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Dr. Bhim Bahadur Ghaley
University of Copenhagen

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0 Agroforestry
0 Agronomy
0 Cereals
0 Simulation
0 intercropping

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Journal article
Published: 03 March 2021 in Sustainability
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To secure sustainable food production for meeting the growing global demand for food, it is imperative, while at the same time challenging, to make efficient use of natural resources with minimal impact on the environment. The study objective is to provide insights into the multiple benefits and trade-offs of different sustainable agricultural practices that are relevant across pedo-climatic zones in Europe and North Africa, including conservation agriculture, crop diversification, organic agriculture, and agroforestry. Widespread adoption of these practices in specific regions depends on the effectiveness with which their applications and attributes are communicated to farmers, and their suitability to local conditions and opportunities. Scale impacts of the practices range from field to catchment levels, but the best empirical evidence has been generated at field level in on-farm and experimental trials. The outcomes from the application of each of these practices depend on variables specific to each site, including pedo-climatic zone, geography, weather, ecology, culture, and traditions. Each practice has trade-offs and the same practice can have different effects when compared to conventional agriculture. To make site-specific recommendations, a careful assessment of overall benefits must be made. Adoption can be stimulated when farmers have the opportunity to experiment on their own land and discover the advantages and disadvantages of different practices.

ACS Style

Tshering Choden; Bhim Ghaley. A Portfolio of Effective Water and Soil Conservation Practices for Arable Production Systems in Europe and North Africa. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2726 .

AMA Style

Tshering Choden, Bhim Ghaley. A Portfolio of Effective Water and Soil Conservation Practices for Arable Production Systems in Europe and North Africa. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (5):2726.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tshering Choden; Bhim Ghaley. 2021. "A Portfolio of Effective Water and Soil Conservation Practices for Arable Production Systems in Europe and North Africa." Sustainability 13, no. 5: 2726.

Journal article
Published: 10 November 2020 in Sustainability
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Cereal–legume intercropping increases the nitrogen (N) input from biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and improves the exploitation of fertilizer and soil N, often leading to higher grain N content and higher productivity per unit land area compared to monocrops. Previous studies have found that these effects are more tangible under low soil and fertilizer N conditions compared to high N availability, and there is a need to assess the N uptake at critical crop development stages in order to time the N application for maximum uptake and use efficiency. The objective of this study was to assess the productivity of pea–barley intercropping compared to monocropping under 0 kg N ha−1 (0 N) and 100 kg N ha−1 (100 N). In 2017, a split plot experimental design was implemented with pea (Pisum sativum) sole crop (SC pea), barley (Hordeum vulgare) sole crop (SC barley), and pea–barley intercrop (IC total) as the main plots and 100 N applications in two 50 kg N ha−1 splits at 30 and 60 days after emergence as subplots within the main plots. The Land Equivalent Ratio (LER), based on grain dry matter (GDM) yields in the pea–barley intercrop (IC total), was higher (1.14 at 0 N and 1.10 at 100 N), indicating 10–14% greater radiation, nutrient, and water use efficiency compared to the sole crops and 4% greater resource use efficiency at 0 N compared to the 100 N; this illustrated greater total intercrop productivity compared to sole crops. The 100 N treatment decreased the SC pea and pea in intercrop (IC pea) GDM and grain dry matter N (GDMN) and increased the GDM and GDMN in SC barley and barley in the intercrop (IC barley). Intercropping increased the grain N content and therefore the protein content of the grains in 0 N and 100 N treatments. The highest fertilizer N yield, % nitrogen derived from fertilizer (%NDFF), and % nitrogen use efficiency (%NUE) were achieved in SC barley followed by IC total, indicating that intercropping improved the soil and fertilizer N use compared to SC pea. The IC pea increased the % nitrogen derived from atmosphere (%NDFA) from 67.9% in SC pea to 70.1% in IC pea. IC total increased the share of %NDFF, %NDFS, and %NDFA compared to the SC pea, which indicated a significant advantage of intercropping due to the complementarity of the component species under limited N supply in the field.

ACS Style

Reed Cowden; Ambreen Shah; Lisa Lehmann; Lars Kiær; Christian Henriksen; Bhim Ghaley. Nitrogen Fertilizer Effects on Pea–Barley Intercrop Productivity Compared to Sole Crops in Denmark. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9335 .

AMA Style

Reed Cowden, Ambreen Shah, Lisa Lehmann, Lars Kiær, Christian Henriksen, Bhim Ghaley. Nitrogen Fertilizer Effects on Pea–Barley Intercrop Productivity Compared to Sole Crops in Denmark. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (22):9335.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Reed Cowden; Ambreen Shah; Lisa Lehmann; Lars Kiær; Christian Henriksen; Bhim Ghaley. 2020. "Nitrogen Fertilizer Effects on Pea–Barley Intercrop Productivity Compared to Sole Crops in Denmark." Sustainability 12, no. 22: 9335.

