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Prof. Xianming Shi
Washington State University

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0 Concrete
0 Corrosion
0 Infrastructure
0 Nanotechnology
0 Stormwater

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https://sites.google.com/site/greensmartinfrastructure/

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Project

Project Goal: Extend the service life of transportation infrastructure in the U.S., through research, education, workforce development, diversity, collaboration, and technology transfer

Starting Date:07 January 2019

Current Stage: Ongoing

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Review
Published: 14 July 2021 in Structural Health Monitoring
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Reinforcement corrosion is a major culprit that undermines the service life of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. It costs billions of dollars each year in the US alone and negatively impacts safety, reliability, resilience, and environmental performance of RC infrastructure. Corrosion monitoring of steel rebar is critical to provide early warning of deficiency, enable timely and effective maintenance strategies, and prevent catastrophes associated with premature failure of RC structures. To improve corrosion monitoring in the engineering practice, this work comprehensively reviews the state of the art of five major types of techniques, that is, electrochemical sensors, optical fiber sensors, sensors based on elastic wave methods, sensing based on electromagnetic methods, and untouched sensors. Each type of technique is systematically divided into sub-categories based on the sensing principle and key characteristics. For each sensor type, its maturity, application range, and the problems that hinder its application are discussed, aimed to provide guidance in selecting the appropriate sensors for specific engineering applications. This work concludes with an overview of opportunities and challenges, including the following six aspects for future research: spatial resolution, sensitivity, and measurement range; reliability and interpretation of the measurement; sensor selection based on three corrosion stages of steel rebar; long-term stability and service life; cost-efficiency of the sensing system; and monitoring of existing structure.

ACS Style

Liang Fan; Xianming Shi. Techniques of corrosion monitoring of steel rebar in reinforced concrete structures: A review. Structural Health Monitoring 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Liang Fan, Xianming Shi. Techniques of corrosion monitoring of steel rebar in reinforced concrete structures: A review. Structural Health Monitoring. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liang Fan; Xianming Shi. 2021. "Techniques of corrosion monitoring of steel rebar in reinforced concrete structures: A review." Structural Health Monitoring , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2021 in Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
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Replacing more than 50% of the cement in concrete with fly ash produces high-volume fly ash (HVFA) concrete, which likely reduces the life-cycle cost and environmental footprints of concrete. In cold climates, the susceptibility of HVFA concrete to freezing–thawing cycles is a durability concern if no appropriate measures are taken. This study modeled the degradation of dynamic modulus of elasticity of HVFA concrete during the freezing–thawing cycles. A four-phase sphere composite model considering the unhydrated fly ash particles in HVFA concrete is proposed to interpret the change in dynamic modulus of elasticity. The modeled values were in good agreement with the measured values; therefore, this model sheds new light on the deterioration of HVFA concrete caused by freeze/thaw damage cycles. Parameter analysis clarified the influence of the key factors in this model.

ACS Style

Sen Du; Yong Ge; Xianming Shi. Multiphase Sphere Modeling of High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete: Freezing–Thawing Performance. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 2021, 33, 04021168 .

AMA Style

Sen Du, Yong Ge, Xianming Shi. Multiphase Sphere Modeling of High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete: Freezing–Thawing Performance. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 2021; 33 (7):04021168.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sen Du; Yong Ge; Xianming Shi. 2021. "Multiphase Sphere Modeling of High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete: Freezing–Thawing Performance." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 33, no. 7: 04021168.

Journal article
Published: 15 June 2021 in Cold Regions Science and Technology
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This laboratory study developed a novel type of sustainable additives for anti-icing asphalt pavement, featuring an excellent anti-icing capacity, low-temperature anti-icing effectiveness, superior anti-icing longevity, and enhanced mechanical properties. The additives were fabricated through a surface treatment approach, in which the functional aggregate, zeolite containing calcium chloride (CaCl2), was coated by a microporous epoxy layer. The desired anti-icing performance and mechanical properties of asphalt mixture were achieved, using this type of additives. The results of fog-freezing friction tests are very promising. Specifically, the anti-icing capability of asphalt mixture was significantly improved by the addition of the additives at both −3.9 °C and − 9.4 °C, and the friction coefficient of the pavement at 60 min after moisture spray reached up to 0.75 at −3.9 °C and 0.56 at −9.4 °C in the first test and arrived 0.56 at −3.9 °C and 0.41 at −9.4 °C in the second test. Both tests were conducted after seven days of rest subsequent to a ten-day soaking test, which was used to evaluate the effective anti-icing period. The effective anti-icing periods of asphalt pavement containing the prepared additives are theoretically calculated, with the minimum “anti-icing service life” at least 3.4 years. Scanning electron microscopy images illustrated that a slower salt-releasing rate was achieved via a smaller size and lower quantity of the pores in the epoxy layer and its uncompromised integrity. Incorporation of the additives exhibited limited effect on the moisture susceptibility of the asphalt mixture. The rutting resistance, fatigue cracking resistance, and thermal cracking resistance of the asphalt mixture were improved to various extents, as a result of incorporating these anti-icing additives. The improvements in these durability properties of asphalt mixture were interpreted by the asphalt-epoxy chemical reactions, as revealed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and differential scanning calorimetry.

