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Prof. Lianyong Feng
China peak oil, China University of Petroleum, 102249 Beijing, China

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0 Climate Change
0 Coal Mining
0 Clean energy sources
0 Biophysical economics
0 Coal reserves

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Review
Published: 24 April 2020 in Finance: Theory and Practice
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Цель статьи — развитие методологии оценки рентабельности инвестиций в месторождения нефти и газа на основе не только финансовых, но и экологических, и социальных взаимосвязей. Предметом исследования является сравнение способов расчета рентабельности инвестиций на примере нефтегазовых предприятий Китая, Канады и России. Авторы использовали сравнительный метод расчетов, а также case-study — сравнение оценок инвестиций на примере нефтегазовых предприятий. Проанализированы традиционные методы экономической оценки: чистой приведенной стоимости, дифференциальной ренты, резервных и множественных затрат. Авторы предлагают использовать новый метод экономической оценки, определяющий энергетическую рентабельность инвестиций (EROI). Этот метод не опирается на традиционный анализ чистой приведенной стоимости (NPV), внутренней нормы доходности (IRR) и финансовой чувствительности. Он всесторонне учитывает затраты на выпуск энергии, экологическую безопасность и энергоэффективность. По результатам исследования авторы делают вывод, что преимущества различных методов экономической оценки должны быть интегрированы, чтобы избежать недостатков и создать динамичную комплексную систему экономической оценки. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы нефтегазовыми компаниями для внедрения методологии энергетической рентабельности инвестиций на месторождениях. Перспективным направлением дальнейшего исследования может быть сравнение энергетической рентабельности инвестиций на нефтегазовых предприятиях разных стран и разработка корпоративной отчетности в направлении повышения эффективности энергетической рентабельности инвестиций.

ACS Style

J. Yan; L. Feng; A. N. Steblyanskaya; S. Fu. Comparative Study of Discounted Cash Flow and Energy Return on Investment: Review of Oil and Gas Resource Economic Evaluation. Finance: Theory and Practice 2020, 24, 50-59 .

AMA Style

J. Yan, L. Feng, A. N. Steblyanskaya, S. Fu. Comparative Study of Discounted Cash Flow and Energy Return on Investment: Review of Oil and Gas Resource Economic Evaluation. Finance: Theory and Practice. 2020; 24 (2):50-59.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. Yan; L. Feng; A. N. Steblyanskaya; S. Fu. 2020. "Comparative Study of Discounted Cash Flow and Energy Return on Investment: Review of Oil and Gas Resource Economic Evaluation." Finance: Theory and Practice 24, no. 2: 50-59.

Journal article
Published: 14 February 2020 in Energy Reports
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A growing number of major natural gas markets in the world have adopted the gas-on-gas competition, or are in the phase of transition to this price formation mechanism. In this situation, China has also started to reform the pricing mechanism by establishing gas trading centers in Shanghai and Chongqing, providing platforms for sellers and buyers to complete the competition-based transactions, marking a transition from oil index pricing to gas-on-gas competition pricing. In order to carry out research on China’s gas market based on gas-on-gas competition trading mechanism, this paper builds a natural gas trading model based on cooperative game theory, discusses the key parameter in the models, taking into account of the representative issues of China’s gas market in transformation. Also, this paper designs scenarios based on Jiangsu Province, a relatively well-established gas trading market in China, and explores the impact of each issue on the market by using the comparative analysis and sensitivity analysis. This study concludes that establishing the gas-on-gas competition model corresponds to the current gas market development in China. In addition, the market participants need to optimize the contract modes of gas supply, reduce gas supply cost and improve the price affordability, in order to maximize the cooperation benefits in gas market, increase the trading volume, promotes the development and maturation of China’s gas market.

ACS Style

Xutao Rui; Lianyong Feng; Jingxuan Feng. A gas-on-gas competition trading mechanism based on cooperative game models in China’s gas market. Energy Reports 2020, 6, 365 -377.