Review
Published: 27 August 2020 in Sustainability
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Soil degradation is a global concern, decreasing the soil’s ability to perform a multitude of functions. In Europe, one of the leading causes of soil degradation is unsustainable agricultural practices. Hence, there is a need to explore alternative production systems for enhanced agronomic productivity and environmental performance, such as agroforestry systems (AFS). Given this, the objective of the study is to enumerate the major benefits and challenges in the adoption of AFS. AFS can improve agronomic productivity, carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling, soil biodiversity, water retention, and pollination. Furthermore, they can reduce soil erosion and incidence of fire and provide recreational and cultural benefits. There are several challenges to the adoption and uptake of AFS in Europe, including high costs for implementation, lack of financial incentives, limited AFS product marketing, lack of education, awareness, and field demonstrations. Policies for financial incentives such as subsidies and payments for ecosystem services provided by AFS must be introduced or amended. Awareness of AFS products must be increased for consumers through appropriate marketing strategies, and landowners need more opportunities for education on how to successfully manage diverse, economically viable AFS. Finally, field-based evidence is required for informed decision-making by farmers, advisory services, and policy-making bodies.

ACS Style

Maya Sollen-Norrlin; Bhim Ghaley; Naomi Rintoul. Agroforestry Benefits and Challenges for Adoption in Europe and Beyond. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7001 .

AMA Style

Maya Sollen-Norrlin, Bhim Ghaley, Naomi Rintoul. Agroforestry Benefits and Challenges for Adoption in Europe and Beyond. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (17):7001.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maya Sollen-Norrlin; Bhim Ghaley; Naomi Rintoul. 2020. "Agroforestry Benefits and Challenges for Adoption in Europe and Beyond." Sustainability 12, no. 17: 7001.

Journal article
Published: 06 July 2020 in Sustainability
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Agroforestry systems have multifunctional roles in enhancing agronomic productivity, co-production of diversity of food and non-food products and provision of ecosystem services. The knowledge of the performance of agroforestry systems compared with monoculture is scarce and scattered. Hence, the objective of the study was to analyze the agronomic productivity and economic viability of diverse agroforestry systems in Europe. A network of five agroforestry systems integrating arable crops, livestock and biomass trees was investigated to assess the range of agricultural products in each agroforestry system. Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) was used to measure the agronomic productivity, whereas gross margin was used as an indicator for economic viability assessment. LER values ranged from 1.36–2.00, indicating that agroforestry systems were more productive by 36–100% compared to monocultures. Agroforestry gross margin was lower in Denmark (€112 ha−1 year−1) compared to United Kingdom (€5083 ha−1 year−1) and the crop component yielded higher returns compared to negative returns from the tree component in agroforestry. Hence, the study provided robust field-based evidence on agronomic productivity and economic viability assessment of agroforestry systems in diverse contexts for informed decision making by land managers, advisory services, farmers and policymakers.

ACS Style

Lisa Lehmann; Jo Smith; Sally Westaway; Andrea Pisanelli; Giuseppe Russo; Robert Borek; Mignon Sandor; Adrian Gliga; Laurence Smith; Bhim Ghaley. Productivity and Economic Evaluation of Agroforestry Systems for Sustainable Production of Food and Non-Food Products. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5429 .

AMA Style

Lisa Lehmann, Jo Smith, Sally Westaway, Andrea Pisanelli, Giuseppe Russo, Robert Borek, Mignon Sandor, Adrian Gliga, Laurence Smith, Bhim Ghaley. Productivity and Economic Evaluation of Agroforestry Systems for Sustainable Production of Food and Non-Food Products. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (13):5429.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lisa Lehmann; Jo Smith; Sally Westaway; Andrea Pisanelli; Giuseppe Russo; Robert Borek; Mignon Sandor; Adrian Gliga; Laurence Smith; Bhim Ghaley. 2020. "Productivity and Economic Evaluation of Agroforestry Systems for Sustainable Production of Food and Non-Food Products." Sustainability 12, no. 13: 5429.

