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First posted September 17, 2020 Director, New York Water Science CenterU.S. Geological Survey425 Jordan RoadTroy, NY 12180–8349 The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, used surface and borehole geophysical methods to delineate the freshwater/saltwater interface in coastal plain aquifers along the southwestern part of Long Island, New York. Over pumping of groundwater in the early 20th century combined with freshwater/saltwater interfaces at the coastline created saltwater intrusion in the upper glacial, Jameco, Magothy, and Lloyd aquifers. This study documents, for the first time, extensive saltwater intrusion of the Lloyd aquifer along the southwestern coast of Long Island, N.Y. Several public-supply wells in the southern parts of Nassau, Queens, and Kings Counties have been adversely affected by saltwater intrusion causing supply wells to be shutdown and abandoned. Due to the ongoing groundwater pumping in southern Nassau County, the freshwater/saltwater interface requires delineation and monitoring for any inland movement. In 2015–17, the U.S. Geological Survey collected time domain electromagnetic soundings at 12 locations and borehole electromagnetic induction conductivity logs at 9 wells within the study area to delineate several saltwater intrusion wedges. The upper glacial, Jameco, and Magothy aquifers were grouped into one aquifer complex within the study area to simplify interpretations. The coastal plain sediments increase in thickness from west to east and north to south because of their regional dip toward the southeast. Three separate wedges, shallow, intermediate, and deep, of saltwater intrusion were delineated in the upper glacial, Jameco, and Magothy aquifer complex. In addition, analysis of geophysical logs collected in an open borehole of a test well in southern Queens County in 1989 revealed the Lloyd aquifer was nearly completely intruded by saltwater with an estimated chloride concentration of 15,000 milligrams per liter. The geophysical logs from this well provides, for the first time, definitive proof of saltwater intrusion of the Lloyd aquifer on Long Island’s south shore, suggesting the freshwater/saltwater interface was at the coastline and not miles offshore as theorized by previous studies.
Frederick Stumm; Michael D. Como; Marie A. Zuck. Use of time domain electromagnetic soundings and borehole electromagnetic induction logs to delineate the freshwater/saltwater interface on southwestern Long Island, New York, 2015–17. Open-File Report 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleFrederick Stumm, Michael D. Como, Marie A. Zuck. Use of time domain electromagnetic soundings and borehole electromagnetic induction logs to delineate the freshwater/saltwater interface on southwestern Long Island, New York, 2015–17. Open-File Report. 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrederick Stumm; Michael D. Como; Marie A. Zuck. 2020. "Use of time domain electromagnetic soundings and borehole electromagnetic induction logs to delineate the freshwater/saltwater interface on southwestern Long Island, New York, 2015–17." Open-File Report , no. : 1.
Groundwater with chloride concentrations up to 15,000 mg/L has intruded the freshwater aquifer underlying southern Manhattan Island, New York. Historical (1940–1950) chloride concentration data of glacial aquifer wells in the study area indicate the presence of four wedges of saltwater intrusion that may have been caused by industrial pumpage. The limited recharge capability of the aquifer, due to impervious surfaces and the 22.7 million liters per day (mld) of reported industrial pumpage early in the 20th Century was probably the cause for the saltwater intrusion and the persistence of the historical saltwater intrusion wedges over time. Recent drilling of wells provided new information on the hydrogeology and extent of saltwater intrusion of the glacial aquifer overlying bedrock. The new observation wells provided ground-water level, chloride concentration, hydraulic conductivity, and borehole geophysical data of the glacial aquifer. The glacial sediments range in thickness from less than 0.3 m to more than 76.2 m within the study area. A linear relation between Electromagnetic-induction (EM) conductivity log response and measured chloride concentration was determined. Using this relation, chloride concentration was estimated in parts of the glacial aquifer where sampling was not possible. EM logging is an effective tool to monitor changes in saltwater intrusion wedges.
Frederick Stumm; Michael D. Como. Delineation of Salt Water Intrusion through Use of Electromagnetic-Induction Logging: A Case Study in Southern Manhattan Island, New York. Water 2017, 9, 631 .
AMA StyleFrederick Stumm, Michael D. Como. Delineation of Salt Water Intrusion through Use of Electromagnetic-Induction Logging: A Case Study in Southern Manhattan Island, New York. Water. 2017; 9 (9):631.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrederick Stumm; Michael D. Como. 2017. "Delineation of Salt Water Intrusion through Use of Electromagnetic-Induction Logging: A Case Study in Southern Manhattan Island, New York." Water 9, no. 9: 631.