AMA Style

Xutao Rui, Lianyong Feng, Jingxuan Feng. A gas-on-gas competition trading mechanism based on cooperative game models in China’s gas market. Energy Reports. 2020; 6 ():365-377.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xutao Rui; Lianyong Feng; Jingxuan Feng. 2020. "A gas-on-gas competition trading mechanism based on cooperative game models in China’s gas market." Energy Reports 6, no. : 365-377.

Journal article
Published: 28 September 2019 in Resources, Conservation and Recycling
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Due to the advantages of relatively mature technologies and low greenhouse gas pollution, wind energy represents a vital energy alternative for electricity generation. Using onshore wind power has become increasingly important in China. Currently, wind energy faces energy return on investment (EROI) and geographical constraints, which both have significant impacts on net wind energy potential. This study combines GIS modeling, wind turbine performance, and the wind speed distribution with a large daily dataset to estimate onshore technical and net wind energy potential in China and to visualize the available wind energy potential. In this study, more detailed local topographic effects (changing air density, surface roughness, air density, array placement efficiency) were considered despite the complexity of applying them at a country level. The results show that the technical potential of China’s onshore wind energy could reach 2560 TW h/yr in a 0% agriculture land scenario and 3501 TW h/yr in a 70% agriculture land scenario, and the net energy potential could reach 2335 TW h/yr and 3194 TW h/yr when EROI = 11.4:1 (when averaging performance of turbines across geographic areas) in these two different scenarios.

ACS Style

Jingxuan Feng; Lianyong Feng; Jianliang Wang; Carey W. King. Evaluation of the onshore wind energy potential in mainland China—Based on GIS modeling and EROI analysis. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2019, 152, 104484 .

AMA Style

Jingxuan Feng, Lianyong Feng, Jianliang Wang, Carey W. King. Evaluation of the onshore wind energy potential in mainland China—Based on GIS modeling and EROI analysis. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2019; 152 ():104484.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jingxuan Feng; Lianyong Feng; Jianliang Wang; Carey W. King. 2019. "Evaluation of the onshore wind energy potential in mainland China—Based on GIS modeling and EROI analysis." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 152, no. : 104484.

Journal article
Published: 05 September 2019 in Energy Policy
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Effective policy requires comprehensive analysis of many factors. But presently there does not exist a sufficiently comprehensive research on the interrelationship between energy input and output, carbon emissions, and water use in the oil and gas extraction process. To more comprehensively measure this phenomenon, this paper constructs an assessment model of energy return on energy, carbon, and water investment for the development of oil and gas resources using the Daqing and Shengli oilfields as practical examples. The results show that the method for evaluating energy input and output (energy return on energy invested) can be made more comprehensive for covering the resources required in the oilfield extraction process; this method ignores the environmental impacts of carbon emissions (energy return on carbon) and water use (energy return on water). However, the energy return evaluation method, which considers energy, carbon, and water inputs, is more comprehensive and practically used to evaluate the development status of oil and gas resources as well as other types of energy development processes. Policy implications for biophysical input accounting and the management of energy resource extraction are given accordingly.

ACS Style

Chen Huang; Baihe Gu; Yingchao Chen; Xianchun Tan; Lianyong Feng. Energy return on energy, carbon, and water investment in oil and gas resource extraction: Methods and applications to the Daqing and Shengli oilfields. Energy Policy 2019, 134, 110979 .

AMA Style

Chen Huang, Baihe Gu, Yingchao Chen, Xianchun Tan, Lianyong Feng. Energy return on energy, carbon, and water investment in oil and gas resource extraction: Methods and applications to the Daqing and Shengli oilfields. Energy Policy. 2019; 134 ():110979.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen Huang; Baihe Gu; Yingchao Chen; Xianchun Tan; Lianyong Feng. 2019. "Energy return on energy, carbon, and water investment in oil and gas resource extraction: Methods and applications to the Daqing and Shengli oilfields." Energy Policy 134, no. : 110979.

