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Nowadays, policy narratives as a communication strategy are frequently used by governments to persuade target populations and obtain policy support. However, few studies have empirically examined whether and through what mechanisms policy narratives can enhance policy support intention. To fill this gap, this study uses the case of energy conservation policy to conduct a survey experiment among 300 industrial enterprises in Liaoning, China. The findings indicate that policy narratives are effective in strengthening policy support intention; this effectiveness is achieved through a mediating variable of subjective policy understanding. In other words, only when policy narratives make target populations think they understand the policy can they show strong policy support intention. Additionally, we examine how policy narratives should be designed to enhance subjective policy understanding. The study finds that a simple narrative form (i.e. reducing policy details and using images and symbols) and a narrative content with positive incentives (i.e. showing material and reputational incentives) are two measures to enhance subjective policy understanding, which then leads to strong policy support intention. The implications of these findings for the policy narrative theory and policy implementation practice are discussed at the end of the article.
Rui Mu; Yan Li; Tie Cui. Policy narrative, policy understanding and policy support intention: a survey experiment on energy conservation. Policy Studies 2021, 1 -21.
AMA StyleRui Mu, Yan Li, Tie Cui. Policy narrative, policy understanding and policy support intention: a survey experiment on energy conservation. Policy Studies. 2021; ():1-21.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRui Mu; Yan Li; Tie Cui. 2021. "Policy narrative, policy understanding and policy support intention: a survey experiment on energy conservation." Policy Studies , no. : 1-21.
Co-production is a solution by which the government provides public services. Co-production theory is built upon Western experience and currently focuses on the types of co-production in different policy stages, the barriers and governance strategies for co-production. However, little attention is paid to how political background will influence the co-production process. To fill the gap, we analyzed a case of co-production that occurred in China, and we characterized the political background as consisting of three main political features: political mobility, central–local relations, and performance measurement. Based on an in-depth case study of a government project in a medium-sized Chinese city, the impact and the changes of political features affecting governmental projects in different co-production stages are analyzed and assessed. We find that political features play a critical role in the co-production of China’s large government projects and may separately and jointly affect co-production. Government performance measurement affects the co-design and co-implementation of projects. Political mobility and changes in local government and performance measurement also affect the co-implementation continuity of the project. Political focus affects the co-design of projects. Central-local relations influence the support from higher government and the actual practices of lower government in the co-implementation stage.
Wenting Ma; Rui Mu; Martin de Jong. How Do Political Features Influence the Co-Production of Government Projects? A Case Study of a Medium-Sized Chinese City. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7600 .
AMA StyleWenting Ma, Rui Mu, Martin de Jong. How Do Political Features Influence the Co-Production of Government Projects? A Case Study of a Medium-Sized Chinese City. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (14):7600.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWenting Ma; Rui Mu; Martin de Jong. 2021. "How Do Political Features Influence the Co-Production of Government Projects? A Case Study of a Medium-Sized Chinese City." Sustainability 13, no. 14: 7600.
This research chooses the method of narrative literature review to analyze the barriers in implementing tobacco regulatory policies in China and explore the strategies that can overcome these challenges. China is the world’s largest producer and consumer of tobacco products. Although the prevalence of cigarette smoking declined from 34.5% to 27.7% between 1984 and 2015, the reduction over the 30 years has been slow. Therefore, effective tobacco regulatory policies are necessary. However, as the tobacco industry is one of the major sources of government revenue and an indispensable part of the national economy, the implementation of tobacco regulatory policies faces many challenges. In terms of the institutional dimension, the ambiguous attitude of national institutions and tobacco companies’ development strategies impede the enforcement of tobacco policies. In addition, the primary economic barrier to tobacco control is the unwillingness of the government to raise value-added tax on tobacco. Finally, the social customs of exchanging individual cigarettes and gifting packaged cigarettes among adults and juveniles in China hinder the implementation of tobacco regulatory policies. In this case, a combined strategy of top-down and bottom-up approaches can remove these barriers, such as using the authoritative power to control tobacco use and raising non-smokers’ awareness of smoking risks and public education.
