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The main challenge for implementing an industrial-scale membrane distillation (MD) system is its associated thermal power demand and resulting operational cost, which hinders the commercialization of the technology, even after forty years of its evolution and development. Nevertheless, an enormous amount of waste heat releasing from the nano-electronics facilities provides MD an opportunity to showcase its potential for treating industrial wastewater discharging from the facilities. In this work, a waste heat driven MD system for a plant capacity of 15 m3/h was analyzed in terms of its thermal power demand and unit wastewater treatment cost. The economic analysis was performed using the factored estimate method. The results show that the thermal power requirement of the industrial-scale MD system was 12.38 MW, and the unit water treatment cost can vary between 3-23 $/m3, based on plant type (i.e., retrofitted facility or new wastewater treatment facility).
Imtisal-E- Noor; Andrew Martin; Olli Dahl. Process design of industrial-scale membrane distillation system for wastewater treatment in nano-electronics fabrication facilities. MethodsX 2020, 7, 101066 .
AMA StyleImtisal-E- Noor, Andrew Martin, Olli Dahl. Process design of industrial-scale membrane distillation system for wastewater treatment in nano-electronics fabrication facilities. MethodsX. 2020; 7 ():101066.
Chicago/Turabian StyleImtisal-E- Noor; Andrew Martin; Olli Dahl. 2020. "Process design of industrial-scale membrane distillation system for wastewater treatment in nano-electronics fabrication facilities." MethodsX 7, no. : 101066.
As governments and companies struggle to meet their own objectives for the energy transition, more innovative social and technological measures are needed to reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. For this purpose, an assessment of an off-grid polygeneration system, which can serve the electric and cooling demand of a neighbourhood in Hermosillo, Mexico, has been conducted. Energy computations have been done, the energy demand of one dwelling has been measured to ascertain the correctness of the computations, and a demand model for the entire neighbourhood has been created. Based on the model, an off-grid polygeneration system has been designed, which uses a biodiesel engine, PV panels, and an absorption chiller. The system has been optimized for its economic performance and is compared to the currently used system. The results show that the polygeneration system with higher energy efficiency could reduce GHG emissions down to 14%. However, electricity in Hermosillo is heavily subsidized making it harder for innovative systems to compete. Moreover, even without the state subsidies to the end user, the polygeneration system has still a nearly 30% higher Net Present Cost (NPC) than the conventional system over its project lifetime of 20 years. Nonetheless, with precise political incentives and further advances in the applied technologies, small-scale renewable polygeneration systems could become cost-efficient alternatives in the near future.
Moritz Wegener; Carlos Lopez Ordóñez; Antonio Isalgué; Anders Malmquist; Andrew Martin. How Much Does It Cost to Go Off-Grid with Renewables? A Case Study of a Polygeneration System for a Neighbourhood in Hermosillo, Mexico. Blockchain Technology and Innovations in Business Processes 2019, 395 -405.
AMA StyleMoritz Wegener, Carlos Lopez Ordóñez, Antonio Isalgué, Anders Malmquist, Andrew Martin. How Much Does It Cost to Go Off-Grid with Renewables? A Case Study of a Polygeneration System for a Neighbourhood in Hermosillo, Mexico. Blockchain Technology and Innovations in Business Processes. 2019; ():395-405.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoritz Wegener; Carlos Lopez Ordóñez; Antonio Isalgué; Anders Malmquist; Andrew Martin. 2019. "How Much Does It Cost to Go Off-Grid with Renewables? A Case Study of a Polygeneration System for a Neighbourhood in Hermosillo, Mexico." Blockchain Technology and Innovations in Business Processes , no. : 395-405.
Trigeneration or combined cooling, heat and power (CCHP) systems fueled by raw biogas can be an interesting alternative for supplying electricity and thermal services in remote rural areas where biogas can be produced without requiring sophisticated equipment. In this sense, this study considers a performance analysis of a novel small-scale CCHP system where a biogas-fired, 5 kWel externally fired microturbine (EFMT), an absorption refrigeration system (ARS) and heat exchangers are integrated for supplying electricity, refrigeration and hot water demanded by Bolivian small dairy farms. The CCHP solution presents two cases, current and nominal states, in which experimental and design data of the EFMT performance were considered, respectively. The primary energy/exergy rate was used as a performance indicator. The proposed cases show better energy performances than those of reference fossil fuel-based energy solutions (where energy services are produced separately) allowing savings in primary energy utilization of up to 31%. Furthermore, improvements in electric efficiency of the EFMT and coefficient of performance (COP) of the ARS, identified as key variables of the system, allow primary energy savings of up to 37%. However, to achieve these values in real conditions, more research and development of the technologies involved is required, especially for the EFMT.