Articles
Published: 03 September 2019 in International Journal of Public Administration
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Global civilization is experiencing social and economic turmoil. Human are experiencing deterioration of environment and uncontrollable declines in GDP. Traditional economic theory has been continuously advancing yet seems unable to predict these crises or provide adequate public policies to address them. A biophysical version of economic theory uses mass and energy flows as well as environmental constraints to describe the delivery of goods and services. Ongoing development in biophysical economic theory may provide some new guidance. In this review paper, Authors analyze the progression of historical economic arguments, explore their assumptions and their development and compare them to the currently developing biophysical economics framework which, instead of focusing on investment, debt, and growth, focuses on sustainable energy and mass flows to deliver goods and services to civilization.

ACS Style

Jun Yan; Lianyong Feng; Alina Steblyanskaya; George Kleiner; Maxim Rybachuk. Biophysical Economics as a New Economic Paradigm. International Journal of Public Administration 2019, 42, 1395 -1407.

AMA Style

Jun Yan, Lianyong Feng, Alina Steblyanskaya, George Kleiner, Maxim Rybachuk. Biophysical Economics as a New Economic Paradigm. International Journal of Public Administration. 2019; 42 (15-16):1395-1407.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jun Yan; Lianyong Feng; Alina Steblyanskaya; George Kleiner; Maxim Rybachuk. 2019. "Biophysical Economics as a New Economic Paradigm." International Journal of Public Administration 42, no. 15-16: 1395-1407.

Journal article
Published: 17 June 2019 in Energy
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China's consumption of liquid fuels as well as the dependence on foreign oil has increased considerably in recent years. Alternative liquid fuel technologies such as coal to liquid (CTL) are attracting attentions. However, facing uncertainties of energy price and carbon price as well as policy fluctuations and potential CO2 utilizations, evaluations of CTL project becomes a complex question. In this context, we develop a sequential investment real options decision model of a typical CTL-CCS project in China with the flexibility in investment timing and operation. As an application, the model is used to evaluate Shenhua direct coal liquefaction (DCL) project with CCS retrofits option. Four scenarios and sensitivities of key parameters are discussed. The results show that under current market and policy conditions the CTL project is economically infeasible but the option to delay is of huge value. A high level of carbon price or carbon tax is necessary to make the CCS retrofit economically feasible despite relatively lower capture costs, while the captured CO2 could be better utilized for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). We suggest the government to exempt fuel tax for enhancing the economic viability of CTL companies, especially in the current condition of low oil price.

ACS Style

Xing Yao; Ying Fan; Yuan Xu; Xian Zhang; Lei Zhu; Lianyong Feng. Is it worth to invest? -An evaluation of CTL-CCS project in China based on real options. Energy 2019, 182, 920 -931.

AMA Style

Xing Yao, Ying Fan, Yuan Xu, Xian Zhang, Lei Zhu, Lianyong Feng. Is it worth to invest? -An evaluation of CTL-CCS project in China based on real options. Energy. 2019; 182 ():920-931.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xing Yao; Ying Fan; Yuan Xu; Xian Zhang; Lei Zhu; Lianyong Feng. 2019. "Is it worth to invest? -An evaluation of CTL-CCS project in China based on real options." Energy 182, no. : 920-931.

Journal article
Published: 06 March 2019 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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People’s focus on either financial benefit or ecological benefit makes decisions on unconventional oil and gas extraction hard. This paper combines the energy return ratio with the financial return ratio through a comprehensive analysis model, which is more parsimonious and more objective than other comprehensive analysis models. The model was applied to analyze the comprehensive energy/financial efficiency of seven sample unconventional petroleum (oil and gas) companies in North America. Among them, 4 are oil sands operating companies with the largest oil sands production and 3 are shale oil and shale gas operating companies with the largest number of drilled but uncompleted shale wells, and complete available data. Results of our analysis indicated that during the most recent seven years the selected companies' energy return ratio and financial return ratio of unconventional oil and gas extraction operations show obviously different tendencies as a result of oil price fluctuations. However, their comprehensive energy/financial efficiency indicators showed no significant trend, which was different from the cases for either one of the individual indicators. We demonstrated that a comprehensive indicator combining both energy and financial efficiency indicators could be more accurate than either one of them individually, to measure the sustainability and the true value of a company or business unit, recognizing both economic and biophysical value. We concluded by suggesting that the energy return on investment indicator and the comprehensive efficiency indicator both be disclosed and audited along with financial and commodity reserves metrics. Such a summary statistic will be more useful for investors and public policy analysts than the various energy efficiency statistics buried in the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) reports voluntarily produced by various companies. We argued that this summary statistic would provide incentives for companies to innovate and to improve efficiency as well as meet public policy objectives in energy and environment even when the commodity price makes it easier to meet financial objectives.