Wancong Leng; Rui Mu. Barriers to Tobacco Control in China: A Narrative Review. Societies 2020, 10, 101 .
AMA StyleWancong Leng, Rui Mu. Barriers to Tobacco Control in China: A Narrative Review. Societies. 2020; 10 (4):101.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWancong Leng; Rui Mu. 2020. "Barriers to Tobacco Control in China: A Narrative Review." Societies 10, no. 4: 101.
Local governments in China actively promote low carbon city pilots to respond to the challenges of climate change mentioned in the Sustainable Development Goals, including building sustainable cities and communities, and taking climate action. However, relatively little is known about the actual implementation of programs to achieve sustainable cities, especially how combinations of policy instruments are deployed in the realization of low carbon cities. First, this study contributes to the literature in policy studies by identifying how four types relevant to carbon city development, hierarchy, market, network and information based ones, can be combined in policy mixes and play out in the effective realisation of low carbon cities in other countries. Second, this framework is used to map the application of policy instruments in China’s 35 low carbon pilot cities. This study uses fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis to explore which configurations of policy instruments are in use and assesses their effects on low carbon city construction. It thus builds a bridge between theory on policy instruments, their combinations and low carbon city development. The presence of hierarchical policy instruments appears to be a necessary condition for low carbon city development and their use prevails. Market-based and network-based instruments complement hierarchical instruments but do not suffice in themselves. Applying hierarchical instruments and market-based instruments together tends to hamper the effect of network instruments and information instruments, whereas network instruments appear to be interchangeable with information instruments. Network governance in China’s low carbon city development is still comparatively underdeveloped.
Wenting Ma; Martin de Jong; Mark de Bruijne; Rui Mu. Mix and match: Configuring different types of policy instruments to develop successful low carbon cities in China. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 282, 125399 .
AMA StyleWenting Ma, Martin de Jong, Mark de Bruijne, Rui Mu. Mix and match: Configuring different types of policy instruments to develop successful low carbon cities in China. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 282 ():125399.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWenting Ma; Martin de Jong; Mark de Bruijne; Rui Mu. 2020. "Mix and match: Configuring different types of policy instruments to develop successful low carbon cities in China." Journal of Cleaner Production 282, no. : 125399.
Based on the PRISMA approach, this article presents a systematic review of how barriers and governance strategies are different between digital and non-digital open innovation (OI). The results show that relational barriers are more influential for non-digital OI, while capacity- and technical-related barriers are the main challenges for digital OI. Moreover, it finds that political commitment and employment of intermediaries are universal strategies for OI. Coercive and mandate strategies are effective only for inter-governmental OI. When citizens and private actors participate offline, strategies are often persuasive-oriented and stress relational governance; when they participate online, strategies focus on technical capacity building.
Rui Mu; Huanming Wang. A systematic literature review of open innovation in the public sector: comparing barriers and governance strategies of digital and non-digital open innovation. Public Management Review 2020, 1 -23.
AMA StyleRui Mu, Huanming Wang. A systematic literature review of open innovation in the public sector: comparing barriers and governance strategies of digital and non-digital open innovation. Public Management Review. 2020; ():1-23.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRui Mu; Huanming Wang. 2020. "A systematic literature review of open innovation in the public sector: comparing barriers and governance strategies of digital and non-digital open innovation." Public Management Review , no. : 1-23.
To solve regional environmental problems, there is a trend of establishing urban agglomerations and formulating cooperative policy institutions in China. The extant studies on policy institutions largely focus on the coordinative mechanisms of multiple actors within one single institution. Only a few studies have tried to understand how different policy institutions are interlinked and mutually affected to influence actors’ decisions and problem resolutions. This article applies a network-based analytical approach and adopts the Ecology of Games Framework to explore how regional environmental governance is coordinated in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. It was found that coordinative mechanisms in regional environmental governance can happen around three elements: policy institutions, policy actors, and policy issues. Policy institutions tend to serve as an umbrella for many diverse and interdependent activities and actors within individual institutions. Additionally, positive externalities emerging between different policy institutions perform as coordinators across institutions. For actors, state-level actors usually play as facilitators of policy institutions while they are not active in participating in policy games in later phases; it is regional actors, particularly from Guangdong, that are active in the operation of policy institutions. For policy issues, they emerge because they are often tied with each other, and some of them play as the common ground for seemly separating policy institutions.