Anthony Chu; Frederick Stumm; Peter K. Joesten; Michael L. Noll. Geophysical and hydrologic analysis of an earthen dam site in southern Westchester County, New York. Scientific Investigations Report 2013, 1 .
AMA StyleAnthony Chu, Frederick Stumm, Peter K. Joesten, Michael L. Noll. Geophysical and hydrologic analysis of an earthen dam site in southern Westchester County, New York. Scientific Investigations Report. 2013; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnthony Chu; Frederick Stumm; Peter K. Joesten; Michael L. Noll. 2013. "Geophysical and hydrologic analysis of an earthen dam site in southern Westchester County, New York." Scientific Investigations Report , no. : 1.
Frederick Stumm; Anthony Chu; Michael D. Como; Michael L. Noll. Preliminary analysis of the hydrologic effects of temporary shutdowns of the Rondout-West Branch Water Tunnel on the groundwater-flow system in Wawarsing, New York. Scientific Investigations Report 2012, 1 .
AMA StyleFrederick Stumm, Anthony Chu, Michael D. Como, Michael L. Noll. Preliminary analysis of the hydrologic effects of temporary shutdowns of the Rondout-West Branch Water Tunnel on the groundwater-flow system in Wawarsing, New York. Scientific Investigations Report. 2012; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrederick Stumm; Anthony Chu; Michael D. Como; Michael L. Noll. 2012. "Preliminary analysis of the hydrologic effects of temporary shutdowns of the Rondout-West Branch Water Tunnel on the groundwater-flow system in Wawarsing, New York." Scientific Investigations Report , no. : 1.
Craig J. Brown; David A. Eckhardt; Frederick Stumm; Anthony Chu. Preliminary assessment of water chemistry related to groundwater flooding in Wawarsing, New York, 2009-11. Scientific Investigations Report 2012, 1 .
AMA StyleCraig J. Brown, David A. Eckhardt, Frederick Stumm, Anthony Chu. Preliminary assessment of water chemistry related to groundwater flooding in Wawarsing, New York, 2009-11. Scientific Investigations Report. 2012; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCraig J. Brown; David A. Eckhardt; Frederick Stumm; Anthony Chu. 2012. "Preliminary assessment of water chemistry related to groundwater flooding in Wawarsing, New York, 2009-11." Scientific Investigations Report , no. : 1.
Advanced borehole-geophysical methods were used to assess the geohydrology of fractured crystalline bedrock in 31 of 64 boreholes on the southern part of Manhattan Island, NY in preparation of the construction of a new water tunnel. The study area is located in a highly urbanized part of New York City. The boreholes penetrated gneiss, schist, and other crystalline bedrock that has an overall southwest-to northwest-dipping foliation. Most of the fractures intersected are nearly horizontal or have moderate- to high-angle northwest or eastward dip azimuths. Heat-pulse flowmeter logs obtained under nonpumping (ambient) and pumping conditions, together with other geophysical logs, delineated transmissive fracture zones in each borehole. Water-level and flowmeter data suggest the fractured-rock ground-water-flow system is interconnected. The 60 MHz directional borehole-radar logs delineated the location and orientation of several radar reflectors that did not intersect the projection of the borehole. A total of 53 faults intersected by the boreholes have mean orientation populations of N12°W, 66°W and N11°W, 70°E. A total of 77 transmissive fractures delineated using the heat-pulse flowmeter have mean orientations of N11°E, 14°SE (majority) and N23°E, 57°NW (minority). The transmissivity of the bedrock boreholes ranged from 0.7 to 870 feet squared (ft2) per day (0.07 to 81 metres squared (m2) per day).
F Stumm; A Chu; P K Joesten; J W Lane; J W Lane Jr. Geohydrologic assessment of fractured crystalline bedrock on the southern part of Manhattan, New York, through the use of advanced borehole geophysical methods. Journal of Geophysics and Engineering 2007, 4, 245 -252.
AMA StyleF Stumm, A Chu, P K Joesten, J W Lane, J W Lane Jr. Geohydrologic assessment of fractured crystalline bedrock on the southern part of Manhattan, New York, through the use of advanced borehole geophysical methods. Journal of Geophysics and Engineering. 2007; 4 (3):245-252.