Journal article
Published: 15 February 2020 in Energies
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Given the environmental footprints of the conventional agriculture, it is imperative to test and validate alternative production systems, with lower environmental impacts to mitigate and adapt our production systems. In this study, we identified six production systems, four in Italy and two in Denmark, to assess the environmental footprint for comparison among the production systems and additionally with conventional production systems. SimaPro 8.4 software was used to carry out the life cycle impact assessment. Among other indicators, three significantly important indicators, namely global warming potential, acidification, and eutrophication, were used as the proxy for life cycle impact assessment. In Italy, the production systems compared were silvopastoral, organic, traditional, and conventional olive production systems, whereas in Denmark, combined food and energy production system was compared with the conventional wheat production system. Among the six production systems, conventional wheat production system in Denmark accounted for highest global warming potential, acidification, and eutrophication. In Italy, global warming potential was highest in traditional agroforestry and lowest in the silvopastoral system whereas acidification and eutrophication were lowest in the traditional production system with high acidification effects from the silvopastoral system. In Italy, machinery use contributed the highest greenhouse gas emissions in silvopastoral and organic production systems, while the large contribution to greenhouse gas emissions from fertilizer was recorded in the traditional and conventional production systems. In Denmark, the combined food and energy system had lower environmental impacts compared to the conventional wheat production system according to the three indicators. For both systems in Denmark, the main contribution to greenhouse gas emission was due to fertilizer and manure application. The study showed that integrated food and non-food systems are more environmentally friendly and less polluting compared to the conventional wheat production system in Denmark with use of chemical fertilizers and irrigation. The study can contribute to informed decision making by the land managers and policy makers for promotion of environmentally friendly food and non-food production practices, to meet the European Union targets of providing biomass-based materials and energy to contribute to the bio-based economy in Europe and beyond.

ACS Style

Lisa Mølgaard Lehmann; Magdalena Borzęcka; Katarzyna Żyłowska; Andrea Pisanelli; Giuseppe Russo; Bhim Bahadur Ghaley. Environmental Impact Assessments of Integrated Food and Non-Food Production Systems in Italy and Denmark. Energies 2020, 13, 849 .

AMA Style

Lisa Mølgaard Lehmann, Magdalena Borzęcka, Katarzyna Żyłowska, Andrea Pisanelli, Giuseppe Russo, Bhim Bahadur Ghaley. Environmental Impact Assessments of Integrated Food and Non-Food Production Systems in Italy and Denmark. Energies. 2020; 13 (4):849.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lisa Mølgaard Lehmann; Magdalena Borzęcka; Katarzyna Żyłowska; Andrea Pisanelli; Giuseppe Russo; Bhim Bahadur Ghaley. 2020. "Environmental Impact Assessments of Integrated Food and Non-Food Production Systems in Italy and Denmark." Energies 13, no. 4: 849.

Journal article
Published: 04 January 2019 in Energies
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Agro-ecosystems for integrated food, fodder, and biomass production can contribute to achieving European Union goals to increase renewable energy sources and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The study objective was to evaluate the productivity and economic returns from a combined food and energy (CFE) system compared to sole winter wheat and sole short rotation woody crop (SRWC) production. Two excel-based models viz. Yield-SAFE and Farm-SAFE, were used to simulate agronomic productivity and economic assessment respectively. Yield-SAFE was calibrated and validated with measured data from CFE from 1996–2016. When compared over temporal scale of 21 years, CFE systems with 150–200 m alley width had the highest net present value (NPV) followed by 100 m, 50 m, sole winter wheat and sole SRWC, indicating higher profitability of CFE systems. Sensitivity analysis of NPV with ±10% yield fluctuations, and with 0–10% discount rate, demonstrated that CFE systems was more profitable than sole crops, indicating higher resilience in CFE systems. LER in CFE ranged from 1.14–1.34 indicative of higher productivity of CFE systems compared to component monocultures. Hence, the study has demonstrated that the productivity and the economic viability of CFE systems, were higher than sole crops, for informed decision making by farm managers and policy makers to contribute to renewable energy biomass production and to mitigate the impending adverse climate change effects on agricultural production.

ACS Style

Ying Xu; Lisa Mølgaard Lehmann; Silvestre García De Jalón; Bhim Bahadur Ghaley. Assessment of Productivity and Economic Viability of Combined Food and Energy (CFE) Production System in Denmark. Energies 2019, 12, 166 .

AMA Style

Ying Xu, Lisa Mølgaard Lehmann, Silvestre García De Jalón, Bhim Bahadur Ghaley. Assessment of Productivity and Economic Viability of Combined Food and Energy (CFE) Production System in Denmark. Energies. 2019; 12 (1):166.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ying Xu; Lisa Mølgaard Lehmann; Silvestre García De Jalón; Bhim Bahadur Ghaley. 2019. "Assessment of Productivity and Economic Viability of Combined Food and Energy (CFE) Production System in Denmark." Energies 12, no. 1: 166.

