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A sustainable community seeks to protect and enhance the environment, meet social needs, and promote economic success. On average, local governments lack meaningfully connecting their environmental and economic sustainability efforts to equity and social justice. Community-based organizations (CBOs) have emerged as local leaders with a growing capacity for pursuing community sustainability. Based on data from a national survey National Community Action Partnership member organizations, this study explores (1) how CBO leaders define sustainable communities; (2) how important each of the three pillars of sustainability are to their mission; and (3) with what organizations do CBOs collaborate in their pursuit of sustainable communities. A content analysis of responses to an open-ended query to define sustainable communities revealed a significant focus on the social equity pillar of sustainability which is closely linked to economic sustainability. Similarly, CBO leaders ranked social equity and economic sustainability as the highest priority for their core mission. Lastly, CBO leaders heavily engaged in local collaboration in their sustainable community efforts. Therefore, serious pursuit of sustainable cities and communities must shift from a go-at-it-alone, centralized government approach to more inclusive, collaborative efforts that take advantage of the economic-social equity sustainability focus of CBOs in both planning and implementation.
Tony Reames; Nathaniel Wright. The Three E’s Revisited: How Do Community-Based Organizations Define Sustainable Communities and Their Role in Pursuit of? Sustainability 2021, 13, 8825 .
AMA StyleTony Reames, Nathaniel Wright. The Three E’s Revisited: How Do Community-Based Organizations Define Sustainable Communities and Their Role in Pursuit of? Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):8825.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTony Reames; Nathaniel Wright. 2021. "The Three E’s Revisited: How Do Community-Based Organizations Define Sustainable Communities and Their Role in Pursuit of?" Sustainability 13, no. 16: 8825.
Over the last decade, the United States has experienced continued growth in residential rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) adoption. However, solar adoption disparities have been shown across household income, homeownership status, and more recently racial and ethnic demographics. A key component to ensuring a just clean energy transition is understanding the existing landscape to establish realistic goals. Motivated by studies on solar adoption disparities, this descriptive study aims to evaluate the distribution of estimated single-family rooftop potential across racial and ethnic majority census tracts to discern whether rooftop potential disparities may justify solar adoption disparities. Across all census tracts, the median rooftop potential was 80%. Three-fourths of all census tracts had a rooftop potential >72%, regardless of racial/ethnic majority. Compared to majority-white census tracts, majority-Black, majority-Hispanic, and majority-Asian census tracts had slightly lower rooftop potential, 6, 7, and 9%, respectively, while majority-American Indian census tracts had an 11% higher rooftop potential. The slightly lower rooftop potential in communities of color compared to majority-white and non-racial/ethnic majority census tracts, alone, was not of the magnitude to justify documented racial/ethnic disparities in solar adoption. This study concludes, that while a majority of homes in communities of color are solar suitable, an equitable clean energy transition is only possible with policies, programs, and incentives that center on racial equity while recognizing the interplay between race, income, and homeownership status.
Tony G. Reames. Exploring Residential Rooftop Solar Potential in the United States by Race and Ethnicity. Frontiers in Sustainable Cities 2021, 3, 1 .
AMA StyleTony G. Reames. Exploring Residential Rooftop Solar Potential in the United States by Race and Ethnicity. Frontiers in Sustainable Cities. 2021; 3 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTony G. Reames. 2021. "Exploring Residential Rooftop Solar Potential in the United States by Race and Ethnicity." Frontiers in Sustainable Cities 3, no. : 1.
The United States spends more on health care than any other OECD country, yet the nation’s health is declining. Recent research has identified multiple sources for this decline, including one’s position in social and economic structures, environmental quality, and individual and collective social capital. This paper assesses the primary hypotheses that the health effects of household energy burden, social capital and environmental quality on aggregated community health levels remain while controlling for other determinants. The analysis moves beyond prior research by integrating multiple secondary data sources to assess those effects across US counties. Three indicators of public health are analyzed (premature mortality, self-reported health, and life expectancy). The county-level energy burden is measured by the percent of household income spent on housing energy bills for low- and moderate-income households. In addition to energy burden, social capital, environmental quality and other determinants are included in the analysis. The results produced by multivariate regression models support the primary hypotheses, even while a number of control variables also have a significant effect on health. The paper concludes that public health is associated with a complex nexus of factors, including environmental quality and social capital, and that energy burden needs to be among the considerations.