Wenjie Zhou; Rui Mu. Exploring Coordinative Mechanisms for Environmental Governance in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area: An Ecology of Games Framework. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3119 .
AMA StyleWenjie Zhou, Rui Mu. Exploring Coordinative Mechanisms for Environmental Governance in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area: An Ecology of Games Framework. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (11):3119.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWenjie Zhou; Rui Mu. 2019. "Exploring Coordinative Mechanisms for Environmental Governance in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area: An Ecology of Games Framework." Sustainability 11, no. 11: 3119.
Policy understanding toward energy conservation is fundamental for voluntary energy-saving activities in the industrial sector. To increase policy understanding, government communication has been regarded as a means of helping enterprises to recognize, learn, and interpret energy conservation policies. This article builds up a conceptual framework for government communication and policy understanding. In the conceptual framework, the authors distinguish three dimensions (prior consultation, policy marketing, and policy training) of government communication, and make a distinction between subjective and objective policy understanding. The role of government communication in facilitating policy understanding is empirically tested in the field of energy-saving in China. The article finds that prior consultation and policy training have significant positive influence on policy understanding, and the effect of policy training is slightly larger than that of prior consultation. However, policy marketing does not show any significant impact on policy understanding. In particular, the role of prior consultation lies in promoting subjective policy understanding, while the function of policy training is to improve objective policy understanding. These findings have important implications for the government to carry out energy conservation. The article ends up with some practical policy recommendations.
Rui Mu; Yan Li; Yan Fu. Can Government Communication Facilitate Policy Understanding Toward Energy Conservation? Evidence from an Old Industrial Base in China. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3222 .
AMA StyleRui Mu, Yan Li, Yan Fu. Can Government Communication Facilitate Policy Understanding Toward Energy Conservation? Evidence from an Old Industrial Base in China. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (9):3222.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRui Mu; Yan Li; Yan Fu. 2018. "Can Government Communication Facilitate Policy Understanding Toward Energy Conservation? Evidence from an Old Industrial Base in China." Sustainability 10, no. 9: 3222.
This study assesses and explains interagency collaboration performance in the Chinese public sector. Through a comparative case study, it shows that inter-organizational relation is hard to start up; conflicting policies, incompatible procedures, power disparity, low issue salience, and lack of perceived interdependence may separately and jointly affect collaboration performance. The presence of vertical meta-governance plays a critical role in turning the tide; however, its presence is tied up with other factors such as high issue salience or bottom-up appeal. In addition, the highest level of performance not only depends on vertical meta-governance but also on horizontal meta-governance.
Rui Mu; Martin De Jong; Joop Koppenjan. Assessing and explaining interagency collaboration performance: a comparative case study of local governments in China. Public Management Review 2018, 21, 581 -605.
AMA StyleRui Mu, Martin De Jong, Joop Koppenjan. Assessing and explaining interagency collaboration performance: a comparative case study of local governments in China. Public Management Review. 2018; 21 (4):581-605.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRui Mu; Martin De Jong; Joop Koppenjan. 2018. "Assessing and explaining interagency collaboration performance: a comparative case study of local governments in China." Public Management Review 21, no. 4: 581-605.
This article investigates the relationship between privatisation and equity, and considers the extent to which measures to reverse privatisation have improved citizens’ access to public services. The Coefficient of Variation (CV) method is used to measure equity, and the multiple regression method is adopted to test the relationship between privatisation and equity. The findings confirm that there is a negative relationship between market access and equity, an inverted U-shape relationship between competition and equity, and a positive relationship between ownership and equity. In addition, the findings demonstrate that privatisation reversal does not have a clear impact on equity.
Huanming Wang; Rui Mu; Shuyan Liu. The effects of privatisation on the equity of public services: evidence from China. Policy & Politics 2018, 46, 427 -443.