ACS Style

Ke Wang; Harrie Vredenburg; Ting Wang; Lianyong Feng. Financial return and energy return on investment analysis of oil sands, shale oil and shale gas operations. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 223, 826 -836.

AMA Style

Ke Wang, Harrie Vredenburg, Ting Wang, Lianyong Feng. Financial return and energy return on investment analysis of oil sands, shale oil and shale gas operations. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 223 ():826-836.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ke Wang; Harrie Vredenburg; Ting Wang; Lianyong Feng. 2019. "Financial return and energy return on investment analysis of oil sands, shale oil and shale gas operations." Journal of Cleaner Production 223, no. : 826-836.

Journal article
Published: 16 January 2019 in Energies
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Recently, energy analysis has been added to Russian gas companies’ annual reporting system. This new practice indicates that corporate reports are improving their analyses by addressing energy issue and the financial efficiency of energy production. However, the use of summary energy indicators is limited in these annual reports. In this paper we review the history of energy analysis in Russia from the early USSR period to today. Under the guidance of energy return on investment (EROI), we compare energy efficiency indicators with financial efficiency coefficients. The results show that the value of the return on cost of sales (ROCS) is negative in certain instances, while the value of the energy return on cost of sales (EROCS) is extremely high under the example of the Russian energy company JSC “YATEC.” Money-based indicator values (ROCS and return on fix assets (ROFA)) fluctuate with internal company financial management goals, and from the outside depending on market prices. Meanwhile energy-based values (EROCS) remain stable. Added financial analysis and energy analysis in companies’ annual statements will supplement each other in practice and will present the full picture for company efficiency analysis.

ACS Style

Jun Yan; Lianyong Feng; Alina Steblyanskaya; Anton Sokolov; Nataliya Iskritskaya. Creating an Energy Analysis Concept for Oil and Gas Companies: The Case of the Yakutiya Company in Russia. Energies 2019, 12, 268 .

AMA Style

Jun Yan, Lianyong Feng, Alina Steblyanskaya, Anton Sokolov, Nataliya Iskritskaya. Creating an Energy Analysis Concept for Oil and Gas Companies: The Case of the Yakutiya Company in Russia. Energies. 2019; 12 (2):268.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jun Yan; Lianyong Feng; Alina Steblyanskaya; Anton Sokolov; Nataliya Iskritskaya. 2019. "Creating an Energy Analysis Concept for Oil and Gas Companies: The Case of the Yakutiya Company in Russia." Energies 12, no. 2: 268.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2019 in Acta Ecologica Sinica
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ACS Style

曹高航CAOGaohang; Lianyong Feng; Garvin Boyle Garvin Boyle; 苏锐SURui. Construction of Ecological Justice Indexes and simulation based on Agent-Based Models. Acta Ecologica Sinica 2019, 39, 8416 -8424.

AMA Style

曹高航CAOGaohang, Lianyong Feng, Garvin Boyle Garvin Boyle, 苏锐SURui. Construction of Ecological Justice Indexes and simulation based on Agent-Based Models. Acta Ecologica Sinica. 2019; 39 (22):8416-8424.

Chicago/Turabian Style

曹高航CAOGaohang; Lianyong Feng; Garvin Boyle Garvin Boyle; 苏锐SURui. 2019. "Construction of Ecological Justice Indexes and simulation based on Agent-Based Models." Acta Ecologica Sinica 39, no. 22: 8416-8424.