ACS Style

Yan Zhang; Xianming Shi. Laboratory evaluation of a sustainable additive for anti-icing asphalt. Cold Regions Science and Technology 2021, 189, 103338 .

AMA Style

Yan Zhang, Xianming Shi. Laboratory evaluation of a sustainable additive for anti-icing asphalt. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2021; 189 ():103338.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yan Zhang; Xianming Shi. 2021. "Laboratory evaluation of a sustainable additive for anti-icing asphalt." Cold Regions Science and Technology 189, no. : 103338.

Journal article
Published: 05 June 2021 in Construction and Building Materials
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Damping capacity of cement-based composites can be of practical importance for civil infrastructure applications. This work started with optimizing the calcination process of rice husk ash (RHA), followed by chemical treatment to achieve a porous structure on RHA surface. Silane coupling agents (SCAs) were subsequently used to alter the interface and connections between the RHA and cement-based matrix. In the 1st stage, the RHA calcined at 600° C for 1.5 h and then treated with HCl solution showed the highest index of pozzolanic activity (IPA). The HCl treatment also significantly increased the pore volume, surface area, and average pore size of RHA-I to 0.18 cm3/g, 17.86 m2/g and 43 nm, respectively. In the 2nd stage, the SCAs altered the surface of RHA by physical adhesion and bonding effect, and the pore volume, surface area and average pore size of RHA-II became 0.15–0.21 cm3/g, 18.0–50.0 m2/g and 11–32 nm, respectively. Based on the surface and pore structure modifications, the RHA-II was used to improve the damping performance of cement-based pastes and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) was performed to test the damping capacity of the pastes. Silane A151 fulfilled the function of improving the damping performance of cement-RHA pastes. Specifically, RHA-II-A151 increased the loss tangent value up to nearly 0.06 around −30° C.

ACS Style

Xinyu Cong; Zhen Tang; Shuang Lu; Yiqiu Tan; Chaohui Wang; Lei Yang; Xianming Shi. Effect of rice husk ash surface modification by silane coupling agents on damping capacity of cement-based pastes. Construction and Building Materials 2021, 296, 123730 .

AMA Style

Xinyu Cong, Zhen Tang, Shuang Lu, Yiqiu Tan, Chaohui Wang, Lei Yang, Xianming Shi. Effect of rice husk ash surface modification by silane coupling agents on damping capacity of cement-based pastes. Construction and Building Materials. 2021; 296 ():123730.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xinyu Cong; Zhen Tang; Shuang Lu; Yiqiu Tan; Chaohui Wang; Lei Yang; Xianming Shi. 2021. "Effect of rice husk ash surface modification by silane coupling agents on damping capacity of cement-based pastes." Construction and Building Materials 296, no. : 123730.

Report
Published: 01 June 2021 in Bench-scale Electrochemical Treatment of Co-contaminated Clayey Soil
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Industrial soil contamination is frequently unearthed by transportation agencies during construction within the right-of-way. As a result, transportation agencies may experience construction delays. Soils co-contaminated with high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HMW-PAHs) and metals are commonly encountered in Illinois and exhibit recalcitrance towards conventional treatment technologies. This issue is exacerbated in the fine-grained soils common to Illinois, where low-permeability and immense sorption capacity increase treatment complexity, cost, and duration. Contaminated sites are spatially and temporally restrictive and require rapid in situ treatments, whereas conventional soil remediation requires 1 to 3 years on average. Consequently, transportation agencies typically pursue excavation and off-site disposal for expediency. However, this solution is expensive, so a comparatively expeditious and affordable treatment alternative is needed to combat the increasing cost of hazardous waste disposal. The objective of this work was to develop an accelerated in situ treatment approach adaptable for use at any construction site to cost-effectively remove HMW-PAHs and metals from clayey soil. It was hypothesized that an in situ electrochemical treatment which augments electrokinetics with H2O2 could remediate both HMW-PAHs and metals in less than a month. Bench-scale reactors resemblant of field-scale in situ electrokinetic systems were designed and fabricated to assess the electrochemical treatment of clayey soils contaminated with HMW-PAHs and metals. Pyrene, chromium, and manganese were used as model contaminants, spiked into kaolinite as a model clay. Electrokinetics were imposed by a low-intensity electrical field distributed by graphite rods. Electrolytic H2O2 systems were leveraged to distribute electrical current and facilitate contaminant removal. Average contaminant removals of 100%, 42.3%, and 4.5% were achieved for pyrene, manganese, and chromium, respectively. Successful development of this bench-scale treatment approach will serve to guide transportation agencies in field-scale implementation. The results from this work signify that electrochemical systems that leverage eco-friendly oxidant addition can replace excavation and disposal as a means of addressing clayey soils co-contaminated with HMW-PAHs and metals.