J. Villarroel-Schneider; Anders Malmquist; Joseph A. Araoz; J. Martí-Herrero; Andrew Martin; Villarroel- Schneider; Martí- Herrero. Performance Analysis of a Small-Scale Biogas-Based Trigeneration Plant: An Absorption Refrigeration System Integrated to an Externally Fired Microturbine. Energies 2019, 12, 3830 .
AMA StyleJ. Villarroel-Schneider, Anders Malmquist, Joseph A. Araoz, J. Martí-Herrero, Andrew Martin, Villarroel- Schneider, Martí- Herrero. Performance Analysis of a Small-Scale Biogas-Based Trigeneration Plant: An Absorption Refrigeration System Integrated to an Externally Fired Microturbine. Energies. 2019; 12 (20):3830.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. Villarroel-Schneider; Anders Malmquist; Joseph A. Araoz; J. Martí-Herrero; Andrew Martin; Villarroel- Schneider; Martí- Herrero. 2019. "Performance Analysis of a Small-Scale Biogas-Based Trigeneration Plant: An Absorption Refrigeration System Integrated to an Externally Fired Microturbine." Energies 12, no. 20: 3830.
Energy services are especially expensive on remote islands due to longer and more unstable fuel supply chains. In this paper, different renewable energy systems utilizing locally available biomass and solar energy are proposed as alternatives for a hotel resort on Neil Island, India. Based on local demand data, commercial information, and scientific literature, four cases are modelled with the simulation software HOMER and their economic, energetic, as well as ecological (3E) performances are compared. The robustness of each case configuration is tested with a sensitivity analysis. The results show that a biomass-based, solar-assisted combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) system offers an economic saving potential of more than 500,000 USD over twenty years and could decrease CO2 emissions by 365 t per year. When not applying CCHP measures, system performance is significantly worsened. A solar and battery-assisted diesel generator system shows similar economic outcomes as the CCHP system but worse ecological performance. Implementing the biomass-based CCHP system could improve the ecological footprint of the island, substantially decrease expenditure for the hotel owner, and generate a new source of income for surrounding farmers through biomass selling.
Moritz Wegener; Antonio Isalgué; Anders Malmquist; Andrew Martin. 3E-Analysis of a Bio-Solar CCHP System for the Andaman Islands, India—A Case Study. Energies 2019, 12, 1113 .
AMA StyleMoritz Wegener, Antonio Isalgué, Anders Malmquist, Andrew Martin. 3E-Analysis of a Bio-Solar CCHP System for the Andaman Islands, India—A Case Study. Energies. 2019; 12 (6):1113.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoritz Wegener; Antonio Isalgué; Anders Malmquist; Andrew Martin. 2019. "3E-Analysis of a Bio-Solar CCHP System for the Andaman Islands, India—A Case Study." Energies 12, no. 6: 1113.
The decarbonization of the electricity supply in isolated and remote energy systems is an open challenge in the transition to a sustainable energy system. In this paper, the possibility to increase the penetration of renewable energy sources for electricity generation on the island of Terceira (Azores) is investigated through the installation of a utility-scale energy storage facility. The electric power dispatch on the island is simulated through a unit commitment model of the fossil and renewable power plants that has the objective of minimizing the cost of electricity generation. Battery energy storage is employed to partially decouple production and supply, and to provide spinning reserve in case of sudden generator outage. Two technological options, namely lithium-ion and vanadium flow batteries, are compared in terms of net present value and return on investment, with the aim of supporting the decision-making process of the local utility. The economic evaluation takes also into account the degradation of the battery performance along the years. The results, obtained in a future-price scenario, show that both the technologies entail a positive investment performance. However, vanadium flow batteries have the best results, given that they can produce a net present value that exceeds 430% of the initial capital invested after 20 years, with a return on investment higher than 35%. In this scenario, the renewable share can reach up to 46%, compared to the current 26%.