AMA StyleHuanming Wang, Rui Mu, Shuyan Liu. The effects of privatisation on the equity of public services: evidence from China. Policy & Politics. 2018; 46 (3):427-443.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuanming Wang; Rui Mu; Shuyan Liu. 2018. "The effects of privatisation on the equity of public services: evidence from China." Policy & Politics 46, no. 3: 427-443.
This study investigates what conditions, in combination, drive varying levels of intensity of inter-organizational activities regarding cooperation on environmental governance in nine urban agglomerations in China. This article distinguishes strong and weak inter-organizational activities; and through a literature review, the article distills five conditions influencing inter-organizational activity, including vertical meta-governance, horizontal meta-governance, leadership, autonomous capacity disparity and environmental status disparity. While these conditions are clearly unique, it is unclear if any of these conditions are necessary or sufficient and how they work collectively, for varying degrees of inter-organization activities. Through the method of Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), the article examines this question. The findings suggest that strong horizontal meta-governance and strong leadership are both necessary conditions for strong inter-organizational involvement in joint environmental governance. Small disparities in autonomous capacity and environmental status are sufficient conditions for strong inter-organizational activities. Strong vertical meta-governance is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition. The QCA results reveal that local authorities should put energy in developing their formal structures favorable for cooperation and that local leaders should develop skills to facilitate joint actions between member cities in an agglomeration.
Rui Mu; Junting Jia; Wancong Leng; Maidina Haershan; Jiwei Jin. What Conditions, in Combination, Drive Inter-Organizational Activities? Evidence from Cooperation on Environmental Governance in Nine Urban Agglomerations in China. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2387 .
AMA StyleRui Mu, Junting Jia, Wancong Leng, Maidina Haershan, Jiwei Jin. What Conditions, in Combination, Drive Inter-Organizational Activities? Evidence from Cooperation on Environmental Governance in Nine Urban Agglomerations in China. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (7):2387.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRui Mu; Junting Jia; Wancong Leng; Maidina Haershan; Jiwei Jin. 2018. "What Conditions, in Combination, Drive Inter-Organizational Activities? Evidence from Cooperation on Environmental Governance in Nine Urban Agglomerations in China." Sustainability 10, no. 7: 2387.
Since 2013, the Chinese central government has pushed cooperation on environmental governance in Urban Agglomerations (UAs). In some of these UAs, cities have previously been developing environmental governance activities autonomously, in the absence of inter-city cooperation, while on others, spontaneous cooperation has previously taken place. These differences in historical context provide us with an opportunity to study, in a comparative way, how a history of cooperation influences the effectiveness of inter-city cooperation on environmental governance. Our approach to carrying out this comparison is to reconstruct the trajectories of events that describe the evolution of environmental governance in two UAs (Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Yangtze River Delta), covering the period from the early 90s to 2016. The main findings of this study are that the trajectory of environmental governance in a historical context of prior spontaneous cooperation is more effective in achieving goal intertwinement than that in a historical context of no prior cooperation; and that informal forms of cooperation, along with decentralized coordination by local actors, are critical and more influential in bringing about more effective cooperation. On the other hand, in a historical context of no prior cooperation there is an opportunity to design a cooperative structure from scratch; in this process attention should be paid to the creation of an equal playing ground, with balanced costs and benefits for all partners. By contrast, cooperation on environmental governance in a context where there is a history of spontaneous cooperation the central government can still play a role in the further facilitation of cooperation.
Rui Mu; Wouter Spekkink. A Running Start or a Clean Slate? How a History of Cooperation Affects the Ability of Cities to Cooperate on Environmental Governance. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1950 .
AMA StyleRui Mu, Wouter Spekkink. A Running Start or a Clean Slate? How a History of Cooperation Affects the Ability of Cities to Cooperate on Environmental Governance. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (6):1950.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRui Mu; Wouter Spekkink. 2018. "A Running Start or a Clean Slate? How a History of Cooperation Affects the Ability of Cities to Cooperate on Environmental Governance." Sustainability 10, no. 6: 1950.
