to detect the inefficient spatial allocation of drip irrigation in a spot area of tomato field crop. Precision Agriculture 2015, 16, 613 -629.
AMA StyleS. Marino, Claudia Cocozza, R. Tognetti, Arturo Alvino. Use of proximal sensing and vegetation indexes to detect the inefficient spatial allocation of drip irrigation in a spot area of tomato field crop. Precision Agriculture. 2015; 16 (6):613-629.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. Marino; Claudia Cocozza; R. Tognetti; Arturo Alvino. 2015. "Use of proximal sensing and vegetation indexes to detect the inefficient spatial allocation of drip irrigation in a spot area of tomato field crop." Precision Agriculture 16, no. 6: 613-629.
An\ud agronomic research was conducted in Tuscany (Central Italy) to evaluate the effects of an advanced\ud irrigation\ud system on the water use efficiency (WUE) of a tomato crop and to investigate the ability of soil\ud and\ud vegetation spectroradiometry to detect and map WUE. Irrigation was applied following an innovative\ud approach\ud based on CropSense system. Soil water content was monitored at four soil depths (10, 20,\ud 30\ud and 50 cm) by a probe. Rainfall during the crop cycle reached 162 mm and irrigation water applied\ud with\ud a drip system amounted to 207 mm, distributed with 16 irrigation events. Tomato yield varied\ud from\ud 7.10 to 14.4 kg m\ud −2\ud , with a WUE ranging from 19.1 to 38.9 kg m\ud −3\ud . The irrigation system allowed\ud a\ud high yield levels and a low depth of water applied, as compared to seasonal ET crop estimated with\ud Hargraves’\ud formula and with the literature data on irrigated tomato. Measurements were carried out\ud on\ud geo-referenced points to gather information on crop (crop yield, eighteen Vegetation indices, leaf\ud area\ud index) and on soil (spectroradiometric and traditional analysis). Eight VIs, out of nineteen ones\ud analyzed,\ud showed a significant relationship with georeferenced yield data; PVI maps seemed able to\ud return\ud the best response, before harvesting, to improve the knowledge of the area of cultivation and\ud irrigation\ud system. CropSense irrigation system reduced seasonal irrigation volumes. Some vegetation\ud indexes\ud were significantly correlated to tomato yield and well identify, a posteriori, crop area with low\ud WUE;\ud spectroradiometry can be a valuable tool to improve irrigated tomato field management
Stefano Marino; Massimo Aria; Bruno Basso; A.P. Leone; Arturo Alvino. Use of soil and vegetation spectroradiometry to investigate crop water use efficiency of a drip irrigated tomato. European Journal of Agronomy 2014, 59, 67 -77.
AMA StyleStefano Marino, Massimo Aria, Bruno Basso, A.P. Leone, Arturo Alvino. Use of soil and vegetation spectroradiometry to investigate crop water use efficiency of a drip irrigated tomato. European Journal of Agronomy. 2014; 59 ():67-77.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefano Marino; Massimo Aria; Bruno Basso; A.P. Leone; Arturo Alvino. 2014. "Use of soil and vegetation spectroradiometry to investigate crop water use efficiency of a drip irrigated tomato." European Journal of Agronomy 59, no. : 67-77.
S. Marino; A. Alvino; C. Cocozza; R. Tognetti. EFFECTS OF INEFFICIENT SPATIAL ALLOCATION OF IRRIGATION WATER ON FRUIT YIELD, LEAF PHYSIOLOGY AND SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE IN A TOMATO CROP. Acta Horticulturae 2014, 185 -192.
AMA StyleS. Marino, A. Alvino, C. Cocozza, R. Tognetti. EFFECTS OF INEFFICIENT SPATIAL ALLOCATION OF IRRIGATION WATER ON FRUIT YIELD, LEAF PHYSIOLOGY AND SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE IN A TOMATO CROP. Acta Horticulturae. 2014; (1038):185-192.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. Marino; A. Alvino; C. Cocozza; R. Tognetti. 2014. "EFFECTS OF INEFFICIENT SPATIAL ALLOCATION OF IRRIGATION WATER ON FRUIT YIELD, LEAF PHYSIOLOGY AND SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE IN A TOMATO CROP." Acta Horticulturae , no. 1038: 185-192.
Stefano Marino; Arturo Alvino. Proximal sensing and vegetation indices for site-specific evaluation on an irrigated crop tomato. European Journal of Remote Sensing 2014, 47, 271 -283.