ACS Style

Austin Pelletier; Washington State University; Amanda Hohner; Idil Deniz Akin; Indranil Chowdhury; Richard Watts; Xianming Shi; Brendan Dutmer; James Mueller; Highland Community College; Inc. Provectus Environmental Products. Bench-scale Electrochemical Treatment of Co-contaminated Clayey Soil. Bench-scale Electrochemical Treatment of Co-contaminated Clayey Soil 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Austin Pelletier, Washington State University, Amanda Hohner, Idil Deniz Akin, Indranil Chowdhury, Richard Watts, Xianming Shi, Brendan Dutmer, James Mueller, Highland Community College, Inc. Provectus Environmental Products. Bench-scale Electrochemical Treatment of Co-contaminated Clayey Soil. Bench-scale Electrochemical Treatment of Co-contaminated Clayey Soil. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Austin Pelletier; Washington State University; Amanda Hohner; Idil Deniz Akin; Indranil Chowdhury; Richard Watts; Xianming Shi; Brendan Dutmer; James Mueller; Highland Community College; Inc. Provectus Environmental Products. 2021. "Bench-scale Electrochemical Treatment of Co-contaminated Clayey Soil." Bench-scale Electrochemical Treatment of Co-contaminated Clayey Soil , no. : 1.

Report
Published: 01 June 2021 in Evaluation of Electrochemical Treatment for Removal of Arsenic and Manganese from Field Soil
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Soils containing inorganic compounds are frequently encountered by transportation agencies during construction within the right-of-way, and they pose a threat to human health and the environment. As a result, construction activities may experience project delays and increased costs associated with management of inorganic compounds containing soils required to meet environmental regulations. Recalcitrance of metal-contaminated soils toward conventional treatment technologies is exacerbated in clay or organic content-rich fine-grained soils with low permeability and high sorption capacity because of increased treatment complexity, cost, and duration. The objective of this study was to develop an accelerated in situ electrochemical treatment approach to extract inorganic compounds from fine-grained soils, with the treatment time comparable to excavation and off-site disposal. Three reactor experiments were conducted on samples collected from two borehole locations from a field site in Illinois that contained arsenic (As)(~7.4 mg/kg) and manganese (Mn)(~700 mg/kg). A combination of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and/or citrate buffer solution was used to treat the soils. A low-intensity electrical field was applied to soil samples using a bench-scale reactor that resembles field-scale in situ electrochemical systems. For the treatment using 10% H2O2 and citrate buffer solution, average removal of 23% and 8% were achieved for Mn and As, respectively. With 4% H2O2 and citrate buffer, 39% and 24% removal were achieved for Mn and As; while using only citrate buffer as the electrolyte, 49% and 9% removal were achieved for Mn and As, respectively. All chemical regimes adopted in this study reduced the inorganic compound concentrations to below the maximum allowable concentration for Illinois as specified by the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. The results from this work indicate that electrochemical systems that leverage low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and citrate buffer can be effective for remediating soils containing manganese and arsenic.

ACS Style

Taiwo Akinleye; Washington State University; Idil Deniz Akin; Amanda Hohner; Indranil Chowdhury; RichardS Watts; Xianming Shi; Brendan Dutmer; James Mueller; Will Moody; Highland Community College; Inc. Provectus Environmental Products. Evaluation of Electrochemical Treatment for Removal of Arsenic and Manganese from Field Soil. Evaluation of Electrochemical Treatment for Removal of Arsenic and Manganese from Field Soil 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Taiwo Akinleye, Washington State University, Idil Deniz Akin, Amanda Hohner, Indranil Chowdhury, RichardS Watts, Xianming Shi, Brendan Dutmer, James Mueller, Will Moody, Highland Community College, Inc. Provectus Environmental Products. Evaluation of Electrochemical Treatment for Removal of Arsenic and Manganese from Field Soil. Evaluation of Electrochemical Treatment for Removal of Arsenic and Manganese from Field Soil. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Taiwo Akinleye; Washington State University; Idil Deniz Akin; Amanda Hohner; Indranil Chowdhury; RichardS Watts; Xianming Shi; Brendan Dutmer; James Mueller; Will Moody; Highland Community College; Inc. Provectus Environmental Products. 2021. "Evaluation of Electrochemical Treatment for Removal of Arsenic and Manganese from Field Soil." Evaluation of Electrochemical Treatment for Removal of Arsenic and Manganese from Field Soil , no. : 1.

