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Sometimes the contamination in pig facilities can persist even after the washing and disinfection procedure. Some factors could influence this persistence, such as bacteria type, biofilm formation, material type and washing parameters. Therefore, this review summarizes how the type of surface can influence bacteria colonization and how the washing procedure can impact sanitary aspects, considering the different materials used in pig facilities. Studies have shown that biofilm formation on the surface of different materials is a complex system influenced by environmental conditions and the characteristics of each material’s surface and group of bacteria. These parameters, along with the washing parameters, are the main factors having an impact on the removal or persistence of biofilm in pig facilities even after the cleaning and disinfection processes. Some options are available for proper removal of biofilms, such as chemical treatments (i.e., detergent application), the use of hot water (which is indicated for some materials) and a longer washing time.
Erika Nakanishi; Joahnn Palacios; Stéphane Godbout; Sébastien Fournel. Interaction between Biofilm Formation, Surface Material and Cleanability Considering Different Materials Used in Pig Facilities—An Overview. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5836 .
AMA StyleErika Nakanishi, Joahnn Palacios, Stéphane Godbout, Sébastien Fournel. Interaction between Biofilm Formation, Surface Material and Cleanability Considering Different Materials Used in Pig Facilities—An Overview. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (11):5836.
Chicago/Turabian StyleErika Nakanishi; Joahnn Palacios; Stéphane Godbout; Sébastien Fournel. 2021. "Interaction between Biofilm Formation, Surface Material and Cleanability Considering Different Materials Used in Pig Facilities—An Overview." Sustainability 13, no. 11: 5836.
Animal welfare concerns have been a challenging issue for producers and international marketing. In laying hen production, cage-free systems (CFS) have been identified as an alternative to ensure the laying hens’ well-being. Nevertheless, in CFS, important environmental issues have been reported, decreasing indoor air quality. Environmental control strategies (ECS) have been designed to enhance indoor air quality in CFSs. However, little information exists about the effect of these ECSs on natural animal behaviors. Four strategies and one control were tested in an experimental CFS, previously designed to track behavioral variables using video recordings over seven time-lapses of 1 hour per day. Spatial occupancy (SO) and laying hen behaviors (LHB) were registered. One statistical analysis was applied to evaluate the effect of ECS on SO and LHB using a multinomial response model. Results show lower chances to use litter area within the reduction of litter allowance treatment (T17) (p < 0.05). Neither the four ECSs nor the control implemented in this experiment affected the natural behaviors of the hens. However, stress patterns and high activity were reported in the T17 treatment. This study shows that it is possible to use these ECSs without disrupting laying hens’ natural behaviors.
Andrés F. Gonzalez-Mora; Araceli D. Larios; Alain N. Rousseau; Stéphane Godbout; Cédric Morin; Joahnn H. Palacios; Michèle Grenier; Sébastien Fournel. Assessing Environmental Control Strategies in Cage-Free Egg Production Systems: Effect on Spatial Occupancy and Natural Behaviors. Animals 2020, 11, 17 .
AMA StyleAndrés F. Gonzalez-Mora, Araceli D. Larios, Alain N. Rousseau, Stéphane Godbout, Cédric Morin, Joahnn H. Palacios, Michèle Grenier, Sébastien Fournel. Assessing Environmental Control Strategies in Cage-Free Egg Production Systems: Effect on Spatial Occupancy and Natural Behaviors. Animals. 2020; 11 (1):17.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrés F. Gonzalez-Mora; Araceli D. Larios; Alain N. Rousseau; Stéphane Godbout; Cédric Morin; Joahnn H. Palacios; Michèle Grenier; Sébastien Fournel. 2020. "Assessing Environmental Control Strategies in Cage-Free Egg Production Systems: Effect on Spatial Occupancy and Natural Behaviors." Animals 11, no. 1: 17.