AMA StyleStefano Marino, Arturo Alvino. Proximal sensing and vegetation indices for site-specific evaluation on an irrigated crop tomato. European Journal of Remote Sensing. 2014; 47 (1):271-283.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefano Marino; Arturo Alvino. 2014. "Proximal sensing and vegetation indices for site-specific evaluation on an irrigated crop tomato." European Journal of Remote Sensing 47, no. 1: 271-283.
S. Marino; B. Basso; A.P. Leone; A. Alvino. Agronomic traits and vegetation indices of two onion hybrids. Scientia Horticulturae 2013, 155, 56 -64.
AMA StyleS. Marino, B. Basso, A.P. Leone, A. Alvino. Agronomic traits and vegetation indices of two onion hybrids. Scientia Horticulturae. 2013; 155 ():56-64.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. Marino; B. Basso; A.P. Leone; A. Alvino. 2013. "Agronomic traits and vegetation indices of two onion hybrids." Scientia Horticulturae 155, no. : 56-64.
Experiments were carried out to study the effects of N fertilizer rates and timing of application on the yield and grain quality of a rainfed emmer crop (Triticum dicoccum Shübler) under Mediterranean conditions. The following parameters were analyzed: hulled and net grain yield, hulled index, spikes m−2, spikelets per spike, kernels m−2, thousand-kernel weight, biomass, plant height, lodging, grain protein and ash content. In the first experiment, different N rates (30, 60 and 90 kg N ha−1 plus a control not fertilized) were split at three phenological stages (seeding 20%, tillering 40% and stem elongation 40%). In the second experiment, three N doses (30, 60 and 90 kg N ha−1) were applied to three crop stages (seeding, tillering and stem elongation). In the third experiment, the rate of 90 kg N ha−1 was distributed in different amounts (90-0-0, 0-90-0, 0-0-90, 45-45-0, 45-0-45, 0-45-45, 30-30-30) at the three mentioned crop stages. Increasing N rates resulted in higher hulled and net grain yield, as well as protein content. Fertilization (from 60 to 90 kg N ha−1) applied to tillering maximized hulled and net grain yield. Fertilization (90 kg N ha−1) applied to stem elongation gave the highest grain protein content (%) while splitting application (30 kg N ha−1 each) at three phenological stages maximized protein yield per hectare. Application of half or one-third of 90 kg N ha−1 to stem elongation improved grain protein content in comparison with applications at sowing, or at both sowing and tillering. The main factor determining higher yields with increasing N rates in this emmer crop was the number of kernels m−2. None of the yield components accounted for differences in grain yield when timing and splitting application were varied.
S. Marino; R. Tognetti; Arturo Alvino. Effects of varying nitrogen fertilization on crop yield and grain quality of emmer grown in a typical Mediterranean environment in central Italy. European Journal of Agronomy 2011, 34, 172 -180.
AMA StyleS. Marino, R. Tognetti, Arturo Alvino. Effects of varying nitrogen fertilization on crop yield and grain quality of emmer grown in a typical Mediterranean environment in central Italy. European Journal of Agronomy. 2011; 34 (3):172-180.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. Marino; R. Tognetti; Arturo Alvino. 2011. "Effects of varying nitrogen fertilization on crop yield and grain quality of emmer grown in a typical Mediterranean environment in central Italy." European Journal of Agronomy 34, no. 3: 172-180.
The objectives of this study are (i) to evaluate vegetation indices sensitivity to discriminate between two different cultivars; (ii) to determine the effects of site elevation and developmental stages on cultivar discrimination. The experiment was carried out for the growing season 2007/08 at “Agro di Pesche” (Central Italy, Molise region). Four experimental fields were located at different elevation ranging between 590 m to 922 m above the sea level (asl). For each field, two potato (Soluanum Tuberosum L.) cultivars were used. Leaf area was collected through non-destructive measurements, and a hand-held spectroradiometer was used to measure the reflected light from the canopy of the two cultivars. Results from the ANOVA show that the ratio between MCARI (Modified Chlorophyll Absorption Ratio Index) and OSAVI (Optimized Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index), NDRE (Normalized Difference Red Edge) and MCARI were able to discriminate among cultivars at different site elevations. NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) was not able to discriminate the two cultivars because of the influence of soil reflectance and leaves distribution.
Bruno Basso; Davide Cammarano; Giovanni Cafiero; Stefano Marino; Arturo Alvino. Cultivar discrimination at different site elevations with remotely sensed vegetation indices. Italian Journal of Agronomy 2010, 6, 1 .