Tony G. Reames; Dorothy M. Daley; John C. Pierce. Exploring the Nexus of Energy Burden, Social Capital, and Environmental Quality in Shaping Health in US Counties. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 620 .
AMA StyleTony G. Reames, Dorothy M. Daley, John C. Pierce. Exploring the Nexus of Energy Burden, Social Capital, and Environmental Quality in Shaping Health in US Counties. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (2):620.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTony G. Reames; Dorothy M. Daley; John C. Pierce. 2021. "Exploring the Nexus of Energy Burden, Social Capital, and Environmental Quality in Shaping Health in US Counties." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2: 620.
Jalonne L. White-Newsome; Tony Reames. Call for Special Issue Papers: Redefining Resilience and Equity in the Time of Climate Change. Environmental Justice 2020, 13, 189 -190.
AMA StyleJalonne L. White-Newsome, Tony Reames. Call for Special Issue Papers: Redefining Resilience and Equity in the Time of Climate Change. Environmental Justice. 2020; 13 (6):189-190.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJalonne L. White-Newsome; Tony Reames. 2020. "Call for Special Issue Papers: Redefining Resilience and Equity in the Time of Climate Change." Environmental Justice 13, no. 6: 189-190.
Efforts to eliminate anti-Black racism in academia must go far beyond superficial ticking of boxes. The academic community must create conditions for authentic, not tokenistic, Black engagement, argues Tony Reames.
Tony G. Reames. A call for authentic Black engagement in the academy and beyond. Nature Human Behaviour 2020, 5, 2 -2.
AMA StyleTony G. Reames. A call for authentic Black engagement in the academy and beyond. Nature Human Behaviour. 2020; 5 (1):2-2.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTony G. Reames. 2020. "A call for authentic Black engagement in the academy and beyond." Nature Human Behaviour 5, no. 1: 2-2.
Jalonne L. White-Newsome; Tony Reames. Call for Special Issue Papers: Redefining Resilience and Equity in the Time of Climate Change. Environmental Justice 2020, 13, 146 -147.
AMA StyleJalonne L. White-Newsome, Tony Reames. Call for Special Issue Papers: Redefining Resilience and Equity in the Time of Climate Change. Environmental Justice. 2020; 13 (5):146-147.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJalonne L. White-Newsome; Tony Reames. 2020. "Call for Special Issue Papers: Redefining Resilience and Equity in the Time of Climate Change." Environmental Justice 13, no. 5: 146-147.
Since 1976, the U.S. Department of Energy's Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP) has provided state block grants for no-to low-cost energy efficiency retrofits for more than 7 million low-income households. Yet, more than 35 million households meet income-qualifications for the program. While numerous program evaluations demonstrate the energy- and non-energy-related benefits of WAP, some argue low uptake, and a low rate of return on retrofit costs to energy savings. To further our understanding of government-funded low-income energy efficiency program implementation, we examined local agency-level perceptions of challenges and opportunities. Findings from semi-structured interviews with program managers, representing one-third of Michigan's WAP funding and retrofit production, suggest three funding-related challenges: funding instability; funding allocation formula; and limited advertising and marketing funding, and two regulatory-related challenges: cumbersome paperwork and restrictive guidelines. Program managers also identified three workaround opportunities: collaboration with utilities and other organizations; intra-agency innovation and integration; and strategic productivity and per unit spending. Lastly, one recommendation for further exploration would be testing the efficacy of granting local agencies greater flexibility to work around funding and regulatory challenges to increase the number of households weatherized, reduce long waitlists and deferral rates, and use staff time more efficiently.
Shiva Raissi; Tony G. Reames. “If we had a little more flexibility.” perceptions of programmatic challenges and opportunities implementing government-funded low-income energy efficiency programs. Energy Policy 2020, 147, 111880 .