Canadian dairy producers have an increasing interest in recycled manure solids (RMS) as bedding material because of reduced availability of traditional bedding resources. Information regarding methods to obtain RMS and composition of RMS is very limited. Hence, a 2-part investigation was developed to compare the performances of 3 mechanical solid-liquid manure separators (part I) and 4 composting methods (part II) for the production of high quality RMS. In this first study, a roller press, a screw press, and a decanter centrifuge were tested for the separation of slurry manure from a commercial dairy farm. During the experiment, the quantity of slurry manure processed and the volume and mass of the liquid and solid fractions were measured. The energy consumption of each separator was recorded, and samples of the slurry, liquid, and solid effluents were collected for analysis. The type of separator did not significantly influence the chemical and bacteriological composition of RMS produced. The choice of a separator for Canadian dairy producers should thus be based on the equipment cost and its capacity, targeted solids dry matter (DM) content and structure, and fertilizing quality of the separated liquid. The decanter centrifuge produced the solid phase with the highest DM and best separation efficiencies for DM, N, and P. However, its low production capacity (1.5 m/h vs. 9.1-20.3 m/h) combined with its high acquisition cost (Can$145,000 vs. Can$75,000) and energy consumption (4.99 kWh/m vs. 0.10-0.35 kWh/m) reduce its technical and profitability values. Besides, the centrifuge produced fine structured RMS and a low-quality liquid fraction, not suitable as dairy cow bedding and fertilizer, respectively. Both presses reached acceptable production capacity at a minimal operation cost. However, the poor performance in terms of DM (25%) of the model of screw press used in this study produced RMS unsuitable for immediate use without further processing. The model of roller press used in this study had the advantages of almost reaching the recommended DM content in RMS (>34%), being flexible in terms of inputs, and producing fluffy RMS. Nevertheless, its compression process seemed to allow greater passage of solids into the liquid fraction compared with the screw press. Part II of this work explores different composting methods to reduce the health risks associated with screw-pressed RMS before their use as bedding.
S. Fournel; S. Godbout; P. Ruel; A. Fortin; M. Généreux; C. Côté; C. Landry; Doris Pellerin. Production of recycled manure solids for bedding in Canadian dairy farms: I. Solid–liquid separation. Journal of Dairy Science 2019, 102, 1832 -1846.
AMA StyleS. Fournel, S. Godbout, P. Ruel, A. Fortin, M. Généreux, C. Côté, C. Landry, Doris Pellerin. Production of recycled manure solids for bedding in Canadian dairy farms: I. Solid–liquid separation. Journal of Dairy Science. 2019; 102 (2):1832-1846.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. Fournel; S. Godbout; P. Ruel; A. Fortin; M. Généreux; C. Côté; C. Landry; Doris Pellerin. 2019. "Production of recycled manure solids for bedding in Canadian dairy farms: I. Solid–liquid separation." Journal of Dairy Science 102, no. 2: 1832-1846.
Recent technological advances in the dairy industry have enabled Canadian farms with liquid manure systems to use mechanical solid-liquid separation paired with composting of the separated solids for on-farm production of low-cost bedding material. However, because several approaches are available, it is difficult for farmers to select the appropriate one to achieve high quality recycled manure solids (RMS). Whereas 3 solid-liquid manure separators were compared in part I of the series, the present study (part II) aims to assess the performances of 4 composting methods (static or turned windrow and drum composter for 24 or 72 h) under laboratory conditions. Parameters evaluated included temperature, physico-chemical characteristics, and bacterial composition of RMS, as well as airborne microorganisms, dust, and gases associated with composting RMS. Because each treatment attained the desired composting temperature range of 40 to 65°C (either in heaps or in the drum composter), reductions in bacteria were a better indicator of the sanitation efficiency. The treatment of fresh RMS in a drum composter for 24 h showed decreased bacterial counts, especially for Escherichia coli (from 1.0 × 10 to 2.0 × 10 cfu/g of dry matter) and Klebsiella spp. (from 3.2 × 10 to 4.0 × 10 cfu/g of dry matter). Increasing the time spent in the rotating vessel to 72 h did not result in further decreases of these pathogens. Composting in a static or turned windrow achieved similar E. coli and Klebsiella spp. reductions as the 24-h drum composting but in 5 or 10 d, and generally showed the lowest occupational exposure risk for dairy farmers regarding concentrations of airborne mesophilic bacteria, mesophilic and thermotolerant fungi, and total dust. Drum-composted RMS stored in piles exhibited intermediate to high risk. Composting approaches did not have a major influence on the physico-chemical characteristics of RMS and gas emissions. Drum composting for 24 h was the best compromise in terms of product quality, temperature reached, decreased bacterial numbers, and emitted airborne contaminants. However, because levels of pathogenic agents rapidly increase once composted RMS are spread in stalls, bacteriological characteristics of RMS along with milk quality and animal health and welfare features should be monitored in Canadian dairy barns applying recommended separation (part I) and composting (part II) systems to evaluate health risk and optimize management practices.