Guido Lorenzi; Ricardo Da Silva Vieira; Carlos Augusto Santos Silva; Andrew Martin. Techno-economic analysis of utility-scale energy storage in island settings. Journal of Energy Storage 2019, 21, 691 -705.
AMA StyleGuido Lorenzi, Ricardo Da Silva Vieira, Carlos Augusto Santos Silva, Andrew Martin. Techno-economic analysis of utility-scale energy storage in island settings. Journal of Energy Storage. 2019; 21 ():691-705.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuido Lorenzi; Ricardo Da Silva Vieira; Carlos Augusto Santos Silva; Andrew Martin. 2019. "Techno-economic analysis of utility-scale energy storage in island settings." Journal of Energy Storage 21, no. : 691-705.
Production of synthetic hydrocarbon fuels as a means for renewable energy storage has gained attention recently. Integration of solid oxide co-electrolysis of steam and carbon dioxide with the Fischer-Tropsch process to transform renewable electricity into Fischer-Tropsch diesel is one of the promising suggested pathways. However, considering the intermittency of produced renewable electricity such integration will have a low capacity factor. Besides, locating a reliable source of carbon dioxide near the installed integrated system may prove to be difficult. A novel integration for production of Fischer-Tropsch diesel from various renewable sources is suggested in this study. The proposed integrated system includes solid oxide electrolysis, entrained gasification, Fischer-Tropsch process and an upgrading system. Gasification is assumed to have a continuous operation which increases capacity factor of the integrated system. Carbon dioxide supplied via gasification of biomass provides a reliable source for on-site co-electrolysis. Technical capabilities of the proposed integrated system examined by investigating performance in relation with electricity, and diesel demand of four different European cities. Results show that the proposed system is capable of supplying Fischer-Tropsch diesel of between 0.9–32% of the annual diesel demand for road transportation respective to the location of installation, with a high emission savings (around 100%). Cost of produced diesel is not competitive with conventional diesel for all cases, even when all the other by-products were assumed to be sold to the market.
Mahrokh Samavati; Andrew Martin; Massimo Santarelli; Vera Nemanova. Synthetic Diesel Production as a Form of Renewable Energy Storage. Energies 2018, 11, 1223 .
AMA StyleMahrokh Samavati, Andrew Martin, Massimo Santarelli, Vera Nemanova. Synthetic Diesel Production as a Form of Renewable Energy Storage. Energies. 2018; 11 (5):1223.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMahrokh Samavati; Andrew Martin; Massimo Santarelli; Vera Nemanova. 2018. "Synthetic Diesel Production as a Form of Renewable Energy Storage." Energies 11, no. 5: 1223.
Water is the most desirable and sparse resource in Gulf cooperation council (GCC) region. Utilization of point-of-use (POU) water treatment devices has been gaining huge market recently due to increase in knowledge of urban population on health related issues over contaminants in decentralized water distribution networks. However, there is no foolproof way of knowing whether the treated water is free of contaminants harmful for drinking and hence reliance on certified bottled water has increased worldwide. The bottling process right from treatment to delivery is highly unsustainable due to huge energy demand along the supply chain. As a step towards sustainability, we investigated various ways of coupling of membrane distillation (MD) process with solar domestic heaters for co-production of domestic heat and pure water. Performance dynamics of various integration techniques have been evaluated and appropriate configuration has been identified for real scale application. A solar combi MD (SCMD) system is experimentally tested for single household application for production 20 L/day of pure water and 250 L/day of hot water simultaneously without any auxiliary heating device. The efficiency of co-production system is compared with individual operation of solar heaters and solar membrane distillation.
Nutakki Tirumala Uday Kumar; Andrew R. Martin. Co-Production Performance Evaluation of a Novel Solar Combi System for Simultaneous Pure Water and Hot Water Supply in Urban Households of UAE. Energies 2017, 10, 481 .
AMA StyleNutakki Tirumala Uday Kumar, Andrew R. Martin. Co-Production Performance Evaluation of a Novel Solar Combi System for Simultaneous Pure Water and Hot Water Supply in Urban Households of UAE. Energies. 2017; 10 (4):481.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNutakki Tirumala Uday Kumar; Andrew R. Martin. 2017. "Co-Production Performance Evaluation of a Novel Solar Combi System for Simultaneous Pure Water and Hot Water Supply in Urban Households of UAE." Energies 10, no. 4: 481.