Review article
Published: 21 May 2021 in Fuel
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Coal fly ash is a type of combustion residue from electric power plants that burn coal. Conventionally acting as supplementary cementitious material to produce economically and environmentally sustainable concrete, coal fly ash has been increasingly demonstrated as an alternative binder (in place of Portland cement) in cementitious composites. Reactivity of fly ash is a crucial factor for its appropriate use in the concrete industry. An in-depth understanding of the reactivity of fly ashes would not only facilitate their value-added utilization but also benefit their transformation from waste to commodity. This is particularly the case for the marginal fly ashes (e.g., ponded and landfilled fly ashes) that fail to meet the requirement of AASHTO M295 (or ASTM C618) and have been considered unsuitable for direct use in concrete. To unlock the potential and enable beneficial uses of coal fly ashes, this work presents a comprehensive review of recent literature related to the reactivity of coal fly ash in cementitious binder systems, with the focus on reactivity indices, reactivity test methods, treatments employed for improving reactivity, and strength prediction of fly ash-based binder systems. The urgent research needs are also identified to support the enhanced utilization of fly ashes for sustainable construction.

ACS Style

Zhipeng Li; Gang Xu; Xianming Shi. Reactivity of coal fly ash used in cementitious binder systems: A state-of-the-art overview. Fuel 2021, 301, 121031 .

AMA Style

Zhipeng Li, Gang Xu, Xianming Shi. Reactivity of coal fly ash used in cementitious binder systems: A state-of-the-art overview. Fuel. 2021; 301 ():121031.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhipeng Li; Gang Xu; Xianming Shi. 2021. "Reactivity of coal fly ash used in cementitious binder systems: A state-of-the-art overview." Fuel 301, no. : 121031.

Review
Published: 12 May 2021 in Water Environment Research
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During winter, snow and ice on roads in regions with cold weather can increase traffic crashes and casualties, resulting in travel delays and financial burdens to society. Anti‐icing or deicing the roads can be a cost‐effective method to significantly reduce such risks. Although traditionally the main priorities of winter road maintenance (WRM) have been level of service, cost‐effectiveness, and corrosion, it is increasingly clear that understanding the environmental impacts of deicers is vital. One of the most important problems in this regard is environmental contamination caused by cumulative use of deicers, which has many detrimental effects on the aquatic systems. Among the deicers, the chloride‐based ones raise the most toxicological concerns because they are highly mobile, can migrate quickly in the environment and have cumulative effects over time. In this review, we summarize and organize existing data, including the latest findings about the adverse effects of deicers on surface water and groundwater, aquatic species, and human health, and identify future research priorities. In addition, the data provided can be used to provide a framework for quantifying some of the variables that stakeholders and agencies use when preparing guidelines and standards for WRM systems.

ACS Style

Mehdi Honarvar Nazari; S. Zeinab Mousavi; Anna Potapova; Jenifer McIntyre; Xianming Shi. Toxicological impacts of roadway deicers on aquatic resources and human health: A review. Water Environment Research 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Mehdi Honarvar Nazari, S. Zeinab Mousavi, Anna Potapova, Jenifer McIntyre, Xianming Shi. Toxicological impacts of roadway deicers on aquatic resources and human health: A review. Water Environment Research. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mehdi Honarvar Nazari; S. Zeinab Mousavi; Anna Potapova; Jenifer McIntyre; Xianming Shi. 2021. "Toxicological impacts of roadway deicers on aquatic resources and human health: A review." Water Environment Research , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 04 May 2021 in Journal of Building Engineering
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Shrinkage of cement composites (paste, mortar, grout, or concrete) due to moisture loss during the curing period is a challenge for their durability. In this laboratory study, urea-formaldehyde (UF) microcapsules and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) microfibres were utilized as a self-healing system to improve the early-age durability of cement mortars by mitigating their total shrinkage during the curing period. Experimental results revealed that the admixed UF microcapsules/PVA microfibres together could mitigate 25% of the total shrinkage during the curing period of 35 days. In addition, this self-healing system could reduce the gas permeability of the mortars by over 75%. The UF microcapsules and PVA microfibres could interfere with the formation of some crystalline hydration products and modified the microstructure of hydrated cement mortar, resulting in slight reductions in the compressive strength (less than 12%) and at some dosages significantly reduced the chloride migration coefficient of the mortars (i.e., 1% 1100+PVA, 2% 700, and 1% 1100). The UF microcapsules mainly affected the pores with a radius between 10 nm and 1000 nm, whereas the PVA microfibers mainly affected the larger pores at the interfacial transition zone.

ACS Style

Jialuo He; Xianming Shi. Laboratory assessment of early-age durability benefits of a self-healing system to cementitious composites. Journal of Building Engineering 2021, 44, 102602 .

AMA Style

Jialuo He, Xianming Shi. Laboratory assessment of early-age durability benefits of a self-healing system to cementitious composites. Journal of Building Engineering. 2021; 44 ():102602.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jialuo He; Xianming Shi. 2021. "Laboratory assessment of early-age durability benefits of a self-healing system to cementitious composites." Journal of Building Engineering 44, no. : 102602.