S. Fournel; S. Godbout; P. Ruel; A. Fortin; K. Duquette-Lozeau; V. Létourneau; M. Généreux; J. Lemieux; D. Potvin; C. Côté; C. Duchaine; D. Pellerin. Production of recycled manure solids for use as bedding in Canadian dairy farms: II. Composting methods. Journal of Dairy Science 2019, 102, 1847 -1865.
AMA StyleS. Fournel, S. Godbout, P. Ruel, A. Fortin, K. Duquette-Lozeau, V. Létourneau, M. Généreux, J. Lemieux, D. Potvin, C. Côté, C. Duchaine, D. Pellerin. Production of recycled manure solids for use as bedding in Canadian dairy farms: II. Composting methods. Journal of Dairy Science. 2019; 102 (2):1847-1865.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. Fournel; S. Godbout; P. Ruel; A. Fortin; K. Duquette-Lozeau; V. Létourneau; M. Généreux; J. Lemieux; D. Potvin; C. Côté; C. Duchaine; D. Pellerin. 2019. "Production of recycled manure solids for use as bedding in Canadian dairy farms: II. Composting methods." Journal of Dairy Science 102, no. 2: 1847-1865.
The severity of heat stress issues on dairy cows will increase as global warming progresses. Fortunately, major advances in environmental management, including fans, misters, sprinklers, and cooled waterbeds, can attenuate the effects of thermal stress on cow health, production, and reproduction. These cooling systems were, however, tested in subtropical areas and their efficiency in northern regions is uncertain. This article assesses the potential of existing technologies to cool cows in humid continental climates through calculation of heat stress indices. Heat stress negatively affects the health and performance of dairy cows, resulting in considerable economic losses for the industry. In future years, climate change will exacerbate these losses by making the climate warmer. Physical modification of the environment is considered to be the primary means of reducing adverse effects of hot weather conditions. At present, to reduce stressful heat exposure and to cool cows, dairy farms rely on shade screens and various forms of forced convection and evaporative cooling that may include fans and misters, feed-line sprinklers, and tunnel- or cross-ventilated buildings. However, these systems have been mainly tested in subtropical areas and thus their efficiency in humid continental climates, such as in the province of Québec, Canada, is unclear. Therefore, this study reviewed the available cooling applications and assessed their potential for northern regions. Thermal stress indices such as the temperature-humidity index (THI) were used to evaluate the different cooling strategies.
Sébastien Fournel; Véronique Ouellet; Édith Charbonneau. Practices for Alleviating Heat Stress of Dairy Cows in Humid Continental Climates: A Literature Review. Animals 2017, 7, 37 .
AMA StyleSébastien Fournel, Véronique Ouellet, Édith Charbonneau. Practices for Alleviating Heat Stress of Dairy Cows in Humid Continental Climates: A Literature Review. Animals. 2017; 7 (5):37.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSébastien Fournel; Véronique Ouellet; Édith Charbonneau. 2017. "Practices for Alleviating Heat Stress of Dairy Cows in Humid Continental Climates: A Literature Review." Animals 7, no. 5: 37.
Sébastien Fournel; Alain N. Rousseau; Benoit Laberge. Rethinking environment control strategy of confined animal housing systems through precision livestock farming. Biosystems Engineering 2017, 155, 96 -123.