Exergy analyses are essential tools for the performance evaluation of water desalination and other separation systems, including those featuring membrane distillation (MD). One of the challenges in the commercialization of MD technologies is its substantial heat demand, especially for large scale applications. Identifying such heat flows in the system plays a crucial role in pinpointing the heat loss and thermal integration potential by the help of exergy analysis. This study presents an exergetic evaluation of air-gap membrane distillation (AGMD) systems at a laboratory and pilot scale. A series of experiments were conducted to obtain thermodynamic data for the water streams included in the calculations. Exergy efficiency and destruction for two different types of flat-plate AGMD were analyzed for a range of feed and coolant temperatures. The bench scale AGMD system incorporating condensation plate with more favorable heat conductivity contributed to improved performance parameters including permeate flux, specific heat demand, and exergy efficiency. For both types of AGMD systems, the contributions of the major components involved in exergy destruction were identified. The result suggested that the MD modules caused the highest fraction of destructions followed by re-concentrating tanks.
Daniel Woldemariam; Andrew Martin; Massimo Santarelli. Exergy Analysis of Air-Gap Membrane Distillation Systems for Water Purification Applications. Applied Sciences 2017, 7, 301 .
AMA StyleDaniel Woldemariam, Andrew Martin, Massimo Santarelli. Exergy Analysis of Air-Gap Membrane Distillation Systems for Water Purification Applications. Applied Sciences. 2017; 7 (3):301.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel Woldemariam; Andrew Martin; Massimo Santarelli. 2017. "Exergy Analysis of Air-Gap Membrane Distillation Systems for Water Purification Applications." Applied Sciences 7, no. 3: 301.
Nowadays conventional district heating and cooling (DHC) systems face the challenge of reducing fossil fuel dependency while maintaining profitability. To address these issues, this study examines the possibility of retrofitting DHC systems with refuse-derived fuel (RDF) gasifiers and gas upgrading equipment. A novel system is proposed based on the modification of an existing DHC system. Thermodynamic and economic models were established to allow for a parametric analysis of key parameters. The study revealed that such an upgrade is both feasible and economically viable. In the basic scenario, the retrofitted DHC system can simultaneously produce 60.3 GWh/year of heat, 65.1 GWh/year of cold, 33.2 GWh/year of electricity and 789.5 tons/year of synthetic natural gas. A significant part of the heat load can be generated from the waste heat of the upgrading equipment. The investment in retrofitting the polygeneration DHC system presents a payback period of 3 years.
Natalia Kabalina; Mário Costa; Weihong Yang; Andrew Martin. Production of Synthetic Natural Gas from Refuse-Derived Fuel Gasification for Use in a Polygeneration District Heating and Cooling System. Energies 2016, 9, 1080 .
AMA StyleNatalia Kabalina, Mário Costa, Weihong Yang, Andrew Martin. Production of Synthetic Natural Gas from Refuse-Derived Fuel Gasification for Use in a Polygeneration District Heating and Cooling System. Energies. 2016; 9 (12):1080.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNatalia Kabalina; Mário Costa; Weihong Yang; Andrew Martin. 2016. "Production of Synthetic Natural Gas from Refuse-Derived Fuel Gasification for Use in a Polygeneration District Heating and Cooling System." Energies 9, no. 12: 1080.
In this study, an air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) system at pilot scale is applied for purification of effluent from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. A district heating network (DHN) is considered as a heat source for the membrane distillation system. Removal performance of pharmaceutical residuals, specific heat demand, and economic assessments were analyzed on the membrane distillation plant. Almost all targeted pharmaceutical compounds were removed to a very high degree, often below the method detection limit. The results from this study also showed that the heat requirement for the MD process could be sufficiently supplied by the low-temperature district heating return line. Specific heat demands for the AGMD ranges from 692 to 875 kWh/m3 without heat recovery and as low as 105 kWh/m3 when heat recovery is possible. Different approaches to integrating the MD within the DHN system were analyzed; the advantages and shortcomings of each are discussed with emphasis on the MD system’s capacity requirement and annual heat demand. The thermoeconomic analyses from this study presented the potential for energy optimization regarding heat recovery and module design improvement of the current MD equipment.