AMA StyleShiva Raissi, Tony G. Reames. “If we had a little more flexibility.” perceptions of programmatic challenges and opportunities implementing government-funded low-income energy efficiency programs. Energy Policy. 2020; 147 ():111880.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShiva Raissi; Tony G. Reames. 2020. "“If we had a little more flexibility.” perceptions of programmatic challenges and opportunities implementing government-funded low-income energy efficiency programs." Energy Policy 147, no. : 111880.
Community-based nongovernmental organizations have emerged as leaders in local economic development, with a growing capacity for undertaking community sustainability projects in distressed neighborhoods. Very little is known about what organizational and managerial characteristics contribute to community sustainability performance. This article seeks to address this gap in the literature. Survey data from 134 community action agencies in the U.S. were analyzed to determine which organizational and managerial factors influence the effectiveness of community-based organizations in meeting community sustainability goals. The findings from an ordinary least-square regression model suggest that community engagement, human resource capacity, county/regional government collaboration, government funding, and revenue diversification are important predictors of community sustainability performance.
Nathaniel S. Wright; Tony G. Reames. Unraveling the Links between Organizational Factors and Perceptions of Community Sustainability Performance: An Empirical Investigation of Community-Based Nongovernmental Organizations. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4986 .
AMA StyleNathaniel S. Wright, Tony G. Reames. Unraveling the Links between Organizational Factors and Perceptions of Community Sustainability Performance: An Empirical Investigation of Community-Based Nongovernmental Organizations. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (12):4986.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNathaniel S. Wright; Tony G. Reames. 2020. "Unraveling the Links between Organizational Factors and Perceptions of Community Sustainability Performance: An Empirical Investigation of Community-Based Nongovernmental Organizations." Sustainability 12, no. 12: 4986.
Single-family residential rooftop solar adoption in the United States has not occurred equitably across the country, nor across socioeconomic and demographic groups. In response, state and local governments have developed solar equity programs, primarily focused on increasing adoption by low- and moderate-income (LMI) households. This study merged national datasets that estimate rooftop solar potential, the distribution of rooftop solar systems, and census tract- level socioeconomic and demographic characteristics to answer three questions. First, how are spatial distributions of rooftop potential and penetration similar and different across cities? Second, how is rooftop penetration distributed across non-LMI and LMI communities in different cities? Third, how do the relationships between rooftop penetration and local socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, identified as barriers to solar adoption, differ? Using GIS, bivariate and multivariate analyses, these questions were examined in four US cities – Riverside and San Bernardino, California, Washington, DC, and Chicago, Illinois – to understand both universal and distinct local manifestations. Findings include: higher rooftop potential existed in some LMI communities; higher rooftop potential did not necessarily translate to higher rooftop penetration, especially if higher potential was in LMI communities; and beyond income, other socioeconomic and demographic characteristics such as race/ethnicity, limited English proficiency, age of housing stock, and internet access were associated with rooftop penetration. While there remains great potential for expanding rooftop solar to LMI households and communities, understanding the local dynamics of solar potential and penetration may inform better policy development and implementation.
Tony G. Reames. Distributional disparities in residential rooftop solar potential and penetration in four cities in the United States. Energy Research & Social Science 2020, 69, 101612 .
AMA StyleTony G. Reames. Distributional disparities in residential rooftop solar potential and penetration in four cities in the United States. Energy Research & Social Science. 2020; 69 ():101612.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTony G. Reames. 2020. "Distributional disparities in residential rooftop solar potential and penetration in four cities in the United States." Energy Research & Social Science 69, no. : 101612.
Using seven established course design principles for effective service‐learning, this chapter discusses the lessons learned in teaching the three E's of sustainability: environmental; economic; and (social) equity, in a professional program at an American Midwestern public university.
Tony G. Reames; Jeannette M. Blackmar; John C. Pierce. Teaching the Three E's of Sustainability Through Service‐Learning in a Professional Program. New Directions for Teaching and Learning 2020, 2020, 73 -82.