AMA StyleBruno Basso, Davide Cammarano, Giovanni Cafiero, Stefano Marino, Arturo Alvino. Cultivar discrimination at different site elevations with remotely sensed vegetation indices. Italian Journal of Agronomy. 2010; 6 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBruno Basso; Davide Cammarano; Giovanni Cafiero; Stefano Marino; Arturo Alvino. 2010. "Cultivar discrimination at different site elevations with remotely sensed vegetation indices." Italian Journal of Agronomy 6, no. 1: 1.
The increasing demand for traditional and natural foods has renewed the interest in hulled wheat species. Among these, Triticum dicoccum Schübler has survived in Italy only in a few hilly and mountainous areas of central and southern Italy. As a rule, emmer is cultivated in marginal areas with organic farming procedures that use very low N inputs, since this wild species is characterised by low yield, long and weak culms that easily lodge under windy conditions. Unfortunately, there is a lack of information on crop productivity and N effect for this crop. Research was carried out to study the effect of cultivation year (2004 and 2005), plant origin (Garfagnana, Leonessa and Molise) and N dressing (N0, N30, N60 and N90 kg ha−1) on crop yield and grain quality of emmer grown in south-central Italy. Fertilizer was split at seeding, tillering and stem elongation. Tested parameters were highly influenced either by crop origin or N application (biomass, hulled and threshed grain yield, spikes m−2, spikelets per spike, kernel weight, plant height, lodging, kernel ash and proteins). Several parameters augmented as fertilization rate increased (hulled and unhulled grain yield, biomass accumulation, spikes m−2, kernels m−2, protein content); 1000-kernel weight showed an opposite trend and in some cases no differences were noticed among fertilized treatments (plant height and spikelets per spike). Molise was the most productive population, closely followed by Garfagnana. The present research rejected some common belief that emmer has to be grown without N dressing, and crop undergoes lodging in marginal mountainous areas. Besides, grain yield of N90 and N60 treated emmer was only 6 and 18% lower compared to the five most important durum wheat varieties cultivated in the same area, suggesting emmer as a possible alternative crop to durum wheat in marginal areas of Mediterranean-type agro-ecosystems.
Stefano Marino; R. Tognetti; Arturo Alvino. Crop yield and grain quality of emmer populations grown in central Italy, as affected by nitrogen fertilization. European Journal of Agronomy 2009, 31, 233 -240.
AMA StyleStefano Marino, R. Tognetti, Arturo Alvino. Crop yield and grain quality of emmer populations grown in central Italy, as affected by nitrogen fertilization. European Journal of Agronomy. 2009; 31 (4):233-240.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefano Marino; R. Tognetti; Arturo Alvino. 2009. "Crop yield and grain quality of emmer populations grown in central Italy, as affected by nitrogen fertilization." European Journal of Agronomy 31, no. 4: 233-240.
R. D'andria; A. Lavini; A. Alvino; R. Tognetti. EFFECTS OF DEFICIT IRRIGATION ON WATER RELATIONS OF OLIVE TREES (OLEA EUROPAEA L. CULTIVARS FRANTOIO AND LECCINO). Acta Horticulturae 2008, 217 -223.
AMA StyleR. D'andria, A. Lavini, A. Alvino, R. Tognetti. EFFECTS OF DEFICIT IRRIGATION ON WATER RELATIONS OF OLIVE TREES (OLEA EUROPAEA L. CULTIVARS FRANTOIO AND LECCINO). Acta Horticulturae. 2008; (792):217-223.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR. D'andria; A. Lavini; A. Alvino; R. Tognetti. 2008. "EFFECTS OF DEFICIT IRRIGATION ON WATER RELATIONS OF OLIVE TREES (OLEA EUROPAEA L. CULTIVARS FRANTOIO AND LECCINO)." Acta Horticulturae , no. 792: 217-223.
