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Prof. Dr. Jarbou Bahrawi has obtained his Ph.D. in Oct. 2009 from the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Colorado State University, USA. He is an author of several articles published in reputed journals and he is a member of many international groups. Bahrawi is currently a professor of the water resources engineering department of water resources and the vice dean for development, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia. He is teaching courses in hydrology and water resources management. His research interests focused on stochastic analysis and simulation of hydrologic processes, hydrology water resources engineering, Stochastic flood, and drought analysis, and Remote sensing and GIS applications on water resources.
Actual flood mapping and quantification in an area provide valuable information for the stakeholder to prevent future losses. This study presents the actual flash flood quantification in Al-Lith Watershed, Saudi Arabia. The study is divided into two steps: first is actual flood mapping using remote sensing data, and the second is the flood volume calculation. Two Sentinel-1 images are processed to map the actual flood, i.e., image from 25 May 2018 (dry condition), and 24 November 2018 (peak flood condition). SNAP software is used for the flood mapping step. During SNAP processing, selecting the backscatter data representing the actual flood in an arid region is challenging. The dB range value from 7.23–14.22 is believed to represent the flood. In GIS software, the flood map result is converted into polygon to define the flood boundary. The flood boundary that is overlaid with Digital Elevation Map (DEM) is filled with the same elevation value. The Focal Statistics neighborhood method with three iterations is used to generate the flood surface elevation inside the flood boundary. The raster contains depth information is derived by subtraction of the flood surface elevation with DEM. Several steps are carried out to minimize the overcalculation outside the flood boundary. The flood volume can be derived by the multiplication of flood depth points with each cell size area. The flash flood volume in Al-Lith Watershed on 24 November 2018 is 155,507,439 m3. Validity checks are performed by comparing it with other studies, and the result shows that the number is reliable.
Jaka Budiman; Jarbou Bahrawi; Asep Hidayatulloh; Mansour Almazroui; Mohamed Elhag. Volumetric Quantification of Flash Flood Using Microwave Data on a Watershed Scale in Arid Environments, Saudi Arabia. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4115 .
AMA StyleJaka Budiman, Jarbou Bahrawi, Asep Hidayatulloh, Mansour Almazroui, Mohamed Elhag. Volumetric Quantification of Flash Flood Using Microwave Data on a Watershed Scale in Arid Environments, Saudi Arabia. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (8):4115.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJaka Budiman; Jarbou Bahrawi; Asep Hidayatulloh; Mansour Almazroui; Mohamed Elhag. 2021. "Volumetric Quantification of Flash Flood Using Microwave Data on a Watershed Scale in Arid Environments, Saudi Arabia." Sustainability 13, no. 8: 4115.
The monitoring of inland water resources in arid environments is an essential element due to their fragility. Reliable prediction of the water quality parameters helps to control and manage the water resources in arid regions. Water quality parameters were estimated using remote sensing data acquired from the beginning of 2017 until the end of 2018. The prediction of the water quality parameters was comprehended by using an adjusted autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and its extension seasonal ARIMA (S-ARIMA). Maximum Chlorophyll Index (MCI), Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GNDVI) and Normalized Difference Turbidity Index (NDTI) were the tested water quality parameters using Sentinel-2 sensor on temporal resolution basis of the sensor. Results indicated that the implementation of the ARIMA model failed to sustain a reliable prediction longer than one-month time while S-ARIMA succeeded to maintain a robust prediction for the first 3 months with confidence level of 96%. MCI has its ARIMA at (1,2,2) and S-ARIMA at (1,2,2) (2,1,1)6, GNDVI has its ARIMA at (2,1,2) and S-ARIMA at (2,1,2) (2,2,2)6, and finally, NDTI has its ARIMA at (2,2,2) and S-ARIMA at (2,2,2) (1,1,2)6. The accuracy of S-ARIMA predictions reached 82% at 6-month prediction period. Meanwhile, there was no solid prediction model that lasted till 12 months. Each of the forecasted water quality parameters is unique in its prediction settings. S-ARIMA model is a more reliable model because the seasonality feature is inherited within the forecasted water quality parameters.
Mohamed Elhag; Ioannis Gitas; Anas Othman; Jarbou Bahrawi; Aris Psilovikos; Nassir Al-Amri. Time series analysis of remotely sensed water quality parameters in arid environments, Saudi Arabia. Environment, Development and Sustainability 2020, 23, 1392 -1410.
AMA StyleMohamed Elhag, Ioannis Gitas, Anas Othman, Jarbou Bahrawi, Aris Psilovikos, Nassir Al-Amri. Time series analysis of remotely sensed water quality parameters in arid environments, Saudi Arabia. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 2020; 23 (2):1392-1410.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed Elhag; Ioannis Gitas; Anas Othman; Jarbou Bahrawi; Aris Psilovikos; Nassir Al-Amri. 2020. "Time series analysis of remotely sensed water quality parameters in arid environments, Saudi Arabia." Environment, Development and Sustainability 23, no. 2: 1392-1410.