Chicago/Turabian StyleF Stumm; A Chu; P K Joesten; J W Lane; J W Lane Jr. 2007. "Geohydrologic assessment of fractured crystalline bedrock on the southern part of Manhattan, New York, through the use of advanced borehole geophysical methods." Journal of Geophysics and Engineering 4, no. 3: 245-252.
Frederick Stumm; Anthony Chu; Jack Monti. Delineation of faults, fractures, foliation, and ground-water-flow zones in fractured-rock, on the southern part of Manhattan, New York, through use of advanced borehole-geophysical techniques. Open-File Report 2004, 1 .
AMA StyleFrederick Stumm, Anthony Chu, Jack Monti. Delineation of faults, fractures, foliation, and ground-water-flow zones in fractured-rock, on the southern part of Manhattan, New York, through use of advanced borehole-geophysical techniques. Open-File Report. 2004; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrederick Stumm; Anthony Chu; Jack Monti. 2004. "Delineation of faults, fractures, foliation, and ground-water-flow zones in fractured-rock, on the southern part of Manhattan, New York, through use of advanced borehole-geophysical techniques." Open-File Report , no. : 1.
Frederick Stumm; Andrew D. Lange; Jennifer L. Candela. Hydrogeology and Extent of Saltwater Intrusion in the Northern Part of the Town of Oyster Bay, Nassau County, New York: 1995–98. Hydrogeology and Extent of Saltwater Intrusion in the Northern Part of the Town of Oyster Bay, Nassau County, New York: 1995–98 2004, 1 .
AMA StyleFrederick Stumm, Andrew D. Lange, Jennifer L. Candela. Hydrogeology and Extent of Saltwater Intrusion in the Northern Part of the Town of Oyster Bay, Nassau County, New York: 1995–98. Hydrogeology and Extent of Saltwater Intrusion in the Northern Part of the Town of Oyster Bay, Nassau County, New York: 1995–98. 2004; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrederick Stumm; Andrew D. Lange; Jennifer L. Candela. 2004. "Hydrogeology and Extent of Saltwater Intrusion in the Northern Part of the Town of Oyster Bay, Nassau County, New York: 1995–98." Hydrogeology and Extent of Saltwater Intrusion in the Northern Part of the Town of Oyster Bay, Nassau County, New York: 1995–98 , no. : 1.
Frederick Stumm; Shafiul Chowdhury. Delineation of Ground Water Flow in Fractured Rock in the Southwestern Part of Manhattan, New York, Through Use of Advanced Borehole Geophysical Methods. Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 2003, 23, 42 -49.
AMA StyleFrederick Stumm, Shafiul Chowdhury. Delineation of Ground Water Flow in Fractured Rock in the Southwestern Part of Manhattan, New York, Through Use of Advanced Borehole Geophysical Methods. Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation. 2003; 23 (3):42-49.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrederick Stumm; Shafiul Chowdhury. 2003. "Delineation of Ground Water Flow in Fractured Rock in the Southwestern Part of Manhattan, New York, Through Use of Advanced Borehole Geophysical Methods." Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 23, no. 3: 42-49.
Frederick Stumm; Andrew D. Lange; J.L. Candela. Hydrogeology and extent of saltwater intrusion on Manhasset Neck, Nassau County, New York. Hydrogeology and extent of saltwater intrusion on Manhasset Neck, Nassau County, New York 2002, 1 .
AMA StyleFrederick Stumm, Andrew D. Lange, J.L. Candela. Hydrogeology and extent of saltwater intrusion on Manhasset Neck, Nassau County, New York. Hydrogeology and extent of saltwater intrusion on Manhasset Neck, Nassau County, New York. 2002; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrederick Stumm; Andrew D. Lange; J.L. Candela. 2002. "Hydrogeology and extent of saltwater intrusion on Manhasset Neck, Nassau County, New York." Hydrogeology and extent of saltwater intrusion on Manhasset Neck, Nassau County, New York , no. : 1.
Frederick Stumm. Hydrogeology and extent of saltwater intrusion of the Great Neck peninsula, Great Neck, Long Island, New York. Hydrogeology and extent of saltwater intrusion of the Great Neck peninsula, Great Neck, Long Island, New York 2001, 1 .
AMA StyleFrederick Stumm. Hydrogeology and extent of saltwater intrusion of the Great Neck peninsula, Great Neck, Long Island, New York. Hydrogeology and extent of saltwater intrusion of the Great Neck peninsula, Great Neck, Long Island, New York. 2001; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrederick Stumm. 2001. "Hydrogeology and extent of saltwater intrusion of the Great Neck peninsula, Great Neck, Long Island, New York." Hydrogeology and extent of saltwater intrusion of the Great Neck peninsula, Great Neck, Long Island, New York , no. : 1.