AMA StyleTony G. Reames, Jeannette M. Blackmar, John C. Pierce. Teaching the Three E's of Sustainability Through Service‐Learning in a Professional Program. New Directions for Teaching and Learning. 2020; 2020 (161):73-82.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTony G. Reames; Jeannette M. Blackmar; John C. Pierce. 2020. "Teaching the Three E's of Sustainability Through Service‐Learning in a Professional Program." New Directions for Teaching and Learning 2020, no. 161: 73-82.
The field of energy justice is at a critical juncture. As the social dimensions of energy systems are becoming more salient, it is time to reflect on what has been achieved, and look towards a future of greater impact and transdisciplinary methods in energy justice research and practice. In the past 10 years, the energy justice literature has grown exponentially demonstrating the appeal and the value of its tangible, applicable explanatory framework. Yet more pessimistically, this rapid growth could also represent a trend in uncritical commitment without appropriate reflectivity and without maximizing societal impact. Carefully considering these different interpretations, this perspective article reflects on four core challenges and opportunities for energy justice scholarship and practice in its next wave of development: (1) the alignment, connectivity and orientation of energy justice terminology, (2) leveraging impact and achieving outcomes in partnership between academic and non-academic communities and activists, (3) the need to acknowledge and define the audience for energy justice contributions and (4) the need for energy justice scholars and practitioners to “practice what we preach”. Given the timely salience of energy justice work, more intentional consideration of the possibilities for societal impact is increasingly valuable.
Kirsten E.H. Jenkins; Jennie C Stephens; Tony G. Reames; Diana Hernández. Towards impactful energy justice research: Transforming the power of academic engagement. Energy Research & Social Science 2020, 67, 101510 .
AMA StyleKirsten E.H. Jenkins, Jennie C Stephens, Tony G. Reames, Diana Hernández. Towards impactful energy justice research: Transforming the power of academic engagement. Energy Research & Social Science. 2020; 67 ():101510.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKirsten E.H. Jenkins; Jennie C Stephens; Tony G. Reames; Diana Hernández. 2020. "Towards impactful energy justice research: Transforming the power of academic engagement." Energy Research & Social Science 67, no. : 101510.
Dominic J. Bednar; Tony G. Reames. Recognition of and response to energy poverty in the United States. Nature Energy 2020, 5, 432 -439.
AMA StyleDominic J. Bednar, Tony G. Reames. Recognition of and response to energy poverty in the United States. Nature Energy. 2020; 5 (6):432-439.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDominic J. Bednar; Tony G. Reames. 2020. "Recognition of and response to energy poverty in the United States." Nature Energy 5, no. 6: 432-439.
Access to upfront capital remains a primary barrier in residential energy efficiency adoption. Government-sponsored programs exist for low-income households while traditional financing serves creditworthy households. However, there remains a coverage gap for those with moderate incomes too high to qualify for low- income programs, but without access to friendly capital. With limited research in this space, this study aims to: (1) develop a model to estimate the number of households in the coverage gap; and (2) explore their spatial distribution. For the state of Michigan, we used data from the US Census Bureau and approximately 12,000 green bank loans to estimate the energy efficiency financing coverage gap across the state's 83 counties using a binomial mixed model. We found that credit score and income interacted to largely determine whether an applicant was approved. Households in the highest income quintile achieved a 50% chance of approval with a moderate credit score (662) while those in the lowest needed a very high credit score (715) for the same odds. Overall, this created an estimated 12% energy efficiency financing coverage gap of households statewide, with individual county levels between 0% and 24%. Broadly, understanding the market potential and spatial distribution of this coverage gap could allow impact-driven financiers such as green banks or community development financial institutions to expand programs that may offer alternative underwriting criteria. Expanding loan access to this underserved market can promote energy system improvements, policy goals, household living conditions, and an equitable clean energy transition.
Sydney P. Forrester; Tony G. Reames. Understanding the residential energy efficiency financing coverage gap and market potential. Applied Energy 2019, 260, 114307 .