Mohamed Elhag; Ioannis Gitas; Anas Othman; Jarbou Bahrawi. Effect of water surface area on the remotely sensed water quality parameters of Baysh Dam Lake, Saudi Arabia. Desalination and Water Treatment 2020, 194, 369 -378.
AMA StyleMohamed Elhag, Ioannis Gitas, Anas Othman, Jarbou Bahrawi. Effect of water surface area on the remotely sensed water quality parameters of Baysh Dam Lake, Saudi Arabia. Desalination and Water Treatment. 2020; 194 ():369-378.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed Elhag; Ioannis Gitas; Anas Othman; Jarbou Bahrawi. 2020. "Effect of water surface area on the remotely sensed water quality parameters of Baysh Dam Lake, Saudi Arabia." Desalination and Water Treatment 194, no. : 369-378.
Water quality parameters help to decide the further use of water based on its quality. Changes in water surface area in the lake shall affect the water quality. Chlorophyll a, Nitrate concentration and water turbidity were extracted from satellite images to record each variation on these parameters caused by the water amount in the lake changes. Each water quality measures have been recorded with its surface area reading to analyses the effects. Water quality parameters were estimated from Sentinel-2 sensor based on the satellite temporal resolution for the years 2017–2018. Data were pre-processed then processed to estimate the Maximum Chlorophyll Index (MCI), Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GNDVI) and Normalized Difference Turbidity Index (NDTI). The Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), was used to calculate and record the changes in the water surface area in Baysh dam lake. Results showed different correlation coefficients between the lake surface area and the water quality parameters estimated Remote Sensing data. The response of the water quality parameters to surface water changes was expressed in four different surface water categories. MCI is more sensitive to surface water changes rather than GNDVI and NDTI. Neural network Analysis showed a resemblance between GNDVI and NDTI expressed in sigmoidal function while MCI showed a different behavior expressed in exponential behavior. Therefore, monitoring of the surface water area of the lack is essential in water quality monitoring.
Mohamed Elhag; Ioannis Gitas; Anas Othman; Jarbou Bahrawi. Effect of Water Surface Area on the Remotely Sensed Water Quality Parameters of Baysh Dam Lake, Saudi Arabia. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 2019, 1 -20.
AMA StyleMohamed Elhag, Ioannis Gitas, Anas Othman, Jarbou Bahrawi. Effect of Water Surface Area on the Remotely Sensed Water Quality Parameters of Baysh Dam Lake, Saudi Arabia. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions. 2019; ():1-20.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed Elhag; Ioannis Gitas; Anas Othman; Jarbou Bahrawi. 2019. "Effect of Water Surface Area on the Remotely Sensed Water Quality Parameters of Baysh Dam Lake, Saudi Arabia." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions , no. : 1-20.
Remote sensing applications in water resources management are quite essential in watershed characterization, particularly when mega basins are under investigation. Water quality parameters help in decision making regarding the further use of water based on its quality. Water quality parameters of chlorophyll a concentration, nitrate concentration, and water turbidity were used in the current study to estimate the water quality parameters in the dam lake of Wadi Baysh, Saudi Arabia. Water quality parameters were collected daily over 2 years (2017–2018) from the water treatment station located within the dam vicinity and were correspondingly tested against remotely sensed water quality parameters. Remote sensing data were collected from Sentinel-2 sensor, European Space Agency (ESA) on a satellite temporal resolution basis. Data were pre-processed then processed to estimate the maximum chlorophyll index (MCI), green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI) and normalized difference turbidity index (NDTI). Zonal statistics were used to improve the regression analysis between the spatial data estimated from the remote sensing images and the nonspatial data collected from the water treatment plant. Results showed different correlation coefficients between the ground truth collected data and the corresponding indices conducted from remote sensing data. Actual chlorophyll a concentration showed high correlation with estimated MCI mean values with an R2 of 0.96, actual nitrate concentration showed high correlation with the estimated GNDVI mean values with an R2 of 0.94, and the actual water turbidity measurements showed high correlation with the estimated NDTI mean values with an R2 of 0.94. The research findings support the use of remote sensing data of Sentinel-2 to estimate water quality parameters in arid environments.
Mohamed Elhag; Ioannis Gitas; Anas Othman; Jarbou Bahrawi; Petros Gikas. Assessment of Water Quality Parameters Using Temporal Remote Sensing Spectral Reflectance in Arid Environments, Saudi Arabia. Water 2019, 11, 556 .