A conceptual framework combining the Multiple Streams Approach and the policy implementation theory was used to explain variations of environmental target performance in China. This paper suggests that strong political attention is not a necessary condition for high target performance, and favorable institutional context may play a decisive role in facilitating performance when political attention is missing. The study concludes that if there is a good fit of policy to problem, but an absence of political attention, high performance is likely to be achieved when the institutional context is hierarchical and centralized, or when goals are aligned in the context that is decentralized.
Rui Mu. Coupling of Problems, Political Attention, Policies and Institutional Conditions: Explaining the Performance of Environmental Targets in the National Five-Year Plans in China. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1477 .
AMA StyleRui Mu. Coupling of Problems, Political Attention, Policies and Institutional Conditions: Explaining the Performance of Environmental Targets in the National Five-Year Plans in China. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (5):1477.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRui Mu. 2018. "Coupling of Problems, Political Attention, Policies and Institutional Conditions: Explaining the Performance of Environmental Targets in the National Five-Year Plans in China." Sustainability 10, no. 5: 1477.
China is struggling between accelerating environmental protection and accelerating environmental damage. Although the central government is investing extensively in environmental laws and policies, China’s annual environmental goals have hardly been achieved. What is often poorly recognized by top decision-makers is that the environmental governance system is so complex that multiple elements, including laws, policy items, actors and issues, have become intentionally or emergently entangled. Without knowing the roles, positions and interconnections of the system elements, it is difficult for people to find the critical points for further improvements. Taking this challenge, this research conducts a retrospective analysis on the developmental trajectory of China’s environmental governance. The analysis helps us to pinpoint the role of law, the position of actor, and the linkage of policy that promote or prevent environmental protection; it can also question or reaffirm the effectiveness of the environmental laws and policies, and thereby aid China’s future prognosis and some recommendations.
Rui Mu. Role of Law, Position of Actor and Linkage of Policy in China’s National Environmental Governance System, 1972–2016. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1065 .
AMA StyleRui Mu. Role of Law, Position of Actor and Linkage of Policy in China’s National Environmental Governance System, 1972–2016. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (4):1065.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRui Mu. 2018. "Role of Law, Position of Actor and Linkage of Policy in China’s National Environmental Governance System, 1972–2016." Sustainability 10, no. 4: 1065.
This article shows how a deeper understanding of the psychological roots of strategic behavior in the targets approach can provide a fresh perspective for policy makers and public administrators to alter behavior. It presents how the Target Responsibility System (TRS) is deployed in China, identifies what types of strategic behavior emerge in the TRS, and explores what psychological insights can be drawn to explain the emergence of strategic behavior. Semi-structured elite interviews were conducted. The central theoretical takeaway is that in the target setting and implementation processes, the behavior of local officials benefits individuals, not organizations; their psychology is geared to challenges in different stages of the target achievement process; and four cognitive biases can be used to explain the emergence of different types of strategic behavior. The empirical implications are that China’s specifics lie in that the tight relationship between target performance and cadre evaluation/promotion, and the use of numbers to political ranks provide fertile ground for an overall psychology where any error or failure must be avoided.
Rui Mu; Martin De Jong. The psychology of local officials: explaining strategic behavior in the Chinese Target Responsibility System. Journal of Chinese Governance 2018, 3, 243 -260.
AMA StyleRui Mu, Martin De Jong. The psychology of local officials: explaining strategic behavior in the Chinese Target Responsibility System. Journal of Chinese Governance. 2018; 3 (2):243-260.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRui Mu; Martin De Jong. 2018. "The psychology of local officials: explaining strategic behavior in the Chinese Target Responsibility System." Journal of Chinese Governance 3, no. 2: 243-260.