AMA StyleSébastien Fournel, Alain N. Rousseau, Benoit Laberge. Rethinking environment control strategy of confined animal housing systems through precision livestock farming. Biosystems Engineering. 2017; 155 ():96-123.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSébastien Fournel; Alain N. Rousseau; Benoit Laberge. 2017. "Rethinking environment control strategy of confined animal housing systems through precision livestock farming." Biosystems Engineering 155, no. : 96-123.
A prediction model of gaseous emissions (CO, CO2, NOx, SO2 and HCl) from small-scale combustion of agricultural biomass fuels was developed in order to rapidly assess their potential to be burned in accordance to current environmental threshold values. The model was established based on calculation of thermodynamic equilibrium of reactive multicomponent systems using Gibbs free energy minimization. Since this method has been widely used to estimate the composition of the syngas from wood gasification, the model was first validated by comparing its prediction results with those of similar models from the literature. The model was then used to evaluate the main gas emissions from the combustion of four dedicated energy crops (short-rotation willow, reed canary grass, switchgrass and miscanthus) previously burned in a 29-kW boiler. The prediction values revealed good agreement with the experimental results. The model was particularly effective in estimating the influence of harvest season on SO2 emissions.
S. Fournel; B. Marcos; S. Godbout; M. Heitz. Predicting gaseous emissions from small-scale combustion of agricultural biomass fuels. Bioresource Technology 2015, 179, 165 -172.
AMA StyleS. Fournel, B. Marcos, S. Godbout, M. Heitz. Predicting gaseous emissions from small-scale combustion of agricultural biomass fuels. Bioresource Technology. 2015; 179 ():165-172.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. Fournel; B. Marcos; S. Godbout; M. Heitz. 2015. "Predicting gaseous emissions from small-scale combustion of agricultural biomass fuels." Bioresource Technology 179, no. : 165-172.
S. Fournel; J.H. Palacios; R. Morissette; J. Villeneuve; S. Godbout; M. Heitz; P. Savoie. Particulate concentrations during on-farm combustion of energy crops of different shapes and harvest seasons. Atmospheric Environment 2015, 104, 50 -58.
AMA StyleS. Fournel, J.H. Palacios, R. Morissette, J. Villeneuve, S. Godbout, M. Heitz, P. Savoie. Particulate concentrations during on-farm combustion of energy crops of different shapes and harvest seasons. Atmospheric Environment. 2015; 104 ():50-58.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. Fournel; J.H. Palacios; R. Morissette; J. Villeneuve; S. Godbout; M. Heitz; P. Savoie. 2015. "Particulate concentrations during on-farm combustion of energy crops of different shapes and harvest seasons." Atmospheric Environment 104, no. : 50-58.
Sébastien Fournel; Joahnn H. Palacios; R. Morissette; J. Villeneuve; S. Godbout; M. Heitz; P. Savoie. Influence of biomass properties on technical and environmental performance of a multi-fuel boiler during on-farm combustion of energy crops. Applied Energy 2015, 141, 247 -259.
AMA StyleSébastien Fournel, Joahnn H. Palacios, R. Morissette, J. Villeneuve, S. Godbout, M. Heitz, P. Savoie. Influence of biomass properties on technical and environmental performance of a multi-fuel boiler during on-farm combustion of energy crops. Applied Energy. 2015; 141 ():247-259.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSébastien Fournel; Joahnn H. Palacios; R. Morissette; J. Villeneuve; S. Godbout; M. Heitz; P. Savoie. 2015. "Influence of biomass properties on technical and environmental performance of a multi-fuel boiler during on-farm combustion of energy crops." Applied Energy 141, no. : 247-259.
Sébastien Fournel; Bernard Marcos; Stéphane Godbout; Michèle Heitz. Gaseous emissions from agricultural biomass combustion: a prediction model. 2013 Kansas City, Missouri, July 21 - July 24, 2013 2013, 1 .