Frederick Stumm; Anthony Chu; Andrew D. Lange. Use of advanced borehole geophysical and techniques to delineate fractured-rock ground-water flow, faults, foliation, and fractures along the western part of Manhattan, New York. Open-File Report 2001, 1 .
AMA StyleFrederick Stumm, Anthony Chu, Andrew D. Lange. Use of advanced borehole geophysical and techniques to delineate fractured-rock ground-water flow, faults, foliation, and fractures along the western part of Manhattan, New York. Open-File Report. 2001; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrederick Stumm; Anthony Chu; Andrew D. Lange. 2001. "Use of advanced borehole geophysical and techniques to delineate fractured-rock ground-water flow, faults, foliation, and fractures along the western part of Manhattan, New York." Open-File Report , no. : 1.
Frederick Stumm; Anthony Chu; Andrew D. Lange; Frederick L. Paillet; John H. Williams; John W. Lane Jr.. Use of advanced borehole geophysical techniques to delineate fractured-rock ground-water flow and fractures along water-tunnel facilities in northern Queens County, New York. Use of advanced borehole geophysical techniques to delineate fractured-rock ground-water flow and fractures along water-tunnel facilities in northern Queens County, New York 2001, 1 .
AMA StyleFrederick Stumm, Anthony Chu, Andrew D. Lange, Frederick L. Paillet, John H. Williams, John W. Lane Jr.. Use of advanced borehole geophysical techniques to delineate fractured-rock ground-water flow and fractures along water-tunnel facilities in northern Queens County, New York. Use of advanced borehole geophysical techniques to delineate fractured-rock ground-water flow and fractures along water-tunnel facilities in northern Queens County, New York. 2001; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrederick Stumm; Anthony Chu; Andrew D. Lange; Frederick L. Paillet; John H. Williams; John W. Lane Jr.. 2001. "Use of advanced borehole geophysical techniques to delineate fractured-rock ground-water flow and fractures along water-tunnel facilities in northern Queens County, New York." Use of advanced borehole geophysical techniques to delineate fractured-rock ground-water flow and fractures along water-tunnel facilities in northern Queens County, New York , no. : 1.
Frederick Stumm; Henry F.H. Ku. Urbanization and recharge in the vicinity of East Meadow Brook, Nassau County, New York; Part 2, Effect of urban runoff on the hydrology of the headwaters of East Meadow Brook, 1989-90. Urbanization and recharge in the vicinity of East Meadow Brook, Nassau County, New York; Part 2, Effect of urban runoff on the hydrology of the headwaters of East Meadow Brook, 1989-90 1997, 1 .
AMA StyleFrederick Stumm, Henry F.H. Ku. Urbanization and recharge in the vicinity of East Meadow Brook, Nassau County, New York; Part 2, Effect of urban runoff on the hydrology of the headwaters of East Meadow Brook, 1989-90. Urbanization and recharge in the vicinity of East Meadow Brook, Nassau County, New York; Part 2, Effect of urban runoff on the hydrology of the headwaters of East Meadow Brook, 1989-90. 1997; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrederick Stumm; Henry F.H. Ku. 1997. "Urbanization and recharge in the vicinity of East Meadow Brook, Nassau County, New York; Part 2, Effect of urban runoff on the hydrology of the headwaters of East Meadow Brook, 1989-90." Urbanization and recharge in the vicinity of East Meadow Brook, Nassau County, New York; Part 2, Effect of urban runoff on the hydrology of the headwaters of East Meadow Brook, 1989-90 , no. : 1.
Introductory paragraph for this paper is available only in the PDF and GZipped PS files
Frederick Stumm. Use of Focused Electromagnetic‐Induction Borehole Geophysics to Delineate the Saltwater‐Freshwater Interface in Great Neck, Long Island, New York. Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 1993 1993, 1 .
AMA StyleFrederick Stumm. Use of Focused Electromagnetic‐Induction Borehole Geophysics to Delineate the Saltwater‐Freshwater Interface in Great Neck, Long Island, New York. Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 1993. 1993; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrederick Stumm. 1993. "Use of Focused Electromagnetic‐Induction Borehole Geophysics to Delineate the Saltwater‐Freshwater Interface in Great Neck, Long Island, New York." Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 1993 , no. : 1.