To promote sustainable urbanization and combat the economic, environmental, energy and safety issues that go with rapid motorization, the Ministry of Transport in China has introduced the “Transit Metropolis” program with a substantive amount of funds devoted to the implementation of the program in local governments. This represents the largest ever central government-led effort addressing transit metropolis development in the world. How has the program been implemented locally? Have the selected demonstration cities followed the same principle or taken comparable measures to implement their version of the transit metropolis? What is their performance? These questions remain unknown in the current literature. This article answers the above questions through a literature review, interviews and comparative case studies in Shenyang and Dalian, two large cities in Liaoning Province. It shows that both cities have successfully achieved the target levels for building a transit metropolis. Similarities between the two cities can be found their absence of any policies on automobile restriction and the presence of enormous efforts in transit network expansion and optimization. Differences lie in the fact that Shenyang has been more conventional in developing the transit metropolis, while Dalian has been more innovative and flexible in policy implementation. When comparing our empirical findings with the experience of creating transit metropolis elsewhere in China and in foreign countries, we find that policies and regulations restricting car use and calming traffic are not necessary conditions for successful transit metropolises; however, the attractiveness of transit infrastructure, combined with aesthetic and well-decorated street network is essential for a modal shift for transit. We also find that the perception on the transit metropolis in China more emphasizes transit service improvement, while the concept in Western countries more focuses on the shift of land use patterns that lean more towards influencing transit behavior.
Rui Mu; Martin De Jong. A Tale of Two Chinese Transit Metropolises and the Implementation of Their Policies: Shenyang and Dalian (Liaoning Province, China). Energies 2018, 11, 481 .
AMA StyleRui Mu, Martin De Jong. A Tale of Two Chinese Transit Metropolises and the Implementation of Their Policies: Shenyang and Dalian (Liaoning Province, China). Energies. 2018; 11 (3):481.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRui Mu; Martin De Jong. 2018. "A Tale of Two Chinese Transit Metropolises and the Implementation of Their Policies: Shenyang and Dalian (Liaoning Province, China)." Energies 11, no. 3: 481.
This article applies the theoretical notion of “bounded rationality” to understand and to explain the updates of the Environmental Target Policy (ETP) in China during 1972–2016. An analytical framework is built up by combining the phase model and the stream model in policy science in order to trace the longitudinal transformation of the ETP. In addition, the article adopts the “event sequence method” to discover the dynamics of the problem, politics, and policy streams of the target policy and to identify the evolving coupling between the different streams. It shows that China’s ETP has experienced five phases of development. For each phase the central government had its specific bounded rationality to make the crucial decision on the ETP. The decisions on the ETP in different phases were made when policy windows were open with the coupling of the problem, politics, and policy streams. As for the updates of the ETP, we find that the rationalities of the central governments in the five phases were limited by the emergent practices during the ETP implementation, which gave momentum to the central government to seek new solutions and to revise and adapt the ETP.
Rui Mu. Bounded Rationality in the Developmental Trajectory of Environmental Target Policy in China, 1972–2016. Sustainability 2018, 10, 199 .
AMA StyleRui Mu. Bounded Rationality in the Developmental Trajectory of Environmental Target Policy in China, 1972–2016. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (1):199.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRui Mu. 2018. "Bounded Rationality in the Developmental Trajectory of Environmental Target Policy in China, 1972–2016." Sustainability 10, no. 1: 199.
Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) is not only an urban planning tool but also a complex policy process that involves a network of actors with diverse perceptions, goals, resources and strategies. In such a multi-actor setting, effective implementation of TOD requires governance instruments and strategies aiming for the promotion of actor mutual recognition, goal alignment, information communication and the management of actor interaction. Most of the empirical research on TOD in China has focused on economically developed cities in the prosperous East of the country. To what extent and how cities in China's far West, which feature a different developmental trajectory in their land use, housing provision and transport patterns, adopt TOD still remains unknown territory. This article makes a beginning with the exploration of this topic by studying the Urumqi city in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Based on network governance theory, this article investigates the governance strategies used in Urumqi to integrate urban transport and land use policies. It presents a network governance model consisting of three rungs and concludes that a coordinative umbrella organization plays a significant role in eradicating problems of early substantive selection and perceptional fixation; successful policy integration requires careful goal alignment strategies that force actors to shift from go-alone strategies to interaction and concerted actions; institutional design and trust-building are also imperative for joint action.
Rui Mu; Martin de Jong. A network governance approach to transit-oriented development: Integrating urban transport and land use policies in Urumqi, China. Transport Policy 2016, 52, 55 -63.