AMA StyleSydney P. Forrester, Tony G. Reames. Understanding the residential energy efficiency financing coverage gap and market potential. Applied Energy. 2019; 260 ():114307.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSydney P. Forrester; Tony G. Reames. 2019. "Understanding the residential energy efficiency financing coverage gap and market potential." Applied Energy 260, no. : 114307.
Extreme summertime heat is a significant public health threat that disproportionately impacts vulnerable urban populations. Research on health impacts of climate change (including increasing intensity, duration, and frequency of hot weather) is sometimes designed and implemented without the involvement of the communities being studied, i.e., "community-placed" not "community-based." We describe how the Heatwaves, Housing, and Health: Increasing Climate Resiliency in Detroit (HHH) partnership engaged relevant communities by integrating a community-based participatory research (CBPR) approach into an existing, academic-designed research project through a steering committee of community and academic partners. Using a case study approach, we analyze program documentation, partnership evaluation questionnaires, and HHH steering committee meeting notes. We describe the CBPR process by which we successfully collected research data in Detroit during summer 2016, engaged in collaborative analysis of data, and shared results with Detroit residents. Evaluations of the partnership over 2 years show community involvement in research; enhanced capacities; success in securing new grant funding; and ways that CBPR strengthened the validity, relevance, and translation of research. Engaging communities as equal partners using CBPR, even after a study is underway, can strengthen research to understand and address the impacts of extreme heat on health and equity in urban communities.
Todd B. Ziegler; Chris M. Coombe; Zachary E. Rowe; Sarah J. Clark; Carina J. Gronlund; Michelle Lee; Angelina Palacios; Larissa S. Larsen; Tony G. Reames; Justin Schott; Guy O. Williams; Marie S. O’Neill. Shifting from "Community-Placed" to "Community-Based" Research to Advance Health Equity: A Case Study of the Heatwaves, Housing, and Health: Increasing Climate Resiliency in Detroit (HHH) Partnership. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 3310 .
AMA StyleTodd B. Ziegler, Chris M. Coombe, Zachary E. Rowe, Sarah J. Clark, Carina J. Gronlund, Michelle Lee, Angelina Palacios, Larissa S. Larsen, Tony G. Reames, Justin Schott, Guy O. Williams, Marie S. O’Neill. Shifting from "Community-Placed" to "Community-Based" Research to Advance Health Equity: A Case Study of the Heatwaves, Housing, and Health: Increasing Climate Resiliency in Detroit (HHH) Partnership. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (18):3310.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTodd B. Ziegler; Chris M. Coombe; Zachary E. Rowe; Sarah J. Clark; Carina J. Gronlund; Michelle Lee; Angelina Palacios; Larissa S. Larsen; Tony G. Reames; Justin Schott; Guy O. Williams; Marie S. O’Neill. 2019. "Shifting from "Community-Placed" to "Community-Based" Research to Advance Health Equity: A Case Study of the Heatwaves, Housing, and Health: Increasing Climate Resiliency in Detroit (HHH) Partnership." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 18: 3310.
Multiple studies have quantified the ecosystem services of green infrastructure for both public and environmental health. This study evaluates and compares accessibility of low-income and marginalized communities to the cooling benefits of green roofs in Detroit, MI in the context of the urban heat island effect and the City’s current heat relief system of dedicated cooling centers. Regions of the city were evaluated for their vulnerability to the urban heat island effect, which can be alleviated by green roofs due to raised surface albedo and evaporative cooling. Spatial data regarding land surface temperature, income, and race were used to locate where green roof ecosystem services are most needed and how communities within these regions are categorized demographically. Existing green roof efforts were mapped to determine whether siting has occurred where ecosystem services are most needed and how socioeconomic factors might be related to the locations of urban heat island-mitigating green infrastructure. Analysis of the spatial data in this study revealed most low-income residents are within walking distance from cooling centers, but not included in the Detroit Future City Urban Green Neighborhoods, while green roofs specifically were in the affluent part of Detroit's urban core, where the population is predominantly white. The methodology employed here can be applied to evaluate urban greening plans in other cities.