Journal article
Published: 06 November 2018 in World Patent Information
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The valuation of patent technology is a research hotspot in the area of intellectual property. How to objectively value a patent is still a thorny issue, especially in industries with long industry chains like the petroleum industry. This paper combines with the technical characteristics of the petroleum industry, builds up a set of patent value evaluation systems including the index system, the calculation of indicator weights, the determination of scoring criteria, and the expert score calculation innovatively. The model constructed based on the Value Capture Theory effectively combines the cost method and the benefit method in traditional assessment methods, avoiding the problem of obtaining the patent transaction data that market method required. The calculating process which adopts triangle fuzzy matrix increases the objectivity of the evaluation process. Different criteria for eight different fields of petroleum are applied in this paper, which make each specific patent evaluation model suitable for the petroleum industry. In addition, the process of evaluation becomes relatively simple and easy to implement.

ACS Style

Shao-Chao Ma; Lianyong Feng; Yi Yin; Jianping Wang. Research on petroleum patent valuation based on Value Capture Theory. World Patent Information 2018, 56, 29 -38.

AMA Style

Shao-Chao Ma, Lianyong Feng, Yi Yin, Jianping Wang. Research on petroleum patent valuation based on Value Capture Theory. World Patent Information. 2018; 56 ():29-38.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shao-Chao Ma; Lianyong Feng; Yi Yin; Jianping Wang. 2018. "Research on petroleum patent valuation based on Value Capture Theory." World Patent Information 56, no. : 29-38.

Journal article
Published: 12 September 2018 in Sustainability
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Verified emissions announcements are the most influential events in the European Union emissions trading scheme (EU ETS); they reveal demand information and have a significant impact on the carbon market. The extant literature tends to focus on examining the impacts of these verification events on the prices of carbon allowances, while scholars barely discuss how trading behaviors react to the announcements. Moreover, most of the studies are carried out from a macroeconomic perspective. This paper fills this gap by analyzing the impacts of the verified emissions announcements on the comoves of trading behaviors and carbon prices in Phase I (2005–2007) and Phase II (2008–2012). Specifically, we construct GARCH models to investigate the events’ heterogeneous influences in different periods, i.e., the complete periods, the announcement periods, the pre- and post-announcement periods. We observe that the verified emissions announcements boost the volume of compliance trading, particularly in Phase I. Furthermore, we show that the over-allocation of carbon allowances can be even more influential in disturbing the comoves than the verification events. Our microeconomic findings confirm the maturity of EU ETS in Phase II, exhibiting good agreement with the extant macroeconomic literature.

ACS Style

Jianfeng Guo; Bin Su; Guang Yang; Lianyong Feng; Yinpeng Liu; Fu Gu. How Do Verified Emissions Announcements Affect the Comoves between Trading Behaviors and Carbon Prices? Evidence from EU ETS. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3255 .

AMA Style

Jianfeng Guo, Bin Su, Guang Yang, Lianyong Feng, Yinpeng Liu, Fu Gu. How Do Verified Emissions Announcements Affect the Comoves between Trading Behaviors and Carbon Prices? Evidence from EU ETS. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (9):3255.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jianfeng Guo; Bin Su; Guang Yang; Lianyong Feng; Yinpeng Liu; Fu Gu. 2018. "How Do Verified Emissions Announcements Affect the Comoves between Trading Behaviors and Carbon Prices? Evidence from EU ETS." Sustainability 10, no. 9: 3255.

Journal article
Published: 10 August 2018 in Journal of Environmental Management
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This study investigates the use of water for extracting shale gas in the Sichuan Basin of China. Both net water use and water intensity (i.e., water use per unit of gas produced) of shale wells are estimated by applying a process-based life cycle inventory (LCI) model. The results show that the net water use and water intensity are around 24500 m3/well and 1.9 m3 water/104 m3 gas respectively, and that the fracturing and completion stage of shale gas extraction accounts for the largest share in net water use. A comparison shows that China's water use for shale gas extraction is generally higher than that of other countries. By considering the predicted annual drilling activities in the Sichuan Basin, we find that the annual water demand for shale gas development is likely to be negligible compared to total regional water supply. However, considering the water demand for shale gas extraction and the water demand from other sectors may make water availability a significant concern for China's shale gas development in the future.