AMA StyleMohamed Elhag, Ioannis Gitas, Anas Othman, Jarbou Bahrawi, Petros Gikas. Assessment of Water Quality Parameters Using Temporal Remote Sensing Spectral Reflectance in Arid Environments, Saudi Arabia. Water. 2019; 11 (3):556.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed Elhag; Ioannis Gitas; Anas Othman; Jarbou Bahrawi; Petros Gikas. 2019. "Assessment of Water Quality Parameters Using Temporal Remote Sensing Spectral Reflectance in Arid Environments, Saudi Arabia." Water 11, no. 3: 556.
Reducing the negative impacts of flooding in Makkah AL Mukarramah region in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is of utmost importance. In the last decade, there are huge mega infrastructure projects in KSA in general and in Makkah AL Mukarramah region in particular. These projects require adequate stormwater drainage systems. Since, the availability of rainfall and runoff data are scarce, engineers and hydrologists rely on models developed in temperature regions that are not hydrologically similar from temperate regions. This leads to inaccurate designs of stormwater facilities. Therefore, deveoping in situ Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves is a must in this arid region. This paper aims at modeling IDF curves for Makkah Al-Mukarramah region. Maximum annual daily rainfall series of 80 storms (with sub-hourly and hourly data) from four stations are investigated through six different probability distributions. Consequently, rainfall depth-duration-frequency models and curves are derived. Results revealed that the Gumbel Type I is the optimal one. Thus, it is used to deduce the IDF curves and relations for each station and for the region as a whole. The R2 value for fitting power-lawfunction (i = a Db) to the data is very high for the IDF parameters. The R2 for the coefficient parameter, a, is between 0.9999 and 0.9988 while it ranges between 0.8754 and 0.8039 for exponent parameter, b. High correlation coefficient (more than 0.95) has been obtained. The resulting IDF models are strongly recommended for rigorous, effective and safe design of the stormwater systems in Makkah Al-Mukarramah region.
Hatem A. Ewea; Amro M. Elfeki; Jarbou A. Bahrawi; Nassir S. Al-Amri. Modeling of IDF curves for stormwater design in Makkah Al Mukarramah region, The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Open Geosciences 2018, 10, 954 -969.
AMA StyleHatem A. Ewea, Amro M. Elfeki, Jarbou A. Bahrawi, Nassir S. Al-Amri. Modeling of IDF curves for stormwater design in Makkah Al Mukarramah region, The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Open Geosciences. 2018; 10 (1):954-969.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHatem A. Ewea; Amro M. Elfeki; Jarbou A. Bahrawi; Nassir S. Al-Amri. 2018. "Modeling of IDF curves for stormwater design in Makkah Al Mukarramah region, The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia." Open Geosciences 10, no. 1: 954-969.
This paper presents a methodology for reservoir routing in general and for arid region in particular. The proposed methodology combines the mass conservation equation of the dam reservoir, the discharge equation of the dam outlet devices, and a dimensionless depth–volume equation to calculate the outflow hydrograph downstream of the dam for a given inflow hydrograph. The proposed model is solved numerically using first- and second-order Euler finite difference schemes and shows pretty good agreement when compared with analytical solution of a specific example in the published literature and with the traditional (modified puls) method (RMSE is 0.668, 0.673, and 0.94 m3/s respectively for the time step of 300 s). The results show that there is no significant difference between first- and second-order schemes which have been supported by published literature even with higher order methods. The results also show that the RMSE decreases with decreasing the value of the time step. The key parameter of the proposed model is the so-called reservoir coefficient, N, which is estimated from fitting depth–volume data with the dimensionless depth–volume equation. Best estimation of the reservoir coefficient provides reliable reservoir routing outflow hydrograph. The implementation of the methodology and the parameters selection has been illustrated on a real case study (AL-Ulb dam in Riyadh). The effect of reservoir condition wether it is full or empty is considered. The estimated reservoir coefficient N is 0.381, and the corresponding relative RMSE is 0.073. The estimated RMSE of the outflow hydrograph is 12.75 and 12.90 m3/s in case the reservoir is full and empty respectively when considering modified puls method as a reference case. The attenuation ratio on average is 65% in case the reservoir is full. However, in case of empty reservoir, an attenuation of 50% is reached for return periods more than 10 years. These results suggest that the design of reservoir in arid region should consider an empty reservoir routing, which leads to an economic design of the downstream flood channel. While in perennial rivers, a full reservoir routing is recommended. For further application of the proposed methodology, a priori analysis of eight proposed dam locations in different provinces in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is performed. The values of the reservoir coefficient N range between 0.39 and 0.68. The smallest value of the reservoir coefficient (N = 0.39) corresponds to the highest value of the reservoir shape factor (M = 3.06) which indicates reservoir of type II (Hill), while the rest of the reservoirs are of type III (Flood Plain Foothill). The values can be used as a prior design of these dams, and a detailed analysis using the proposed methodology is needed in the final stage.
Ahmed Samy Kamis; Jarbou Bahrawi; Amro Elfeki. Reservoir routing in ephemeral streams in arid regions. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 2018, 11, 106 .