Journal article
Published: 20 April 2021 in Construction and Building Materials
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Externally bonded fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) is a promising tool to use for either preserving the integrity of new concrete infrastructure or mitigating the deteriorations of aged concrete infrastructure. This laboratory study evaluates the durability performance of carbon FRP-wrapped concrete with a 1.5 wt% montmorillonite nanoclay (NC) modified siloxane epoxy adhesive, under a simulated cold and chloride-laden environment. Five types of concrete samples were fabricated and tested, i.e., reference concrete, FRP-wrapped concrete, NC-modified FRP-wrapped concrete, FRP/pre-aged concrete, and NC-modified FRP/pre-aged concrete, respectively. Both before and after the salt scaling test in 3 wt% NaCl, the NC-modified FRP-wrapped concrete samples exhibited notably better mechanical properties (higher compression strength and elastic modulus) and significantly better transport properties at the interface (reduced water absorption and gas permeability), related to their unmodified FRP-wrapped counterparts. These benefits of nano-modification, along with better resistance to salt scaling, are attributable to the improved microstructure and reduced hydrophilicity of the adhesive, as revealed by microscopic investigations using a high-resolution optical microscope and a water contact angle tester. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the admixed NC chemically reacted with the adhesive and increased its crosslinking density and thermal stability.

ACS Style

Zhen Lei; Zhipeng Li; Xiang Zhang; Xianming Shi. Durability of CFRP-wrapped concrete in cold regions: A laboratory evaluation of montmorillonite nanoclay-modified siloxane epoxy adhesive. Construction and Building Materials 2021, 290, 123253 .

AMA Style

Zhen Lei, Zhipeng Li, Xiang Zhang, Xianming Shi. Durability of CFRP-wrapped concrete in cold regions: A laboratory evaluation of montmorillonite nanoclay-modified siloxane epoxy adhesive. Construction and Building Materials. 2021; 290 ():123253.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhen Lei; Zhipeng Li; Xiang Zhang; Xianming Shi. 2021. "Durability of CFRP-wrapped concrete in cold regions: A laboratory evaluation of montmorillonite nanoclay-modified siloxane epoxy adhesive." Construction and Building Materials 290, no. : 123253.

Journal article
Published: 11 February 2021 in Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering
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Winter road maintenance operations, commonly known as snow/ice control operations, are one of the most critical functions of state, provincial and local transportation agencies in cold regions. These operations aim to provide safety and mobility by timely and effective application of materials and plowing. The most common materials used are salt (sodium chloride, solid and brine), magnesium chloride-based, and calcium chloride-based deicers, agro-based additives and blends, and abrasives. In practice, the specific choice and application method and rate of these materials dependent on temperature, precipitation type, level of service goals, budget, and environmental sustainability. Best practices of material application are designed to apply the right type and amount of materials in the right place at the right time. This review presents the literature review and agency interviews that were conducted to assemble the information about the use of materials, including types of materials, application tactics, application rates, and application equipment.

ACS Style

Sen Du; Ms. Michelle Akin; Dave Bergner; Gang Xu; Xianming Shi. Material Application Methodologies for Winter Road Mobility: A Renewed Perspective. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Sen Du, Ms. Michelle Akin, Dave Bergner, Gang Xu, Xianming Shi. Material Application Methodologies for Winter Road Mobility: A Renewed Perspective. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sen Du; Ms. Michelle Akin; Dave Bergner; Gang Xu; Xianming Shi. 2021. "Material Application Methodologies for Winter Road Mobility: A Renewed Perspective." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering , no. : 1.

Review article
Published: 13 December 2020 in Resources, Conservation and Recycling
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Fly ash-based geopolymer composites (FA-GPCs) are an innovative type of cementitious materials that show great potential in replacing ordinary Portland cement composites. The production of FA-GPCs has a lower carbon footprint and consumes less energy than their Portland cement counterpart. The adoption of fly ash-based geopolymer as an alternative cementitious binder can also facilitate value-added utilization of coal fly ashes that remain an underutilized type of industrial byproduct collected from coal fired power plants. Recent advances in nanotechnology further improve the engineering properties of FA-GPCs and enable their broadened applications, often through the use of nano-materials as admixtures. This review focuses on the state of knowledge relevant to nano-engineered FA-GPCs, especially progresses made during the last decade (from 2010 to 2020). The influences of admixed nanomaterials on the features of both fresh and hardened FA-GPCs, including workability, in-service performance, and durability, are reviewed and discussed in this work. This work also presents a retrospective statistical analysis of mechanical performance of nano-engineered FA-GPCs, and concludes with a discussion of knowledge gaps and remaining challenges for future work.

ACS Style

Zhipeng Li; Ming-En Fei; Chenxi Huyan; Xianming Shi. Nano-engineered, Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Composites: An Overview. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2020, 168, 105334 .