Lino Sanchez; Tony G. Reames. Cooling Detroit: A socio-spatial analysis of equity in green roofs as an urban heat island mitigation strategy. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2019, 44, 126331 .
AMA StyleLino Sanchez, Tony G. Reames. Cooling Detroit: A socio-spatial analysis of equity in green roofs as an urban heat island mitigation strategy. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2019; 44 ():126331.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLino Sanchez; Tony G. Reames. 2019. "Cooling Detroit: A socio-spatial analysis of equity in green roofs as an urban heat island mitigation strategy." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 44, no. : 126331.
As our energy systems are transitioning towards low-carbon energy sources and their environmental and economic sustainability are assessed, their potential social impacts must also be determined. These social impacts may be disproportionate to a population, leading to energy justice concerns. The social life cycle assessment framework can be used to comprehensively address energy justice concerns by different stakeholder groups and at all life cycle stages associated with a low-carbon energy system. Indicators for a social life cycle assessment framework that addresses energy justice are introduced and discussed. These indicators are organized by four categories of stakeholders for electrical energy systems: workers, electricity consumers, local communities, and society as a whole. The social life cycle assessment framework allows for variations in justice and equity to be determined not only at the generation stage, but through multiple points in the life cycle of the same energy system, from raw material extraction, through manufacturing, transportation, distribution, electricity generation, and waste management. This framework can address potential energy justice issues along the life cycle of new energy systems and assist in their design and planning for optimizing their social sustainability without overlooking vulnerable populations.
Marie-Odile P. Fortier; Lemir Teron; Tony G. Reames; Dynta Trishana Munardy; Breck M. Sullivan. Introduction to evaluating energy justice across the life cycle: A social life cycle assessment approach. Applied Energy 2018, 236, 211 -219.
AMA StyleMarie-Odile P. Fortier, Lemir Teron, Tony G. Reames, Dynta Trishana Munardy, Breck M. Sullivan. Introduction to evaluating energy justice across the life cycle: A social life cycle assessment approach. Applied Energy. 2018; 236 ():211-219.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarie-Odile P. Fortier; Lemir Teron; Tony G. Reames; Dynta Trishana Munardy; Breck M. Sullivan. 2018. "Introduction to evaluating energy justice across the life cycle: A social life cycle assessment approach." Applied Energy 236, no. : 211-219.
An extensive body of research has demonstrated that air pollution exposure is associated with adverse health outcomes. Urban air quality remains a major concern for both public health officials and the general public. In the United States, air quality public awareness campaigns are major efforts of governments at every level. Yet, our understanding of relationships between ambient air pollution exposure, public perceptions of air quality, and concerns about associated health risks is incomplete. We examined 2869 individual responses to annual air quality public awareness surveys administered between 2009 and 2012 in the Kansas City metropolitan area. Our study had three objectives: 1) examine the spatial distribution of PM2.5 and O3 exposures, pollution perceptions, and pollution health concerns; 2) explore relationships between individual- and area-level characteristics and PM2.5 and O3 exposure; 3) and examine cross-sectional associations between individual- and area-level characteristics, as well as PM2.5 and O3 exposures, and pollution perception and pollution health concerns. We found inverse spatial patterns between the distribution of O3 and PM2.5 exposure levels as well as between areas where respondents perceived air pollution as worsening and areas where residents had higher concern about the health effects of pollution exposure. We also found inverse relationships between individual- and area-level demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and O3 and PM2.5 exposure. Individual-level characteristics were significantly related to pollution perceptions, while both individual- and area-level characteristics were significantly related to pollution health concerns. Public awareness campaigns should be combined with education on ways the public can protect themselves and tailored explicitly for targeting vulnerable populations (e.g., elderly, and persons with respiratory problems) and areas both socioeconomically vulnerable (e.g., higher racial segregation and poverty) and experiencing higher pollution exposure (e.g., O3 and PM2.5).
Tony G. Reames; Mercedes A. Bravo. People, place and pollution: Investigating relationships between air quality perceptions, health concerns, exposure, and individual- and area-level characteristics. Environment International 2018, 122, 244 -255.