AMA StyleAhmed Samy Kamis, Jarbou Bahrawi, Amro Elfeki. Reservoir routing in ephemeral streams in arid regions. Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 2018; 11 (6):106.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmed Samy Kamis; Jarbou Bahrawi; Amro Elfeki. 2018. "Reservoir routing in ephemeral streams in arid regions." Arabian Journal of Geosciences 11, no. 6: 106.
Discharge of olive mill wastewater (OMWW) into rivers system in Crete had led to heavy organic pollution and several drastic environmental impacts. The current research study aims to map and evaluate the environmental hazards initiated by olive mill wastewater pollution discharged into surface stream network of Kolymvari agricultural area located in western Crete, Greece. Implemented methodology is based on locating source points of pollution and determining pollutant surface flow paths under GIS environment. Hydrological features of the area were delineated in the GIS environment using basically elevation data provided by the Ministry of Agriculture. On a microscale, it was proved that the implementation of MCA can quantify the environmental risk to surface water resources caused by OMWW. On a macroscale, risk mapping was implemented by establishing a spatial connection between the source points of pollution and the possible sedimentation areas. Furthermore, mapping of olive mill waste tanks will positively improve the exercised methodology in term of assessing the potential risks of soil and groundwater pollution.
Mohamed Elhag; Jarbou Bahrawi; Hanaa K. Galal; Amal Aldhebiani; Amal A. M. Al-Ghamdi. Stream network pollution by olive oil wastewater risk assessment in Crete, Greece. Environmental Earth Sciences 2017, 76, 278 .
AMA StyleMohamed Elhag, Jarbou Bahrawi, Hanaa K. Galal, Amal Aldhebiani, Amal A. M. Al-Ghamdi. Stream network pollution by olive oil wastewater risk assessment in Crete, Greece. Environmental Earth Sciences. 2017; 76 (7):278.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed Elhag; Jarbou Bahrawi; Hanaa K. Galal; Amal Aldhebiani; Amal A. M. Al-Ghamdi. 2017. "Stream network pollution by olive oil wastewater risk assessment in Crete, Greece." Environmental Earth Sciences 76, no. 7: 278.
Vegetation indices are mostly described as crop water derivatives. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is one of the oldest remote sensing applications that is widely used to evaluate crop vigor directly and crop water relationships indirectly. Recently, several NDVI derivatives were exclusively used to assess crop water relationships. Four hydrological drought indices are examined in the current research study. The water supply vegetation index (WSVI), the soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), the moisture stress index (MSI) and the normalized difference infrared index (NDII) are implemented in the current study as an indirect tool to map the effect of different soil salinity levels on crop water stress in arid environments. In arid environments, such as Saudi Arabia, water resources are under pressure, especially groundwater levels. Groundwater wells are rapidly depleted due to the heavy abstraction of the reserved water. Heavy abstractions of groundwater, which exceed crop water requirements in most of the cases, are powered by high evaporation rates in the designated study area because of the long days of extremely hot summer. Landsat 8 OLI data were extensively used in the current research to obtain several vegetation indices in response to soil salinity in Wadi ad-Dawasir. Principal component analyses (PCA) and artificial neural network (ANN) analyses are complementary tools used to understand the regression pattern of the hydrological drought indices in the designated study area.
Mohamed Elhag; Jarbou A. Bahrawi. Soil salinity mapping and hydrological drought indices assessment in arid environments based on remote sensing techniques. Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 2017, 6, 149 -158.
AMA StyleMohamed Elhag, Jarbou A. Bahrawi. Soil salinity mapping and hydrological drought indices assessment in arid environments based on remote sensing techniques. Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems. 2017; 6 (1):149-158.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed Elhag; Jarbou A. Bahrawi. 2017. "Soil salinity mapping and hydrological drought indices assessment in arid environments based on remote sensing techniques." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 6, no. 1: 149-158.
Daily evapotranspiration is a major component of water resources management plans. In arid ecosystems, the quest for an efficient water budget is always hard to achieve due to insufficient irrigational water and high evapotranspiration rates. Therefore, monitoring of daily evapotranspiration is a key practice for sustainable water resources management, especially in arid environments. Remote sensing techniques offered a great help to estimate the daily evapotranspiration on a regional scale. Existing open-source algorithms proved to estimate daily evapotranspiration comprehensively in arid environments. The only deficiency of these algorithms is the course scale of the used remote sensing data. Consequently, the adequate downscaling algorithm is a compulsory step to rationalize an effective water resources management plan. Daily evapotranspiration was estimated fairly well using an Advance Along-Track Scanner Radiometer (AATSR) in conjunction with (MEdium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) MERIS data acquired in July 2013 with 1 km spatial resolution and 3 days of temporal resolution under a surface energy balance system (SEBS) model. Results were validated against reference evapotranspiration ground truth values using standardized Penman–Monteith method with R2 of 0.879. The findings of the current research successfully monitor turbulent heat fluxes values estimated from AATSR and MERIS data with a temporal resolution of 3 days only in conjunction with reliable meteorological data. Research verdicts are necessary inputs for a well-informed decision-making processes regarding sustainable water resource management.