The olive tree is a traditionally nonirrigated crop that occupies quite an extensive agricultural area in Mediterranean‐type agroecosystems. Improvements in water‐use efficiency of crops are essential under the scenarios of water scarcity predicted by global change models for the Mediterranean region. Recently, irrigation has been introduced to increase the low land productivity, but there is little information on ecophysiological aspects and quality features intended for a sagacious use of water, while being of major importance for the achievement of high‐quality products as olive oil. Therefore, deficit irrigation programmes were developed to improve water‐use efficiency, crop productivity and quality in a subhumid zone of Southern Italy with good winter–spring precipitation. The response of mature olive trees to deficit irrigation in deep soils was studied on cultivars Frantoio and Leccino by examining atmospheric environment and soil moisture, gas exchange and plant water status, as well as oil yield and chemical analysis. Trees were not irrigated (rainfed) or subjected to irrigation at 66% and 100% of crop evapotranspiration (ETC), starting from pit hardening to early fruit veraison. Improvements in the photosynthetic capacity induced by increasing soil water availability were only of minor importance. However, plant water status was positively influenced by deficit irrigation, with 66% and 100% of ETC treatments hardly differing from one another though consistently diverging from rainfed plants. The effect of water stress on photosynthesis was mainly dependent on diffusion resistances in response to soil moisture. Leccino showed higher instantaneous water‐use efficiency than Frantoio. Crop yield increased proportionally to the amount of seasonal water volume, confirming differences between cultivars in water‐use efficiency. The unsaturated/saturated and the monounsaturated/polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios of the oil also differed between cultivars, while the watering regime had minor effects. Although irrigation can modify the fatty acid profile, polyphenol contents were scarcely affected by the water supply. Irrigation to 100% of ETC in the period August–September might be advisable to achieve high‐quality yields, while saving consistent amounts of water.
R. Tognetti; R. D’Andria; R. Sacchi; A. Lavini; G. Morelli; Arturo Alvino. Deficit irrigation affects seasonal changes in leaf physiology and oil quality of Olea europaea (cultivars Frantoio and Leccino). Annals of Applied Biology 2007, 150, 169 -186.
AMA StyleR. Tognetti, R. D’Andria, R. Sacchi, A. Lavini, G. Morelli, Arturo Alvino. Deficit irrigation affects seasonal changes in leaf physiology and oil quality of Olea europaea (cultivars Frantoio and Leccino). Annals of Applied Biology. 2007; 150 (2):169-186.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR. Tognetti; R. D’Andria; R. Sacchi; A. Lavini; G. Morelli; Arturo Alvino. 2007. "Deficit irrigation affects seasonal changes in leaf physiology and oil quality of Olea europaea (cultivars Frantoio and Leccino)." Annals of Applied Biology 150, no. 2: 169-186.
A field experiment on olive trees (Olea europaea L.) was designed with the objective to search for an optimum irrigation scheduling by analyzing the possible effects of deficit irrigation. Treatments were: a non-irrigated control (rainfed) and three treatments that received seasonal water amount equivalent to 33 and 66% of crop evapotranspiration (ETC ) in the period August–September (respectively 33II and 66II), and 66% of (ET C ) from late May to early October (66I-II). Atmospheric evaporative demand and soil moisture conditions were regularly monitored. Irrigation effects on plant water relations were characterized throughout a growing season. Whole-plant water use, in deficit irrigated (66I-II) and rainfed olive trees, was determined using a xylem sap flow method (compensation heat-pulse technique). The magnitude of variations in water use and the seasonal dynamic of water relations varied among treatments, suggesting that olive trees were strongly responsive to both irrigation amount and time. Physiological parameters responded to variations in tree water status, soil moisture conditions and atmospheric evaporative demand. All measurements of tree water status were highly correlated with one another. There was a considerable degree of agreement between daily transpiration deduced from heat-pulse velocity and that determined by calibration using the water balance technique. Deficit irrigation during the whole summer (66I-II) resulted in improved plant water relations with respect to other watering regimes; while, severe regulated deficit irrigation differentiated only slightly 33II treatment from rainfed plants. Nevertheless, regulated deficit irrigation of olive trees after pit hardening (66II) could be recommended, at least in soil, cultivar and environmental conditions of this study.
Roberto Tognetti; Riccardo D’Andria; Giovanni Morelli; Arturo Alvino. The effect of deficit irrigation on seasonal variations of plant water use in Olea europaea L. Plant and Soil 2005, 273, 139 -155.
AMA StyleRoberto Tognetti, Riccardo D’Andria, Giovanni Morelli, Arturo Alvino. The effect of deficit irrigation on seasonal variations of plant water use in Olea europaea L. Plant and Soil. 2005; 273 (1):139-155.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoberto Tognetti; Riccardo D’Andria; Giovanni Morelli; Arturo Alvino. 2005. "The effect of deficit irrigation on seasonal variations of plant water use in Olea europaea L." Plant and Soil 273, no. 1: 139-155.