ACS Style

Jianliang Wang; Mingming Liu; YongMei Bentley; Lianyong Feng; Chunhua Zhang. Water use for shale gas extraction in the Sichuan Basin, China. Journal of Environmental Management 2018, 226, 13 -21.

AMA Style

Jianliang Wang, Mingming Liu, YongMei Bentley, Lianyong Feng, Chunhua Zhang. Water use for shale gas extraction in the Sichuan Basin, China. Journal of Environmental Management. 2018; 226 ():13-21.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jianliang Wang; Mingming Liu; YongMei Bentley; Lianyong Feng; Chunhua Zhang. 2018. "Water use for shale gas extraction in the Sichuan Basin, China." Journal of Environmental Management 226, no. : 13-21.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2018 in Energy
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Energy return on energy invested (EROI) might be considered a measure of net energy, and most current studies focus on standard EROI (EROIST). If the energy inputs required to obtain a fuel was extended from a wellhead to the point of use, the energy delivered decreases, and the energy input of delivering the fuel increases. These factors combine to reduce the EROIST to what is referred to as the point of use EROI (EROIPOU). This study calculates the direct and indirect energy (embodied energy) inputs for energy production sectors (including extraction, processing and delivery) by means of an Input-Output table to calculate China's EROIPOU and the net energies from 1987 to 2012. Based on calculations in this study, the EROIPOU of China's energy production sector declined from 11.01:1 to 5.26:1 between 1987 and 2012. In 1987, the energy production sectors consumed 1 ton standard coal equivalent (TCE) energy inputs for every 10.01 TCE of produce net energy. However, in 2012, this number declined to 4.25. Additionally, this study simulates and forecast economic Gross Domestic Product (GDP) trends in China using net energy production function. The results reveal how declining EROIPOU for Chinese fossil fuels influence China's GDP growth.

ACS Style

Jingxuan Feng; Lianyong Feng; Jianliang Wang; Carey W. King. Modeling the point of use EROI and its implications for economic growth in China. Energy 2018, 144, 232 -242.

AMA Style

Jingxuan Feng, Lianyong Feng, Jianliang Wang, Carey W. King. Modeling the point of use EROI and its implications for economic growth in China. Energy. 2018; 144 ():232-242.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jingxuan Feng; Lianyong Feng; Jianliang Wang; Carey W. King. 2018. "Modeling the point of use EROI and its implications for economic growth in China." Energy 144, no. : 232-242.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2018 in Energies
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There is a strong correlation between net energy yield (NEY) and energy return on investment (EROI). Although a few studies have researched the EROI at the extraction level in China, none have calculated the EROI at the point of use (EROIPOU). EROIPOU includes the entire energy conversion chain from extraction to point of use. To more comprehensively measure changes in the EROIPOU for China’s conventional fossil fuels, a “bottom-up” model to calculate EROIPOU was improved by extending the conventional calculation boundary from the wellhead to the point of use. To predict trends in the EROIPOU of fossil fuels in China, a dynamic function of the EROI was then used to projections future EROIPOU in this study. Results of this paper show that the EROIPOU of both coal (range of value: 14:1–9.2:1), oil (range of value: 8:1–3.5:1) and natural gas (range of value: 6.5:1–3.5:1) display downward trends during the next 15 years. Based on the results, the trends in the EROIPOU of China’s conventional fossil fuels will rapidly decrease in the future indicating that it is more difficult to obtain NEY from China’s conventional fossil fuels.

ACS Style

Jingxuan Feng; Lianyong Feng; Jianliang Wang. Analysis of Point-of-Use Energy Return on Investment and Net Energy Yields from China’s Conventional Fossil Fuels. Energies 2018, 11, 313 .