Mohamed Elhag; Jarbou A. Bahrawi. Realization of daily evapotranspiration in arid ecosystems based on remote sensing techniques. Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 2017, 6, 141 -147.
AMA StyleMohamed Elhag, Jarbou A. Bahrawi. Realization of daily evapotranspiration in arid ecosystems based on remote sensing techniques. Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems. 2017; 6 (1):141-147.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed Elhag; Jarbou A. Bahrawi. 2017. "Realization of daily evapotranspiration in arid ecosystems based on remote sensing techniques." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 6, no. 1: 141-147.
Water resources all over the world are facing several problems such as scarcity, pollution, climate change, and global warming. Arid zones especially suffer from either severe drought or severe floods. Scientific analysis of flood events is difficult because of lacking flood measurement data and rainfall-runoff models that are suited for arid regions. Researchers in the field of hydrology are developing rainfall-runoff models for storm runoff predictions since 1932. However, it is noticeable that most research papers, books, and theses are considering studies in temperate regions, while arid zones are lacking such studies. The main objective of this paper is to derive a mathematical model called Ari-Zo, using regression analysis, to predict flood peaks, time to peak, and time of concentration from rainfall storms in arid zones. The data used in this study relied on storm measurements registered at Allith and Yiba basins and their subcatchments (eight subbasins) located in the southwestern part of Saudi Arabia. The stream flow data method has been used to derive the unit hydrograph in the Ari-Zo model from 36 storms. The study developed several mathematical relationships between the hydrological variables and the regional topography of the basins. The mathematical equations obtained from this study are the discharge peaking factor, time of concentration, and time to peak. The Ari-Zo model results are compared with the results of the National Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) method and showed substantial differences. The peaking factors of NRCS range between 0.0646 and 0.2582, while in Ari-Zo, it ranges between 0.0513 (low flood case) and 1.9465 (very extreme flood case). The ratio between the time to peak and the time of concentration in NRCS is equal to 0.667, while in Ari-Zo, it ranges between 0.05 and 0.5 and on average, it is 0.276. The parameters of time of concentration in Ari-Zo model are different from those of Kirpich equation. The study recommends using the Ari-Zo model for arid zone hydrological studies.
Mohammad Albishi; Jarbou Bahrawi; Amro Elfeki. Empirical equations for flood analysis in arid zones: the Ari-Zo model. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 2017, 10, 51 .
AMA StyleMohammad Albishi, Jarbou Bahrawi, Amro Elfeki. Empirical equations for flood analysis in arid zones: the Ari-Zo model. Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 2017; 10 (3):51.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad Albishi; Jarbou Bahrawi; Amro Elfeki. 2017. "Empirical equations for flood analysis in arid zones: the Ari-Zo model." Arabian Journal of Geosciences 10, no. 3: 51.
Mohamed Elhag; Jarbou A. Bahrawi. Spatial assessment of landfill sites based on remote sensing and GIS techniques in Tagarades, Greece. Desalination and Water Treatment 2017, 91, 396 -401.
AMA StyleMohamed Elhag, Jarbou A. Bahrawi. Spatial assessment of landfill sites based on remote sensing and GIS techniques in Tagarades, Greece. Desalination and Water Treatment. 2017; 91 ():396-401.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed Elhag; Jarbou A. Bahrawi. 2017. "Spatial assessment of landfill sites based on remote sensing and GIS techniques in Tagarades, Greece." Desalination and Water Treatment 91, no. : 396-401.
Hydrological and hydraulic modelling are becoming essential in the field of flood hazards. There are many models available in the literature among them HECHMS, MIKESHE, HECRAS, MIKEFLOOD, MIKE11, SWMM, DELFT3D, etc. Each of these models has its own advantages and disadvantages. In general, hydrological models are used to estimate the flood from a rainstorm, while hydraulic models are used to delineate the inundation zones. Solution of the governing equations for flood propagation is cumbersome and takes lots of time and efforts especially in two-dimensional domains in urbanised areas. In this paper, an efficient methodology based on the random walk theory is developed and programmed to delineate the inundation areas from a flood. The method is applied on the flood that happened on November 2009 in Jeddah city using a simplified city configuration. The results are plausible. The method can be further developed to simulate floods in a real city configuration.
Amro Elfeki; Jarbou Bahrawi. Application of the random walk theory for simulation of flood hazards: Jeddah flood 25 November 2009. International Journal of Emergency Management 2017, 13, 169 .