Daniel Woldemariam; Alaa Kullab; Uwe Fortkamp; Jörgen Magner; Hugo Royen; Andrew Martin. Membrane distillation pilot plant trials with pharmaceutical residues and energy demand analysis. Chemical Engineering Journal 2016, 306, 471 -483.
AMA StyleDaniel Woldemariam, Alaa Kullab, Uwe Fortkamp, Jörgen Magner, Hugo Royen, Andrew Martin. Membrane distillation pilot plant trials with pharmaceutical residues and energy demand analysis. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2016; 306 ():471-483.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel Woldemariam; Alaa Kullab; Uwe Fortkamp; Jörgen Magner; Hugo Royen; Andrew Martin. 2016. "Membrane distillation pilot plant trials with pharmaceutical residues and energy demand analysis." Chemical Engineering Journal 306, no. : 471-483.
This study is a comparison of four technological improvements proposed in previous works for the Cuban sugar mill Carlos Baliño. These technological options are: (1) utilization of excess wastewater for enhanced imbibition; (2) utilization of waste heat for thermally driven cooling; (3) utilization of excess bagasse for pellets; and (4) modification of the cogeneration unit for maximum electric power generation. The method used for the evaluation of the technological options involves using criteria such as energy saving, financial gains, and CO2 emission saving potential. The results of the analysis show that the first three technological improvement options are attractive only during the crushing season. On the other hand, the last technological improvement option can be attractive if a year round generation of surplus power is sought. The first technological improvement option leads to only minor changes in energy utilization, but the increase in sugar yield of 8.7% leads to attractive profitability with an extremely low payback period. The CO2 emissions saved due to the fourth technological improvement option are the highest (22,000 tonnes/year) and the cost of CO2 emissions saved for the third technological improvement option (lowest) amount to 41 USD/tonne of CO2 emissions saved. The cycle efficiencies of the third and fourth technological improvement options are 37.9% and 36.8%, respectively, with payback periods of 2.3 and 1.6 years. The second technological improvement option is the least attractive alternative of the group.
Eyerusalem Birru; Catharina Erlich; Idalberto Herrera; Andrew Martin; Sofia Feychting; Marina Vitez; Emma Bednarcik Abdulhadi; Anna Larsson; Emanuel Onoszko; Mattias Hallersbo; Louise Weilenmann; Laura Puskoriute. A Comparison of Various Technological Options for Improving Energy and Water Use Efficiency in a Traditional Sugar Mill. Sustainability 2016, 8, 1227 .
AMA StyleEyerusalem Birru, Catharina Erlich, Idalberto Herrera, Andrew Martin, Sofia Feychting, Marina Vitez, Emma Bednarcik Abdulhadi, Anna Larsson, Emanuel Onoszko, Mattias Hallersbo, Louise Weilenmann, Laura Puskoriute. A Comparison of Various Technological Options for Improving Energy and Water Use Efficiency in a Traditional Sugar Mill. Sustainability. 2016; 8 (12):1227.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEyerusalem Birru; Catharina Erlich; Idalberto Herrera; Andrew Martin; Sofia Feychting; Marina Vitez; Emma Bednarcik Abdulhadi; Anna Larsson; Emanuel Onoszko; Mattias Hallersbo; Louise Weilenmann; Laura Puskoriute. 2016. "A Comparison of Various Technological Options for Improving Energy and Water Use Efficiency in a Traditional Sugar Mill." Sustainability 8, no. 12: 1227.
Gowtham Mohan; N.T. Uday Kumar; Manoj Kumar Pokhrel; Andrew Martin. Experimental investigation of a novel solar thermal polygeneration plant in United Arab Emirates. Renewable Energy 2016, 91, 361 -373.
AMA StyleGowtham Mohan, N.T. Uday Kumar, Manoj Kumar Pokhrel, Andrew Martin. Experimental investigation of a novel solar thermal polygeneration plant in United Arab Emirates. Renewable Energy. 2016; 91 ():361-373.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGowtham Mohan; N.T. Uday Kumar; Manoj Kumar Pokhrel; Andrew Martin. 2016. "Experimental investigation of a novel solar thermal polygeneration plant in United Arab Emirates." Renewable Energy 91, no. : 361-373.