AMA Style

Jingxuan Feng, Lianyong Feng, Jianliang Wang. Analysis of Point-of-Use Energy Return on Investment and Net Energy Yields from China’s Conventional Fossil Fuels. Energies. 2018; 11 (2):313.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jingxuan Feng; Lianyong Feng; Jianliang Wang. 2018. "Analysis of Point-of-Use Energy Return on Investment and Net Energy Yields from China’s Conventional Fossil Fuels." Energies 11, no. 2: 313.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2017 in Energy Policy
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ACS Style

Shao-Chao Ma; Ying Fan; Lianyong Feng. An evaluation of government incentives for new energy vehicles in China focusing on vehicle purchasing restrictions. Energy Policy 2017, 110, 609 -618.

AMA Style

Shao-Chao Ma, Ying Fan, Lianyong Feng. An evaluation of government incentives for new energy vehicles in China focusing on vehicle purchasing restrictions. Energy Policy. 2017; 110 ():609-618.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shao-Chao Ma; Ying Fan; Lianyong Feng. 2017. "An evaluation of government incentives for new energy vehicles in China focusing on vehicle purchasing restrictions." Energy Policy 110, no. : 609-618.

Review
Published: 19 September 2017 in Petroleum Science
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This paper reviews China’s future fossil fuel supply from the perspectives of physical output and net energy output. Comprehensive analyses of physical output of fossil fuels suggest that China’s total oil production will likely reach its peak, at about 230 Mt/year (or 9.6 EJ/year), in 2018; its total gas production will peak at around 350 Bcm/year (or 13.6 EJ/year) in 2040, while coal production will peak at about 4400 Mt/year (or 91.9 EJ/year) around 2020 or so. In terms of the forecast production of these fuels, there are significant differences among current studies. These differences can be mainly explained by different ultimately recoverable resources assumptions, the nature of the models used, and differences in the historical production data. Due to the future constraints on fossil fuels production, a large gap is projected to grow between domestic supply and demand, which will need to be met by increasing imports. Net energy analyses show that both coal and oil and gas production show a steady declining trend of EROI (energy return on investment) due to the depletion of shallow-buried coal resources and conventional oil and gas resources, which is generally consistent with the approaching peaks of physical production of fossil fuels. The peaks of fossil fuels production, coupled with the decline in EROI ratios, are likely to challenge the sustainable development of Chinese society unless new abundant energy resources with high EROI values can be found.

ACS Style

Jian-Liang Wang; Jiang-Xuan Feng; YongMei Bentley; Lianyong Feng; Hui Qu. A review of physical supply and EROI of fossil fuels in China. Petroleum Science 2017, 14, 806 -821.

AMA Style

Jian-Liang Wang, Jiang-Xuan Feng, YongMei Bentley, Lianyong Feng, Hui Qu. A review of physical supply and EROI of fossil fuels in China. Petroleum Science. 2017; 14 (4):806-821.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jian-Liang Wang; Jiang-Xuan Feng; YongMei Bentley; Lianyong Feng; Hui Qu. 2017. "A review of physical supply and EROI of fossil fuels in China." Petroleum Science 14, no. 4: 806-821.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2017 in Energy
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ACS Style

Yingchao Chen; Lianyong Feng; Jianliang Wang; Mikael Höök. Emergy-based energy return on investment method for evaluating energy exploitation. Energy 2017, 128, 540 -549.

AMA Style

Yingchao Chen, Lianyong Feng, Jianliang Wang, Mikael Höök. Emergy-based energy return on investment method for evaluating energy exploitation. Energy. 2017; 128 ():540-549.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yingchao Chen; Lianyong Feng; Jianliang Wang; Mikael Höök. 2017. "Emergy-based energy return on investment method for evaluating energy exploitation." Energy 128, no. : 540-549.