AMA StyleAmro Elfeki, Jarbou Bahrawi. Application of the random walk theory for simulation of flood hazards: Jeddah flood 25 November 2009. International Journal of Emergency Management. 2017; 13 (2):169.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmro Elfeki; Jarbou Bahrawi. 2017. "Application of the random walk theory for simulation of flood hazards: Jeddah flood 25 November 2009." International Journal of Emergency Management 13, no. 2: 169.
Vegetation indices are mostly described as crop water derivatives. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is one of the oldest remote sensing applications that widely used to evaluate crop vigor directly and crop water relationships indirectly. Recently, several NDVI derivatives are exclusively used to assess crop water relationships. Four hydrological drought indices are examined in the current research study. Water Supply Vegetation Index (WSVI), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), Moisture Stress Index (MSI) and Normalized Difference Infrared Index (NDII) are implemented in the current study as an indirect tool to map the effect of different soil salinity level on crop water stress in arid environments. In arid environments; such as Saudi Arabia, water resources are under pressure especially groundwater levels. Groundwater wells are rapidly depleted due to the heavy abstraction of the reserved water. Heavy abstractions of groundwater; which exceed crop water requirements in most of the cases are powered by high evaporation rates in the designated study area because of the long days of extremely hot summer. Landsat OLI-8 data were extensively used in the current research to obtain several vegetation indices in response to soil salinity in Wadi Ad-Waser. Principal Component Analysis and Artificial Neural Network Analysis are complementary tools to understand the regression pattern of the hydrological drought indices in the designated study area.
Mohamed Elhag; Jarbou A. Bahrawi. Soil Salinity Mapping and Hydrological Drought Indices Assessment in Arid Environments Based on Remote Sensing Techniques. 2016, 1 -31.
AMA StyleMohamed Elhag, Jarbou A. Bahrawi. Soil Salinity Mapping and Hydrological Drought Indices Assessment in Arid Environments Based on Remote Sensing Techniques. . 2016; ():1-31.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed Elhag; Jarbou A. Bahrawi. 2016. "Soil Salinity Mapping and Hydrological Drought Indices Assessment in Arid Environments Based on Remote Sensing Techniques." , no. : 1-31.
Daily evapotranspiration is a major component in water resources management plans. In arid ecosystems, the quest for efficient water budget is always hard to achieve due to insufficient irrigational water and high evapotranspiration rates. Therefore, monitoring of daily evapotranspiration is a keystone practice for sustainable water resources management, especially in arid environments. Remote Sensing Techniques offered a great help to estimate the daily evapotranspiration on a regional scale. Existing open source algorithms proved to estimate daily evapotranspiration in arid environments comprehensively. The only deficiency of these algorithms is course scale of the used remote sensing data. Consequently, the adequate downscaling algorithm is a compulsory step to rationalize an effective water resources management plans. Daily evapotranspiration was fairly estimated using AATSR in conjunction with MERIS data acquired in July 2013 with one-kilometer spatial resolution and 3 days temporal resolution under SEBS model. Results were validated against reference evapotranspiration ground truth values using standardized Penman-Monteith method with R2 of 0.879. The findings of the current research are successfully fulfilled to monitor turbulent heat fluxes values estimated from AATSR and MERIS data with a temporal resolution of 3 days only in conjunction with reliable meteorological data. Research verdicts are necessary inputs for well-informed decision-making process regarding sustainable water resources management
Mohamed Elhag; Jarbou A. Bahrawi. Realization of Daily Evapotranspiration in Arid Ecosystems Based on Remote Sensing Techniques. 2016, 1 -21.
AMA StyleMohamed Elhag, Jarbou A. Bahrawi. Realization of Daily Evapotranspiration in Arid Ecosystems Based on Remote Sensing Techniques. . 2016; ():1-21.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed Elhag; Jarbou A. Bahrawi. 2016. "Realization of Daily Evapotranspiration in Arid Ecosystems Based on Remote Sensing Techniques." , no. : 1-21.
Runoff peak and volume in flood studies are estimated relying on temporal rainfall distribution from various storm patterns. Usually, SCS distributions types (I, II, III, IA) are commonly used. Using these distributions in runoff calculations assume that the in situ temporal rainfall pattern typically behaves as the one described by the SCS-type distribution, which is due to cyclonic frontal storms and actually developed in temperate environment. To what extent such assumption is valid in the arid environment? How much the impacts of rainfall temporal patterns are reflected in runoff volumes and peaks? The aim objectives of the current study are to answer the above two questions and clarify the validity of aforementioned assumption and exemplify such effect. Real rainfall data collected from rain gauges of Makkah Al-Mukkramah region over a period of more than 20 years are utilized. Temporal rainfall patterns and their parameters are deduced. Many hydrological simulations are performed and comparisons, in terms of runoff volume and peak flows, are made to show the effects of the common rainfall storm patterns and the developed rainfall storm patterns in the region based on the current study. Results indicate that major bursts of the design rainfall storm pattern are located in the first time of the storm period in the two quartiles which is mainly due to convective rainfall type in thunderstorms unlike the commonly used by SCS types relying on frontal cyclonic storms. Makkah Al-Mukkramah temporal rainfall pattern does not behave as the “typical pattern” assumed by SCS distributions that are deduced from different environments. The impacts of the temporal pattern reflected as an overestimate in the runoff peak reached to 68 %. The developed hyetographs and tables presented in the current study are recommended to enhance economical and rational design practice in watersheds of Makkah Al-Mukkramah region.