AMA StyleRui Mu, Martin de Jong. A network governance approach to transit-oriented development: Integrating urban transport and land use policies in Urumqi, China. Transport Policy. 2016; 52 ():55-63.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRui Mu; Martin de Jong. 2016. "A network governance approach to transit-oriented development: Integrating urban transport and land use policies in Urumqi, China." Transport Policy 52, no. : 55-63.
Huanming Wang; Rui Mu; Wenyu Liu. Privatisation Reversals of Bus Transport Service: A Case of Shanghai in China. Urban Policy and Research 2016, 36, 63 -78.
AMA StyleHuanming Wang, Rui Mu, Wenyu Liu. Privatisation Reversals of Bus Transport Service: A Case of Shanghai in China. Urban Policy and Research. 2016; 36 (1):63-78.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuanming Wang; Rui Mu; Wenyu Liu. 2016. "Privatisation Reversals of Bus Transport Service: A Case of Shanghai in China." Urban Policy and Research 36, no. 1: 63-78.
Theory on the strategic use of knowledge in planning large infrastructure projects is comparatively well-developed in the fields of public policy and urban/transport planning for Western democracies. But how policymakers make use of knowledge and what position policy analysts hold in non-Western countries still remains largely unknown territory in the literature. This article begins to explore this topic by studying two urban transport projects in the Chinese city of Dalian. Based on empirical evidence, the article concludes with a number of preliminary but notable differences between Western countries and China in terms of the administrative mechanisms underlying the strategic use of knowledge in policymaking. We found that Chinese institutional incentives with regard to cadre evaluation and promotion channels largely constitute the motivation of politicians to use knowledge strategically. Additionally, the wider social and administrative cultures in China, including a command-and-control tradition and a high level of power distance create a basis for the strategic use of information as well as the manipulation of analytical data.
Rui Mu; Niek Mouter; Martin De Jong. Strategic Use of Analytical Information in Transport Planning in China: How Is It Different from Western Democracies? Journal of Urban Technology 2016, 23, 3 -22.
AMA StyleRui Mu, Niek Mouter, Martin De Jong. Strategic Use of Analytical Information in Transport Planning in China: How Is It Different from Western Democracies? Journal of Urban Technology. 2016; 23 (2):3-22.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRui Mu; Niek Mouter; Martin De Jong. 2016. "Strategic Use of Analytical Information in Transport Planning in China: How Is It Different from Western Democracies?" Journal of Urban Technology 23, no. 2: 3-22.
This study aimed to investigate the expression of Friend leukemia virus integration 1 (Fli-1) and its correlation with the prognosis of endometrial cancer (EC). Thirty-two EC tissue samples were evaluated for Fli-1 expression using immunohistochemistry. Fli-1 showed significantly high expression in EC cells, followed by hyperplasia cells, and was negative in adjacent normal tissues. The high expression of Fli-1 was significantly associated with a high differentiation grade, mutated P53 expression, and histological subtype (p < .05). Downregulation of Fli-1 in AN3CN cells using RNA interference inhibited cell clone formation and proliferation but did not affect apoptosis and migration of the cells. This study provides the first evidence that Fli-1 expression gradually increases in parallel with disease progression, and its overexpression might predict poor prognosis in EC.
Wei Song; Tianyang Zhang; Wei Li; Rui Mu; Lingyi Zhang; Yan Li; Baofeng Jin; Na Wang; Ailing Li; Jiuwei Cui. Overexpression of Fli-1 is Associated with Adverse Prognosis of Endometrial Cancer. Cancer Investigation 2015, 33, 469 -475.
AMA StyleWei Song, Tianyang Zhang, Wei Li, Rui Mu, Lingyi Zhang, Yan Li, Baofeng Jin, Na Wang, Ailing Li, Jiuwei Cui. Overexpression of Fli-1 is Associated with Adverse Prognosis of Endometrial Cancer. Cancer Investigation. 2015; 33 (9):469-475.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWei Song; Tianyang Zhang; Wei Li; Rui Mu; Lingyi Zhang; Yan Li; Baofeng Jin; Na Wang; Ailing Li; Jiuwei Cui. 2015. "Overexpression of Fli-1 is Associated with Adverse Prognosis of Endometrial Cancer." Cancer Investigation 33, no. 9: 469-475.