Journal article
Published: 02 May 2017 in Energies
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Oil sands, as unconventional oil, are so essential to both Canada and the world that special attention should be paid to their extraction status, especially their energy efficiency. One of the most commonly used methods to evaluate energy efficiency is the Energy Return on Investment (EROI) analysis. This paper focuses on EROI analysis for both in situ oil sands and mining oil sands over the period of 2009 to 2015. This time period represents an extension to periods previously considered by other analyses. An extended Input-Output model is used to quantify indirect energy input, which has been ignored by previous analyses of oil sands extraction. Results of this paper show that EROI of both mining oil sands (range of value: 3.9–8) and in situ oil sands (range of value: 3.2–5.4) display an upward trend over the past 7 years; EROI of mining oil sands is generally higher, but is more fluctuating than the EROI of in situ oil sands. Compared with EROI of other hydrocarbons, the EROI of oil sands is still quite low, despite the fact that it is increasing gradually.

ACS Style

Ke Wang; Harrie Vredenburg; Jianliang Wang; Yi Xiong; Lianyong Feng. Energy Return on Investment of Canadian Oil Sands Extraction from 2009 to 2015. Energies 2017, 10, 614 .

AMA Style

Ke Wang, Harrie Vredenburg, Jianliang Wang, Yi Xiong, Lianyong Feng. Energy Return on Investment of Canadian Oil Sands Extraction from 2009 to 2015. Energies. 2017; 10 (5):614.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ke Wang; Harrie Vredenburg; Jianliang Wang; Yi Xiong; Lianyong Feng. 2017. "Energy Return on Investment of Canadian Oil Sands Extraction from 2009 to 2015." Energies 10, no. 5: 614.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2017 in Resources, Conservation and Recycling
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ACS Style

Jianliang Wang; Mingming Liu; Benjamin McLellan; Xu Tang; Lianyong Feng. Environmental impacts of shale gas development in China: A hybrid life cycle analysis. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2017, 120, 38 -45.

AMA Style

Jianliang Wang, Mingming Liu, Benjamin McLellan, Xu Tang, Lianyong Feng. Environmental impacts of shale gas development in China: A hybrid life cycle analysis. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2017; 120 ():38-45.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jianliang Wang; Mingming Liu; Benjamin McLellan; Xu Tang; Lianyong Feng. 2017. "Environmental impacts of shale gas development in China: A hybrid life cycle analysis." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 120, no. : 38-45.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2017 in Futures
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Climate projections are based on emission scenarios. The emission scenarios used by the IPCC and by mainstream climate scientists are largely derived from the predicted demand for fossil fuels, and in our view take insufficient consideration of the constrained emissions that are likely due to the depletion of these fuels. This paper, by contrast, takes a supply-side view of CO emission, and generates two supply-driven emission scenarios based on a comprehensive investigation of likely long-term pathways of fossil fuel production drawn from peer-reviewed literature published since 2000. The potential rapid increases in the supply of the non-conventional fossil fuels are also investigated. Climate projections calculated in this paper indicate that the future atmospheric CO concentration will not exceed 610ppm in this century; and that the increase in global surface temperature will be lower than 2.6°C compared to pre-industrial level even if there is a significant increase in the production of non-conventional fossil fuels. Our results indicate therefore that the IPCC's climate projections overestimate the upper-bound of climate change. Furthermore, this paper shows that different production pathways of fossil fuels use, and different climate models, are the two main reasons for the significant differences in current literature on the topic

ACS Style

Jianliang Wang; Lianyong Feng; Xu Tang; YongMei Bentley; Mikael Höök. The implications of fossil fuel supply constraints on climate change projections: A supply-side analysis. Futures 2017, 86, 58 -72.

AMA Style

Jianliang Wang, Lianyong Feng, Xu Tang, YongMei Bentley, Mikael Höök. The implications of fossil fuel supply constraints on climate change projections: A supply-side analysis. Futures. 2017; 86 ():58-72.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jianliang Wang; Lianyong Feng; Xu Tang; YongMei Bentley; Mikael Höök. 2017. "The implications of fossil fuel supply constraints on climate change projections: A supply-side analysis." Futures 86, no. : 58-72.