AMA Style

Zhipeng Li, Ming-En Fei, Chenxi Huyan, Xianming Shi. Nano-engineered, Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Composites: An Overview. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2020; 168 ():105334.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhipeng Li; Ming-En Fei; Chenxi Huyan; Xianming Shi. 2020. "Nano-engineered, Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Composites: An Overview." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 168, no. : 105334.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2020 in Journal of Cold Regions Engineering
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Applying prewet deicers to roads during adverse winter weather is a cost-effective strategy to improve transportation safety and mobility. Prewet deicers have a small amount of liquid product applied to solid salt or salt/sand that speeds up ice melting and reduces deicer bounce-and-scatter loss. This study first presents the results of an in-depth survey of the Pacific Northwest on prewetting practices and then presents laboratory tests that quantified the ice melting, frictional behavior, and variation in snow–pavement bond strength of salt prewetted with various liquid deicers and at various rates. An ice melting test is a broadly accepted method to gauge the basic performance of deicers in a laboratory. More sophisticated laboratory tests on asphalt pavement samples with realistic snow and representative trafficking motion and forces were conducted. The laboratory tests confirmed that the prewetting liquid-to-solid application rate in the range of 33–67 L/t (8–16 gal./t) is reasonable for increasing the speed and total ice melting capacity (IMC) of solid salt. Furthermore, prewetting significantly reduced snow–pavement bond strength but did not increase friction more than dry salt.

ACS Style

Yan Zhang; Michelle Akin; Xianming Shi. Laboratory Investigation of Prewet Deicer Performance for Winter Mobility in the Pacific Northwest. Journal of Cold Regions Engineering 2020, 34, 04020022 .

AMA Style

Yan Zhang, Michelle Akin, Xianming Shi. Laboratory Investigation of Prewet Deicer Performance for Winter Mobility in the Pacific Northwest. Journal of Cold Regions Engineering. 2020; 34 (4):04020022.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yan Zhang; Michelle Akin; Xianming Shi. 2020. "Laboratory Investigation of Prewet Deicer Performance for Winter Mobility in the Pacific Northwest." Journal of Cold Regions Engineering 34, no. 4: 04020022.

Journal article
Published: 19 November 2020 in Journal of Infrastructure Preservation and Resilience
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Currently, there is an urgent demand for more cost-effective, resource-efficient and reliable solutions to address safety and mobility challenges on highways enduring snowy winter weather. To address this pressing issue, this commentary proposes that the physical and digital infrastructures should be upgraded to take advantage of emerging technologies and facilitate the vehicle-infrastructure integration (VII), to better inform decision-makers at various levels. Driven by the paradigm shift towards more automation and more intelligent transportation, it is time to reimagine the vehicle-infrastructure ecosystem with the cold-climate issues in mind, and to enhance communications and coordination among various highway users and stakeholders. This commentary envisages the deployment of vehicle-to-everything (V2X) technologies to bring about transformative changes and substantial benefits in terms of enhanced winter safety and mobility on highways. At the center of the commentary is a conceptualized design of next-generation highways in cold climates, including the existing infrastructure entities that are appropriate for possible upgrade to connected infrastructure (CI) applications, to leverage the immensely expanded data availability fueled by better spatial and temporal coverage. The commentary also advances the idea that CI solutions can augment the sensing capabilities and confidence level of connected or autonomous vehicles. The application scenarios of VII system is then briefly explored, followed by some discussion of the paradigm shift towards V2X applications and a look to the future including some identified research needs in the arena of CI. This work aims to inspire dialogues and synergistic collaborations among various stakeholders of the VII revolution, because the specific challenges call for systematic, holistic, and multidisciplinary approaches accompanied by concerted efforts in the research, development, pilot testing, and deployment of CI technologies.

ACS Style

Xianming Shi. More than smart pavements: connected infrastructure paves the way for enhanced winter safety and mobility on highways. Journal of Infrastructure Preservation and Resilience 2020, 1, 1 .

AMA Style

Xianming Shi. More than smart pavements: connected infrastructure paves the way for enhanced winter safety and mobility on highways. Journal of Infrastructure Preservation and Resilience. 2020; 1 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xianming Shi. 2020. "More than smart pavements: connected infrastructure paves the way for enhanced winter safety and mobility on highways." Journal of Infrastructure Preservation and Resilience 1, no. 1: 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2020 in Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
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For patch repairs of chloride contaminated RC structures, the use of discrete sacrificial anodes (DSAs) is indispensable. Without DSAs embedded, due to the ring effect, the failure of the RC around the patch area is accelerated. DSAs are increasingly being used, but few studies have evaluated the effectiveness of different DSAs and effects of the surrounding environment on the performance of different DSAs. This study employed four electrical parameters and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to evaluate three types of DSAs embedded in chloride-contaminated concrete through wet–dry and freeze–thaw cycles. The corrosion of the reinforcements is a stochastic process and the bound chloride ions play an important role in determining the corrosion state of the reinforcement. Most of the DSAs provided effective cathodic protection, but the effectiveness of DSAs could be influenced by the corrosion state of the reinforcement. The wet–dry and freeze–thaw cycles had significant influence on the performance of two types of the DSAs. Current DSA designs do not fully utilize the embedded Zn alloy.