AMA StyleTony G. Reames, Mercedes A. Bravo. People, place and pollution: Investigating relationships between air quality perceptions, health concerns, exposure, and individual- and area-level characteristics. Environment International. 2018; 122 ():244-255.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTony G. Reames; Mercedes A. Bravo. 2018. "People, place and pollution: Investigating relationships between air quality perceptions, health concerns, exposure, and individual- and area-level characteristics." Environment International 122, no. : 244-255.
Chun Yin Anson Chang; Zhangyang Gao; Amanda Kaminsky; Tony G. Reames. Michigan Sustainability Case: Revisiting the Three Gorges Dam: Should China Continue To Build Dams on the Yangtze River? Sustainability 2018, 11, 204 -215.
AMA StyleChun Yin Anson Chang, Zhangyang Gao, Amanda Kaminsky, Tony G. Reames. Michigan Sustainability Case: Revisiting the Three Gorges Dam: Should China Continue To Build Dams on the Yangtze River? Sustainability. 2018; 11 (5):204-215.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChun Yin Anson Chang; Zhangyang Gao; Amanda Kaminsky; Tony G. Reames. 2018. "Michigan Sustainability Case: Revisiting the Three Gorges Dam: Should China Continue To Build Dams on the Yangtze River?" Sustainability 11, no. 5: 204-215.
In the U.S. lighting represents about 9% of the average household's primary energy consumption and 20% of the average household's energy bill. Lighting in U.S. homes is in a state of transition with steady growth in the adoption of more energy-efficient lighting technology, such as, compact florescent lamps (CFL) and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). However, the adoption of energy-efficient lighting is not equitably distributed across socioeconomic groups, with poorer households less likely to adopt than higher-income households. This case study in Wayne County, Michigan explores the lack of parity in energy-efficient lighting adoption from an energy justice perspective by evaluating distributional disparities in light bulb availability and price in 130 stores across four poverty strata and five store types for a more holistic understanding of potential barriers for poorer households. We found that (1) energy-efficient bulbs were less available in high-poverty areas and smaller stores; (2) energy-efficient bulbs were more expensive in high-poverty areas and smaller stores; (3) upgrade costs from incandescent and halogen lamps (IHLs) to CFLs or LEDs were higher in high poverty areas; and (4) both poverty and store type were significant predictors of LED availability, while store type was the most significant predictor of LED price variability. We suggest several ways that the development and implementation of energy efficiency policies and programs may consider these disparities that affect access and affordability, in order to achieve a more just energy-efficient transition.
Tony G. Reames; Michael A. Reiner; M. Ben Stacey. An incandescent truth: Disparities in energy-efficient lighting availability and prices in an urban U.S. county. Applied Energy 2018, 218, 95 -103.
AMA StyleTony G. Reames, Michael A. Reiner, M. Ben Stacey. An incandescent truth: Disparities in energy-efficient lighting availability and prices in an urban U.S. county. Applied Energy. 2018; 218 ():95-103.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTony G. Reames; Michael A. Reiner; M. Ben Stacey. 2018. "An incandescent truth: Disparities in energy-efficient lighting availability and prices in an urban U.S. county." Applied Energy 218, no. : 95-103.
Dominic J. Bednar; Tony Reames; Gregory A. Keoleian. The intersection of energy and justice: Modeling the spatial, racial/ethnic and socioeconomic patterns of urban residential heating consumption and efficiency in Detroit, Michigan. Energy and Buildings 2017, 143, 25 -34.
AMA StyleDominic J. Bednar, Tony Reames, Gregory A. Keoleian. The intersection of energy and justice: Modeling the spatial, racial/ethnic and socioeconomic patterns of urban residential heating consumption and efficiency in Detroit, Michigan. Energy and Buildings. 2017; 143 ():25-34.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDominic J. Bednar; Tony Reames; Gregory A. Keoleian. 2017. "The intersection of energy and justice: Modeling the spatial, racial/ethnic and socioeconomic patterns of urban residential heating consumption and efficiency in Detroit, Michigan." Energy and Buildings 143, no. : 25-34.