Journal article
Published: 13 March 2018 in Sustainability
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Conventional farming (CONV) is the norm in European farming, causing adverse effects on some of the five major soil functions, viz. primary productivity, carbon sequestration and regulation, nutrient cycling and provision, water regulation and purification, and habitat for functional and intrinsic biodiversity. Conservation agriculture (CA) is an alternative to enhance soil functions. However, there is no analysis of CA benefits on the five soil functions as most studies addressed individual soil functions. The objective was to compare effects of CA and CONV practices on the five soil functions in four major environmental zones (Atlantic North, Pannonian, Continental and Mediterranean North) in Europe by applying expert scoring based on synthesis of existing literature. In each environmental zone, a team of experts scored the five soil functions due to CA and CONV treatments and median scores indicated the overall effects on five soil functions. Across the environmental zones, CONV had overall negative effects on soil functions with a median score of 0.50 whereas CA had overall positive effects with median score ranging from 0.80 to 0.83. The study proposes the need for field-based investigations, policies and subsidy support to benefit from CA adoption to enhance the five soil functions.

ACS Style

Bhim Bahadur Ghaley; Teodor Rusu; Taru Sandén; Heide Spiegel; Cristina Menta; Giovanna Visioli; Lilian O’Sullivan; Isabelle Trinsoutrot Gattin; Antonio Delgado; Mark A. Liebig; Dirk Vrebos; Tamas Szegi; Erika Michéli; Horia Cacovean; Christian Bugge Henriksen. Assessment of Benefits of Conservation Agriculture on Soil Functions in Arable Production Systems in Europe. Sustainability 2018, 10, 794 .

AMA Style

Bhim Bahadur Ghaley, Teodor Rusu, Taru Sandén, Heide Spiegel, Cristina Menta, Giovanna Visioli, Lilian O’Sullivan, Isabelle Trinsoutrot Gattin, Antonio Delgado, Mark A. Liebig, Dirk Vrebos, Tamas Szegi, Erika Michéli, Horia Cacovean, Christian Bugge Henriksen. Assessment of Benefits of Conservation Agriculture on Soil Functions in Arable Production Systems in Europe. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (3):794.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bhim Bahadur Ghaley; Teodor Rusu; Taru Sandén; Heide Spiegel; Cristina Menta; Giovanna Visioli; Lilian O’Sullivan; Isabelle Trinsoutrot Gattin; Antonio Delgado; Mark A. Liebig; Dirk Vrebos; Tamas Szegi; Erika Michéli; Horia Cacovean; Christian Bugge Henriksen. 2018. "Assessment of Benefits of Conservation Agriculture on Soil Functions in Arable Production Systems in Europe." Sustainability 10, no. 3: 794.

Journal article
Published: 09 March 2017 in Sustainability
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Agricultural ecosystems provide a range of benefits that are vital to human well-being. These benefits are dependent on several soil functions that are affected in different ways by legislation from the European Union, national, and regional levels. We evaluated current European Union soil-related legislation and examples of regional legislation with regard to direct and indirect impacts on five soil functions: the production of food, fiber, and fuel; water purification and regulation; carbon sequestration and climate regulation; habitat for biodiversity provisioning; and the recycling of nutrients/agro-chemicals. Our results illustrate the diversity of existing policies and the complex interactions present between different spatial and temporal scales. The impact of most policies, positive or negative, on a soil function is usually not established, but depends on how the policy is implemented by local authorities and the farmers. This makes it difficult to estimate the overall state and trends of the different soil functions in agricultural ecosystems. To implement functional management and sustainable use of the different soil functions in agricultural ecosystems, more knowledge is needed on the policy interactions as well as on the impact of management options on the different soil functions.

ACS Style

Dirk Vrebos; Francesca Bampa; Rachel E. Creamer; Ciro Gardi; Bhim Bahadur Ghaley; Arwyn Jones; Michiel Rutgers; Taru Sandén; Jan Staes; Patrick Meire. The Impact of Policy Instruments on Soil Multifunctionality in the European Union. Sustainability 2017, 9, 407 .

AMA Style

Dirk Vrebos, Francesca Bampa, Rachel E. Creamer, Ciro Gardi, Bhim Bahadur Ghaley, Arwyn Jones, Michiel Rutgers, Taru Sandén, Jan Staes, Patrick Meire. The Impact of Policy Instruments on Soil Multifunctionality in the European Union. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (3):407.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dirk Vrebos; Francesca Bampa; Rachel E. Creamer; Ciro Gardi; Bhim Bahadur Ghaley; Arwyn Jones; Michiel Rutgers; Taru Sandén; Jan Staes; Patrick Meire. 2017. "The Impact of Policy Instruments on Soil Multifunctionality in the European Union." Sustainability 9, no. 3: 407.