Highlights•Solar driven cogeneration system integrating membrane distillation technology is developed.•System utilizes solar thermal energy for the operations without auxiliary heaters.•Three different system integrations are experimentally investigated in UAE.•Economical benefits of solar cogeneration system is also reported. AbstractA novel solar thermal cogeneration system featuring the provision of potable water with membrane distillation in combination with domestic hot water supply has been developed and experimentally analyzed. The system integrates evacuated tube collectors, thermal storage, membrane distillation unit, and heat exchangers with the overall goals of maximizing the two outputs while minimizing costs for the given design conditions. Experiments were conducted during one month’s operation at AURAK’s facility in UAE, with average peak global irradiation levels of 650 W/m2. System performance was determined for three integration strategies, all utilizing brackish water (typical conductivity of 20,000 μs/cm) as a feedstock: Thermal store integration (TSI), which resembles a conventional indirect solar domestic hot water system; Direct solar integration (DSI) connecting collectors directly to the membrane distillation unit without thermal storage; and Direct solar with thermal store integration (DSTSI), a combination of these two approaches. The DSTSI strategy offered the best performance given its operational flexibility. Here the maximum distillate productivity was 43 L/day for a total gross solar collector area of 96 m2. In terms of simultaneous hot water production, 277 kWh/day was achieved with this configuration. An economic analysis shows that the DSTSI strategy has a payback period of 3.9 years with net cumulative savings of $325,000 during the 20 year system lifetime. Graphical abstract
N.T. Uday Kumar; Gowtham Mohan; Andrew Martin. Performance analysis of solar cogeneration system with different integration strategies for potable water and domestic hot water production. Applied Energy 2016, 170, 466 -475.
AMA StyleN.T. Uday Kumar, Gowtham Mohan, Andrew Martin. Performance analysis of solar cogeneration system with different integration strategies for potable water and domestic hot water production. Applied Energy. 2016; 170 ():466-475.
Chicago/Turabian StyleN.T. Uday Kumar; Gowtham Mohan; Andrew Martin. 2016. "Performance analysis of solar cogeneration system with different integration strategies for potable water and domestic hot water production." Applied Energy 170, no. : 466-475.
The demands for space air-conditioning and clean drinking water are relatively high in Middle East countries. A sustainable and innovative approach to meet these demands along with the production of domestic hot water is discussed in this chapter. A solar thermal polygeneration (STP) system is designed and developed for the production of chilled water for air-conditioning using absorption chiller, pure water with membrane distiller, and domestic hot water by heat recovery. The STP system has four major components: (i) evacuated tube collector field, (ii) 10TR absorption chiller, (iii) air-gap membrane distillation units, and (iv) heat exchangers integrated together to operate in four different modes for complete solar cooling, cogeneration of pure water and domestic hot water, trigeneration of cooling, pure water and domestic hot water, and cogeneration of cooling and pure water. Experiments on different modes and the analyzed results show the advantages of combined operation through effective utilization of heat lost in the process operation.
Gowtham Mohan; Uday Kumar N. T.; Manoj Kumar P.; Andrew Martin. Solar Thermal Polygeneration System for Cooling, Fresh Water, and Domestic Hot Water Supply: Experimental Analysis. Renewable Energy in the Service of Mankind Vol II 2015, 781 -791.
AMA StyleGowtham Mohan, Uday Kumar N. T., Manoj Kumar P., Andrew Martin. Solar Thermal Polygeneration System for Cooling, Fresh Water, and Domestic Hot Water Supply: Experimental Analysis. Renewable Energy in the Service of Mankind Vol II. 2015; ():781-791.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGowtham Mohan; Uday Kumar N. T.; Manoj Kumar P.; Andrew Martin. 2015. "Solar Thermal Polygeneration System for Cooling, Fresh Water, and Domestic Hot Water Supply: Experimental Analysis." Renewable Energy in the Service of Mankind Vol II , no. : 781-791.