Hatem A. Ewea; Amro M. M. Elfeki; Jarbou A. Bahrawi; Nassir S. Al-Amri. Sensitivity analysis of runoff hydrographs due to temporal rainfall patterns in Makkah Al-Mukkramah region, Saudi Arabia. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 2016, 9, 1 .
AMA StyleHatem A. Ewea, Amro M. M. Elfeki, Jarbou A. Bahrawi, Nassir S. Al-Amri. Sensitivity analysis of runoff hydrographs due to temporal rainfall patterns in Makkah Al-Mukkramah region, Saudi Arabia. Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 2016; 9 (5):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHatem A. Ewea; Amro M. M. Elfeki; Jarbou A. Bahrawi; Nassir S. Al-Amri. 2016. "Sensitivity analysis of runoff hydrographs due to temporal rainfall patterns in Makkah Al-Mukkramah region, Saudi Arabia." Arabian Journal of Geosciences 9, no. 5: 1.
Soil heavy metal pollution is the driving force to various health problems as well as reprehensible soil quality. Landfill leachates are one of the focal sources of soil and underground water pollution. A total number of 120 soil samples were taken from three different soil horizons and tested for heavy metal content, and their physical and chemical properties were measured. Approximately, 1,500 m3 of leachates were released into the main local stream and pour to an area of 800 ha used for agriculture practices and olive cultivation. The designated area is located in the municipality of Thermi, Prefecture of Thessaloniki, Greece. Total extractable concentrations of seven different heavy metals were detected using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AS, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Ni)—and were elucidated to be slightly above the average of the universal allowable concentrations. Inverse distance weighting interpolator was implemented, and weighted linear combination was used to assess the overall pollution risk. Different multivariate analyses were implemented to point out the relationship between the experimented heavy metals. The risk of having soil heavy metal pollution at Tagarades is incontestable; nevertheless, the underground water of Tagarades in the meantime is not under jeopardy but the underground water pollution threat constantly exists.
Mohamed Elhag; Jarbou A. Bahrawi. Consideration of geo-statistical analysis in soil pollution assessment caused by leachate breakout in the municipality of Thermi, Greece. DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 2016, 1 -11.
AMA StyleMohamed Elhag, Jarbou A. Bahrawi. Consideration of geo-statistical analysis in soil pollution assessment caused by leachate breakout in the municipality of Thermi, Greece. DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT. 2016; ():1-11.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed Elhag; Jarbou A. Bahrawi. 2016. "Consideration of geo-statistical analysis in soil pollution assessment caused by leachate breakout in the municipality of Thermi, Greece." DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT , no. : 1-11.
Soil erosion is one of the major environmental problems in terms of soil degradation in Saudi Arabia. Soil erosion leads to significant on- and off-site impacts such as significant decrease in the productive capacity of the land and sedimentation. The key aspects influencing the quantity of soil erosion mainly rely on the vegetation cover, topography, soil type, and climate. This research studies the quantification of soil erosion under different levels of data availability in Wadi Yalamlam. Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques have been implemented for the assessment of the data, applying the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) for the calculation of the risk of erosion. Thirty-four soil samples were randomly selected for the calculation of the erodibility factor, based on calculating theK-factor values derived from soil property surfaces after interpolating soil sampling points. Soil erosion risk map was reclassified into five erosion risk classes and 19.3% of the Wadi Yalamlam is under very severe risk (37,740 ha). GIS and RS proved to be powerful instruments for mapping soil erosion risk, providing sufficient tools for the analytical part of this research. The mapping results certified the role of RUSLE as a decision support tool.
Jarbou Bahrawi; Mohamed Elhag; Amal Y. Aldhebiani; Hanaa K. Galal; Ahmad K. Hegazy; Ebtisam Alghailani. Soil Erosion Estimation Using Remote Sensing Techniques in Wadi Yalamlam Basin, Saudi Arabia. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016, 2016, 1 -8.