AMA StyleSébastien Fournel, Bernard Marcos, Stéphane Godbout, Michèle Heitz. Gaseous emissions from agricultural biomass combustion: a prediction model. 2013 Kansas City, Missouri, July 21 - July 24, 2013. 2013; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSébastien Fournel; Bernard Marcos; Stéphane Godbout; Michèle Heitz. 2013. "Gaseous emissions from agricultural biomass combustion: a prediction model." 2013 Kansas City, Missouri, July 21 - July 24, 2013 , no. : 1.
Sébastien Fournel; F. Pelletier; S. Godbout; R. Lagacé; J.J.R. Feddes. Odour emissions, hedonic tones and ammonia emissions from three cage layer housing systems. Biosystems Engineering 2012, 112, 181 -191.
AMA StyleSébastien Fournel, F. Pelletier, S. Godbout, R. Lagacé, J.J.R. Feddes. Odour emissions, hedonic tones and ammonia emissions from three cage layer housing systems. Biosystems Engineering. 2012; 112 (3):181-191.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSébastien Fournel; F. Pelletier; S. Godbout; R. Lagacé; J.J.R. Feddes. 2012. "Odour emissions, hedonic tones and ammonia emissions from three cage layer housing systems." Biosystems Engineering 112, no. 3: 181-191.
Frédéric Pelletier; Stéphane Godbout; Sébastien Fournel; Martin Belzile; Matthieu Girard. Nitrogen Flow Characterization of Laying Hen Production Systems: A Mass Balance Approach. 2012 IX International Livestock Environment Symposium (ILES IX) 2012, 1 .
AMA StyleFrédéric Pelletier, Stéphane Godbout, Sébastien Fournel, Martin Belzile, Matthieu Girard. Nitrogen Flow Characterization of Laying Hen Production Systems: A Mass Balance Approach. 2012 IX International Livestock Environment Symposium (ILES IX). 2012; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrédéric Pelletier; Stéphane Godbout; Sébastien Fournel; Martin Belzile; Matthieu Girard. 2012. "Nitrogen Flow Characterization of Laying Hen Production Systems: A Mass Balance Approach." 2012 IX International Livestock Environment Symposium (ILES IX) , no. : 1.
Agriculture accounts for 10 to 12% of the World’s total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Manure management alone is responsible for 13% of GHG emissions from the agricultural sector. During the last decade, Québec’s egg production systems have shifted from deep-pit housing systems to manure belt housing systems. The objective of this study was to measure and compare carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from three different cage layer housing systems: a deep liquid manure pit and a manure belt with natural or forced air drying. Deep liquid manure pit housing systems consist of “A” frame layer cages located over a closed pit containing the hens’ droppings to which water is added to facilitate removal by pumping. Manure belt techniques imply that manure drops on a belt beneath each row of battery cages where it is either dried naturally or by forced air until it is removed. The experiment was replicated with 360 hens reared into twelve independent bench-scale rooms during eight weeks (19–27 weeks of age). The natural and forced air manure belt systems reduced CO2 (28.2 and 28.7 kg yr−1 hen−1, respectively), CH4 (25.3 and 27.7 g yr−1 hen−1, respectively) and N2O (2.60 and 2.48 g yr−1 hen−1, respectively) emissions by about 21, 16 and 9% in comparison with the deep-pit technique (36.0 kg CO2 yr−1 hen−1, 31.6 g CH4 yr−1 hen−1 and 2.78 g N2O yr−1 hen−1). The shift to manure belt systems needs to be encouraged since this housing system significantly decreases the production of GHG.
Sébastien Fournel; Frédéric Pelletier; Stéphane Godbout; Robert Lagacé; J J R Feddes. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Three Cage Layer Housing Systems. Animals 2011, 2, 1 -15.
AMA StyleSébastien Fournel, Frédéric Pelletier, Stéphane Godbout, Robert Lagacé, J J R Feddes. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Three Cage Layer Housing Systems. Animals. 2011; 2 (1):1-15.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSébastien Fournel; Frédéric Pelletier; Stéphane Godbout; Robert Lagacé; J J R Feddes. 2011. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Three Cage Layer Housing Systems." Animals 2, no. 1: 1-15.