Despite the country's rural electrification program, kerosene is the predominant source for lighting, and woody biomass is virtually the only option available for cooking. The rural population also struggles with unsafe drinking water in terms of widespread arsenic contamination of well water. Biogas plants and pV are individually impractical to serve both cooking, lighting and water purification systems, and their combined applications are extremely limited. This study considers a holistic approach towards tackling both of these issues via integrated renewable energy-based polygeneration employed at the village level. The polygeneration unit under consideration provides electricity via a pV array and animal and agriculture waste-fed digester, which in turn is coupled to a gas engine. Excess digester gas is employed for cooking and lighting, while waste heat from the process drives a membrane distillation unit for water purification. Technical assessments and optimization have been conducted with HOMER (Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources). Results show that daily electricity demand can be met with such a system while simultaneously providing 0.4 m3 cooking fuel and 2–3 L pure drinking water. Cost estimates indicate that this approach is highly favorable to other renewable options. The pay back period of such system is between 3 and 4 years.
Ershad Ullah Khan; Andrew R. Martin. Optimization of hybrid renewable energy polygeneration system with membrane distillation for rural households in Bangladesh. Energy 2015, 93, 1116 -1127.
AMA StyleErshad Ullah Khan, Andrew R. Martin. Optimization of hybrid renewable energy polygeneration system with membrane distillation for rural households in Bangladesh. Energy. 2015; 93 ():1116-1127.
Chicago/Turabian StyleErshad Ullah Khan; Andrew R. Martin. 2015. "Optimization of hybrid renewable energy polygeneration system with membrane distillation for rural households in Bangladesh." Energy 93, no. : 1116-1127.
Tri-generation is one of the most efficient ways for maximizing the utilization of available energy. Utilization of waste heat (flue gases) liberated by the Al-Hamra gas turbine power plant is analyzed in this research work for simultaneous production of: (a) electricity by combining steam rankine cycle using heat recovery steam generator (HRSG); (b) clean water by air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) plant; and (c) cooling by single stage vapor absorption chiller (VAC). The flue gases liberated from the gas turbine power cycle is the prime source of energy for the tri-generation system. The heat recovered from condenser of steam cycle and excess heat available at the flue gases are utilized to drive cooling and desalination cycles which are optimized based on the cooling energy demands of the villas. Economic and environmental benefits of the tri-generation system in terms of cost savings and reduction in carbon emissions were analyzed. Energy efficiency of about 82%–85% is achieved by the tri-generation system compared to 50%–52% for combined cycles. Normalized carbon dioxide emission per MW·h is reduced by 51.5% by implementation of waste heat recovery tri-generation system. The tri-generation system has a payback period of 1.38 years with cumulative net present value of $66 million over the project life time.
Gowtham Mohan; Sujata Dahal; Uday Kumar; Andrew Martin; Hamid Kayal. Development of Natural Gas Fired Combined Cycle Plant for Tri-Generation of Power, Cooling and Clean Water Using Waste Heat Recovery: Techno-Economic Analysis. Energies 2014, 7, 6358 -6381.
AMA StyleGowtham Mohan, Sujata Dahal, Uday Kumar, Andrew Martin, Hamid Kayal. Development of Natural Gas Fired Combined Cycle Plant for Tri-Generation of Power, Cooling and Clean Water Using Waste Heat Recovery: Techno-Economic Analysis. Energies. 2014; 7 (10):6358-6381.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGowtham Mohan; Sujata Dahal; Uday Kumar; Andrew Martin; Hamid Kayal. 2014. "Development of Natural Gas Fired Combined Cycle Plant for Tri-Generation of Power, Cooling and Clean Water Using Waste Heat Recovery: Techno-Economic Analysis." Energies 7, no. 10: 6358-6381.
Modifications were implemented on a semi-commercial air-gap membrane distillation prototype to assess experimentally any improvement in its performance. The main changes were in the air-gap domain with focus on reducing the conductive heat transfer losses by reducing the physical support that separates the membrane from the condensation surface. Moreover, several feed channel spacers were tested as well and assessed based on their effect in increasing the mass transfer and imposed pressure drop. Results show that the modifications increased slightly the distillate mass flow rate by 9–11% and reduced the conductive heat losses by 20–24%. Spacer effect was found to be mainly in imposed pressure drop within the tested types.
A. Kullab; R. Fakhrai; A. Martin. Experimental evaluation of a modified air-gap membrane distillation prototype. DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 2013, 51, 4998 -5004.