ACS Style

Jialuo He; Xianming Shi. Accelerated Laboratory Assessment of Discrete Sacrificial Anodes for Rehabilitation of Salt-Contaminated Reinforced Concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 2020, 32, 04020344 .

AMA Style

Jialuo He, Xianming Shi. Accelerated Laboratory Assessment of Discrete Sacrificial Anodes for Rehabilitation of Salt-Contaminated Reinforced Concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 2020; 32 (11):04020344.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jialuo He; Xianming Shi. 2020. "Accelerated Laboratory Assessment of Discrete Sacrificial Anodes for Rehabilitation of Salt-Contaminated Reinforced Concrete." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 32, no. 11: 04020344.

Report
Published: 01 November 2020 in Design of Living Barriers to Reduce the Impacts of Snowdrifts on Illinois Freeways
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Blowing snow accounts for a large part of Illinois Department of Transportation’s total winter maintenance expenditures. This project aims to develop recommendations on the design and placement of living snow fences (LSFs) to minimize snowdrift on Illinois highways. The research team examined historical IDOT data for resource expenditures, conducted a literature review and survey of northern agencies, developed and validated a numerical model, field tested selected LSFs, and used a model to assist LSF design. Field testing revealed that the proper snow fence setback distance should consider the local prevailing winter weather conditions, and snow fences within the right-of-way could still be beneficial to agencies. A series of numerical simulations of flow around porous fences were performed using Flow-3D, a computational fluid dynamics software. The results of the simulations of the validated model were employed to develop design guidelines for siting LSFs on flat terrain and for those with mild slopes (< 15° from horizontal). Guidance is provided for determining fence setback, wind characteristics, fence orientation, as well as fence height and porosity. Fences comprised of multiple rows are also addressed. For sites with embankments with steeper slopes, guidelines are provided that include a fence at the base and one or more fence on the embankment. The design procedure can use the available right-of-way at a site to determine the appropriate fence characteristics (e.g., height and porosity) to prevent snow deposition on the road. The procedure developed in this work provides an alternative that uses available setback to design the fence. This approach does not consider snow transport over an entire season and may be less effective in years with several large snowfall events, very large single events, or a sequence of small events with little snowmelt in between. However, this procedure is expected to be effective for more frequent snowfall events such as those that occurred over the field-monitoring period. Recommendations were made to facilitate the implementation of research results by IDOT. The recommendations include a proposed process flow for establishing LSFs for Illinois highways, LSF siting and design guidelines (along with a list of suitable plant species for LSFs), as well as other implementation considerations and identified research needs.

ACS Style

John Petrie; Yan Qi; Mark Cornwell; Al Adib Sarker; Pranesh Biswas; Sen Du; Xianming Shi; Washington State University; Southern Illinois University Edwardsville; Llc Sustainable Salting Solutions. Design of Living Barriers to Reduce the Impacts of Snowdrifts on Illinois Freeways. Design of Living Barriers to Reduce the Impacts of Snowdrifts on Illinois Freeways 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

John Petrie, Yan Qi, Mark Cornwell, Al Adib Sarker, Pranesh Biswas, Sen Du, Xianming Shi, Washington State University, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Llc Sustainable Salting Solutions. Design of Living Barriers to Reduce the Impacts of Snowdrifts on Illinois Freeways. Design of Living Barriers to Reduce the Impacts of Snowdrifts on Illinois Freeways. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

John Petrie; Yan Qi; Mark Cornwell; Al Adib Sarker; Pranesh Biswas; Sen Du; Xianming Shi; Washington State University; Southern Illinois University Edwardsville; Llc Sustainable Salting Solutions. 2020. "Design of Living Barriers to Reduce the Impacts of Snowdrifts on Illinois Freeways." Design of Living Barriers to Reduce the Impacts of Snowdrifts on Illinois Freeways , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 16 October 2020
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Currently, there is an urgent demand for more cost-effective, resource-efficient and reliable solutions to address safety and mobility challenges on highways enduring snowy winter weather. To address this pressing issue, this commentary proposes that the physical and digital infrastructures should be upgraded to take advantage of emerging technologies and facilitate the vehicle-infrastructure integration (VII), to better inform decision-makers at various levels. Driven by the paradigm shift towards more automation and more intelligent transportation, it is time to reimagine the vehicle-infrastructure ecosystem with the cold-climate issues in mind, and to enhance communications and coordination among various highway users and stakeholders. This commentary envisages the deployment of vehicle-to-everything (V2X) technologies to bring about transformative changes and substantial benefits in terms of enhanced winter safety and mobility on highways. At the center of the commentary is a conceptualized design of next-generation highways in cold climates, including the existing infrastructure entities that are appropriate for possible upgrade to connected infrastructure (CI) applications, to leverage the immensely expanded data availability fueled by better spatial and temporal coverage. The commentary also advances the idea that CI solutions can augment the sensing capabilities and confidence level of connected or autonomous vehicles. The application scenarios of VII system is then briefly explored, followed by some discussion of the paradigm shift towards V2X applications and a look to the future including some identified research needs in the arena of CI. This work aims to inspire dialogues and synergistic collaborations among various stakeholders of the VII revolution, because the specific challenges call for systematic, holistic, and multidisciplinary approaches accompanied by concerted efforts in the research, development, pilot testing, and deployment of CI technologies.