AMA StyleJarbou Bahrawi, Mohamed Elhag, Amal Y. Aldhebiani, Hanaa K. Galal, Ahmad K. Hegazy, Ebtisam Alghailani. Soil Erosion Estimation Using Remote Sensing Techniques in Wadi Yalamlam Basin, Saudi Arabia. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering. 2016; 2016 ():1-8.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJarbou Bahrawi; Mohamed Elhag; Amal Y. Aldhebiani; Hanaa K. Galal; Ahmad K. Hegazy; Ebtisam Alghailani. 2016. "Soil Erosion Estimation Using Remote Sensing Techniques in Wadi Yalamlam Basin, Saudi Arabia." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016, no. : 1-8.
Mangrove ecosystems are one of the habitats that host high environmental diversity at the level of physical, geomorphological and biological features in arid regions. In Saudi Arabia, mangrove ecosystems are heavily threatened by both natural hazards and human pressure. The total estimated area of mangroves in Safwa Al Khurais, Saudi Arabia, is approximately 20 000 ha in extent and comprises two species: Avicennia marina and Rhizophora mucronata. They supply detritus to the marine food web and play a significant role in the conservation of biological diversity. The main objective of this study was to analyse the demographic population sensitivity of A. marina in two representative sites on the Red Sea and the eastern coast of Saudi Arabia. A sensitivity analysis was used to assess the contributions of the inputs to the total uncertainty in the analysis outcomes. Demographic features affecting mangroves in Saudi Arabia are complex and include various aspects. The phenological phase, tree size, density, cover, number of dead trees and pneumatophore characteristics were considered in this study. A comparative analysis of Gaussian process emulators for performing a global sensitivity analysis was used to conduct a variance-based sensitivity analysis to identify which uncertain inputs drive the output uncertainty. The results showed that the interconnections between different demographic features were predictable, but that the extent of the sensitivity was uncertain. Findings from the current study are anticipated to contribute significantly towards an inclusive mangrove demographic features assessment, and towards the subsequent conservation of mangroves in Saudi Arabia.Conservation implications: The findings of the current research are discussed in light of the application of sensitivity analyses outputs in the conservation and management of mangrove ecosystems at a national level
Mohamed Elhag; Ahmad K. Hegazy; Abdulrahman A. Alatar; Mohamed Faisal; Magdi El-Bana; Jarbou A. Bahrawi; Amal A.M. Al-Ghamdi. Population demography and global sensitivity analysis of Avicennia marina on the eastern and western coasts of Saudi Arabia. Koedoe 2015, 57, 9 pages .
AMA StyleMohamed Elhag, Ahmad K. Hegazy, Abdulrahman A. Alatar, Mohamed Faisal, Magdi El-Bana, Jarbou A. Bahrawi, Amal A.M. Al-Ghamdi. Population demography and global sensitivity analysis of Avicennia marina on the eastern and western coasts of Saudi Arabia. Koedoe. 2015; 57 (1):9 pages.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed Elhag; Ahmad K. Hegazy; Abdulrahman A. Alatar; Mohamed Faisal; Magdi El-Bana; Jarbou A. Bahrawi; Amal A.M. Al-Ghamdi. 2015. "Population demography and global sensitivity analysis of Avicennia marina on the eastern and western coasts of Saudi Arabia." Koedoe 57, no. 1: 9 pages.
Water resources are subjected to different pollution sources. Water pollution is a major concern to the public due to its drastic impacts on both levels of human and habitat health. Olive Mill Waste Water is the principle point source water pollution in different territories across the Mediterranean. OMWW is a secondary product produced during the production of Olive Oil. Due to the lack of consistent method to evaluate point source of pollution generated by OMWW on a river basin scale, the current research relies on a quantifiable approach to assess OMWW as point source water pollution on sub-catchment level. Current methodology utilizes Geographic Information System (GIS) modelling to classify within a watershed individual sub-catchment risk of water pollution occurring from olive mill waste discharges. The research presents the proposed criteria and calculations required to estimate sub-catchment risk significance and comments on the methods potential for wider application. This research combines elements from risk assessment frameworks Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) and GIS. MCA helped in aggregating different aspects and elements associated with this environmental problem, while GIS modelling tools helped in obtaining many criterion values and providing insight into how different objects interact in the nature and how these interactions influence risk at the watershed level. The proposed method was tested in Chania prefecture in Crete, Greece. Conducted results proved that the implement methodology is with a great potential of prioritizing and evaluating OMWW as a source of water pollution on a river basin scale.
Mohamed Elhag; Jarbou A. Bahrawi. Olive Mill Waste Water Hazard Evaluation Reliant on GIS Approach in Chania, Greece. Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 2015, 15, 428 -434.
AMA StyleMohamed Elhag, Jarbou A. Bahrawi. Olive Mill Waste Water Hazard Evaluation Reliant on GIS Approach in Chania, Greece. Procedia Earth and Planetary Science. 2015; 15 ():428-434.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed Elhag; Jarbou A. Bahrawi. 2015. "Olive Mill Waste Water Hazard Evaluation Reliant on GIS Approach in Chania, Greece." Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 15, no. : 428-434.