AMA StyleA. Kullab, R. Fakhrai, A. Martin. Experimental evaluation of a modified air-gap membrane distillation prototype. DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT. 2013; 51 (25):4998-5004.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Kullab; R. Fakhrai; A. Martin. 2013. "Experimental evaluation of a modified air-gap membrane distillation prototype." DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 51, no. 25: 4998-5004.
Steam turbines in solar thermal power plants experience a much greater number of starts than those operating in baseload plants. In order to preserve the lifetime of the turbine while still allowing fast starts, it is of great interest to find ways to maintain the turbine temperature during idle periods. A dynamic model of a solar steam turbine has been elaborated, simulating both the heat conduction within the body and the heat exchange with the gland steam, main steam and the environment, allowing prediction of the temperatures within the turbine during off-design operation and standby. The model has been validated against 96 h of measured data from the Andasol 1 power plant, giving an average error of 1.2% for key temperature measurements. The validated model was then used to evaluate a number of modifications that can be made to maintain the turbine temperature during idle periods. Heat blankets were shown to be the most effective measure for keeping the turbine casing warm, whereas increasing the gland steam temperature was most effective in maintaining the temperature of the rotor. By applying a combination of these measures the dispatchability of the turbine can be improved significantly: electrical output can be increased by up to 9.5% after a long cooldown and up to 9.8% after a short cooldown.
James Spelling; Markus Jöcker; Andrew Martin. Thermal Modeling of a Solar Steam Turbine With a Focus on Start-Up Time Reduction. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 2011, 134, 013001 .
AMA StyleJames Spelling, Markus Jöcker, Andrew Martin. Thermal Modeling of a Solar Steam Turbine With a Focus on Start-Up Time Reduction. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power. 2011; 134 (1):013001.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJames Spelling; Markus Jöcker; Andrew Martin. 2011. "Thermal Modeling of a Solar Steam Turbine With a Focus on Start-Up Time Reduction." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 134, no. 1: 013001.
Gas-phase heat transfer plays a critical role in many high temperature applications, such as preheaters, combustors, and other thermal equipment. In such cases common heat transfer augmentation methods rely on the convective component alone to achieve improved internal performance. Radiatively assisted heat transfer augmentation has been suggested as a way to overcome limitations in convective-only enhancement. One example of such a technique is the fiber array insert; thermal radiation emitted by tube walls is captured by a large number of slender fibers, which in turn convect heat to the flowing fluid. Previous numerical studies have indicated that this technique represents a promising enhancement method warranting further investigation. This paper presents results from an experimentally based feasibility study of fiber array inserts for heat transfer augmentation in an externally heated duct. Fibers composed of 140 μm silicon carbide and 150 μm stainless steel were assembled in arrays with porosities around 0.98, and were tested for empty-tube Reynolds numbers ranging from 17,500 to 112,500 and wall temperatures from ambient up to 750°C. The arrays cause a significant pressure drop—roughly two orders of magnitude higher than the empty-tube case—but tube-side heat transfer coefficients were improved by up to 100% over the convective-only case in the low flow rate regime. The stainless steel fiber array exhibited similar heat transfer performance as the silicon carbide case, although pressure drop characteristics differed owing to variations in fluid-structure flow phenomena. Pressure drop data were roughly within the range of d’Arcy law predictions for both arrays, and deviations could be explained by inhomogeneities in fiber-to-fiber spacing. Heat transfer was found to depend nonlinearly on wall temperature and flow rate, in contrast to previously reported numerical data.
Andreas Hantsch; Ulrich Gross; Andrew R. Martin. Heat Transfer Augmentation: Radiative-Convective Heat Transfer in a Tube With Fiber Array Inserts. Journal of Heat Transfer 2009, 132, 023505 .
AMA StyleAndreas Hantsch, Ulrich Gross, Andrew R. Martin. Heat Transfer Augmentation: Radiative-Convective Heat Transfer in a Tube With Fiber Array Inserts. Journal of Heat Transfer. 2009; 132 (2):023505.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndreas Hantsch; Ulrich Gross; Andrew R. Martin. 2009. "Heat Transfer Augmentation: Radiative-Convective Heat Transfer in a Tube With Fiber Array Inserts." Journal of Heat Transfer 132, no. 2: 023505.