ACS Style

Xianming Shi. More Than Smart Pavements: Connected Infrastructure Paves the Way for Enhanced Winter Safety and Mobility on Highways. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Xianming Shi. More Than Smart Pavements: Connected Infrastructure Paves the Way for Enhanced Winter Safety and Mobility on Highways. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xianming Shi. 2020. "More Than Smart Pavements: Connected Infrastructure Paves the Way for Enhanced Winter Safety and Mobility on Highways." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2020 in Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
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In this laboratory study, the corrosion behavior of ASTM A1008 CS Type B carbon steel (C1008), ASTM A48 Class 35 gray cast iron (GCCL35), and ASTM A536 65-45-12 ductile cast iron [Ductile(65-45-12)] was examined in a simulated soil solution in the presence and absence of beetroot juice (beet juice), a bioderived additive. Two types of deicers, including 23% NaCl and 30% MgCl2 at different dilution ratios (1:30 and 1:90), were included as the test media to simulate the practical cases of buried pipes adjacent to roadways. The corrosion behavior of the metallic samples was examined by the measurements of open circuit potential and linear polarization resistance. In addition, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to study the corrosion product layer. Surface analysis of the samples was carried out using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy methods. The results showed that beet juice had corrosion inhibitory properties in diluted 23% NaCl at both dilution ratios. However, in the case of diluted 30% MgCl2 solution, corrosion inhibition was limited to a dilution ratio of 1:30, which shows a more pronounced effect of dilution on the corrosion inhibition in 30% MgCl2 compared to 23% NaCl. The protection mechanism mainly involved blocking the anodic active sites by an organic passive layer. C1008 samples showed the lowest corrosion rate in the presence and absence of beet juice in NaCl and MgCl2 solutions. A more protective layer formed on the samples in NaCl solution compared to MgCl2, which may be due to the effect of ionic strength on the solubility.

ACS Style

Mehdi Honarvar Nazari; Jiang Yu; Xianming Shi. Effect of Ferrous Alloy Type, Beetroot Juice, Deicer Type and Concentration on Early-Stage Corrosion Behavior of Buried Pipes. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 2020, 32, 04020281 .

AMA Style

Mehdi Honarvar Nazari, Jiang Yu, Xianming Shi. Effect of Ferrous Alloy Type, Beetroot Juice, Deicer Type and Concentration on Early-Stage Corrosion Behavior of Buried Pipes. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 2020; 32 (10):04020281.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mehdi Honarvar Nazari; Jiang Yu; Xianming Shi. 2020. "Effect of Ferrous Alloy Type, Beetroot Juice, Deicer Type and Concentration on Early-Stage Corrosion Behavior of Buried Pipes." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 32, no. 10: 04020281.

Research article
Published: 13 September 2020 in Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board
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Open graded, ultrathin, and permeable friction course surfaces (collectively referred to as PFSs) have been successfully used by many transportation agencies in several countries as a wearing surface to help reduce water splash and spray, reduce potential for hydroplaning, increase friction, and reduce noise. Despite these advantages, when used in colder climates PFSs tend to freeze more rapidly, transport deicing/anti-icing chemicals from the road surface, clog from sands and other debris, and retain snow and ice for a longer period of time. Most of the reported difficulties with PFSs are at near-freezing temperatures (28°F–35°F). Laboratory tests were conducted using samples of traditional dense graded pavement (DGP), cores from new and old in-service open graded friction course pavements, and ultrathin friction course samples made from hot mix asphalt collected from paving operations. The tests were conducted in a walk-in environmental chamber at 28°F. Snow–pavement bond strength and static friction were measured to determine the effectiveness of anti-icing with salt brine and deicing with dry and pre-wet solid salt. The test results revealed that compacted snow bonds more strongly to PFSs, yet friction of PFSs was significantly greater than DGPs after snow removal, even without the use of salt. The PFSs appeared more white and snowy, and this appearance may be contributing to unnecessarily high application rates of salt by practitioners. Field testing is recommended to better understand the frictional behavior of PFSs during a variety of winter storm conditions and deicer application strategies.

ACS Style

Michelle Akin; Laura Fay; Xianming Shi. Friction and Snow–Pavement Bond after Salting and Plowing Permeable Friction Surfaces. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2020, 2674, 794 -805.

AMA Style

Michelle Akin, Laura Fay, Xianming Shi. Friction and Snow–Pavement Bond after Salting and Plowing Permeable Friction Surfaces. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2020; 2674 (11):794-805.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michelle Akin; Laura Fay; Xianming Shi. 2020. "Friction and Snow–Pavement Bond after Salting and Plowing Permeable Friction Surfaces." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 11: 794-805.