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Edible seaweeds have significant potential to contribute to sustainable diets that promote health of Pacific Islanders in ecologically, economically, and socially acceptable ways. No studies to date have investigated motivators for and the consumption of edible green seaweed from the genus Caulerpa (sea grapes) in Samoa and Kiribati. An observational, cross-sectional study utilized an interviewer-administered questionnaire to explore consumption behaviors and the role of sea grapes in the current diets of individuals in Samoa and Kiribati. Of the total 145 participants (n = 79, 54.5% Samoa; n = 66, 45.5% Kiribati), half (n = 76, 52%) reported consuming sea grapes. A significantly greater proportion of Samoans (n = 56, 70.9%) reported consumption than I-Kiribati participants (n = 20, 30.3%). A greater proportion of consumers were male (n = 47, 61.8%). Samoan consumers reported consumption of sea grapes with a higher diversity of foods and being related to traditional events or ceremonies. Motivators for consumption varied between countries, with Samoan consumers reporting strong agreement for taste and value for money, and identified sea grapes as nutritious food, as influences on consumption. Easy access was a motivator in Kiribati only. The findings of this study are underpinned by the degree of food security and differences in culture in Samoa and Kiribati. Future public health efforts to integrate traditional fresh food into local food systems will need to work within the existing social parameters in each respective country.
Hayley Butcher; Sarah Burkhart; Nicholas Paul; Ulusapeti Tiitii; Karibanang Tamuera; Taati Eria; Libby Swanepoel. Role of Seaweed in Diets of Samoa and Kiribati: Exploring Key Motivators for Consumption. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7356 .
AMA StyleHayley Butcher, Sarah Burkhart, Nicholas Paul, Ulusapeti Tiitii, Karibanang Tamuera, Taati Eria, Libby Swanepoel. Role of Seaweed in Diets of Samoa and Kiribati: Exploring Key Motivators for Consumption. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (18):7356.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHayley Butcher; Sarah Burkhart; Nicholas Paul; Ulusapeti Tiitii; Karibanang Tamuera; Taati Eria; Libby Swanepoel. 2020. "Role of Seaweed in Diets of Samoa and Kiribati: Exploring Key Motivators for Consumption." Sustainability 12, no. 18: 7356.
Article Seaweed resources of the world: a 2020 vision. Part 4 was published on 25 Jul 2020 in the journal Botanica Marina (, Ahead of Print).
Danilo Largo; Alan Critchley; Anicia Hurtado; Nicholas Paul; Leonel Pereira; Melania Cornish. Seaweed resources of the world: a 2020 vision. Part 4. Botanica Marina 2020, 63, 299 -301.
AMA StyleDanilo Largo, Alan Critchley, Anicia Hurtado, Nicholas Paul, Leonel Pereira, Melania Cornish. Seaweed resources of the world: a 2020 vision. Part 4. Botanica Marina. 2020; 63 (4):299-301.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDanilo Largo; Alan Critchley; Anicia Hurtado; Nicholas Paul; Leonel Pereira; Melania Cornish. 2020. "Seaweed resources of the world: a 2020 vision. Part 4." Botanica Marina 63, no. 4: 299-301.
Seaweeds are a source of food throughout the Pacific region. Kiribati, however, does not have a strong history of using seaweed in their diets, despite having reliable access to indigenous edible seaweeds. A series of peer-led seaweed training workshops held in Kiribati between 2018 and 2019 provided women with knowledge, skills, and motivational support needed to engage in the seaweed supply chain, from harvesting, processing, and marketing to consumption. This study aimed to identify opportunities and enablers to support women’s participation across the seaweed supply chain. Structured interviews with 49 women explored their interest and expected costs and benefits from involvement in the supply chain. There was high interest in most seaweed-related activities and the key motivators were health and nutrition for themselves and their family. Participants were also interested in developing and sharing new skills and saw the potential for income generation. However, there were also clear barriers including a desire for further training in seaweed harvesting, processing, and recipe creation; additional social support; and in public promotion. Given the natural resources and desire of women to engage in developing this new edible seaweed supply chain in Kiribati, there is now a need for capacity development to build social and economic wellbeing and food security across the broader community. Additional peer-to-peer training opportunities may look to other Pacific Islands where seaweed is already an established and traditional food.
Libby Swanepoel; Tereere Tioti; Taati Eria; Karibanang Tamuera; Ulusapeti Tiitii; Silva Larson; Nicholas Paul. Supporting Women’s Participation in Developing A Seaweed Supply Chain in Kiribati for Health and Nutrition. Foods 2020, 9, 382 .
AMA StyleLibby Swanepoel, Tereere Tioti, Taati Eria, Karibanang Tamuera, Ulusapeti Tiitii, Silva Larson, Nicholas Paul. Supporting Women’s Participation in Developing A Seaweed Supply Chain in Kiribati for Health and Nutrition. Foods. 2020; 9 (4):382.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLibby Swanepoel; Tereere Tioti; Taati Eria; Karibanang Tamuera; Ulusapeti Tiitii; Silva Larson; Nicholas Paul. 2020. "Supporting Women’s Participation in Developing A Seaweed Supply Chain in Kiribati for Health and Nutrition." Foods 9, no. 4: 382.
Carrageenans are thickening and gelling agents that may provide health benefits. Iota (ι)-carrageenan, a linear sulfated polysaccharide, is produced by the red seaweed, Sarconema filiforme. This study investigated the potential of this seaweed as a functional food for the reversal of metabolic syndrome and possible mechanisms. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups in a 16-week protocol: corn starch diet-fed rats (C); C rats supplemented with 5% S. filiforme for the last 8 weeks (CSF); high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-fed rats (H); and H rats supplemented with 5% S. filiforme for the last 8 weeks (HSF). S. filiforme was produced in tank-based aquaculture yielding 27 g dry weight/day/m2 of culture area. H rats developed obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, glucose intolerance, fatty liver and increased left ventricular collagen deposition. S. filiforme supplementation decreased body weight, abdominal and liver fat, systolic blood pressure, plasma total cholesterol concentrations, and plasma activities of alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase. S. filiforme supplementation modulated gut microbiota without changing the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio. S. filiforme improved symptoms of high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome in rats. Possible mechanisms include a reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells into organs as well as prebiotic actions in the gastrointestinal tract.
Ryan Du Preez; Nicholas Paul; Peter Mouatt; Marwan E. Majzoub; Torsten Thomas; Sunil K. Panchal; Lindsay Brown. Carrageenans from the Red Seaweed Sarconema filiforme Attenuate Symptoms of Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Rats. Marine Drugs 2020, 18, 97 .
AMA StyleRyan Du Preez, Nicholas Paul, Peter Mouatt, Marwan E. Majzoub, Torsten Thomas, Sunil K. Panchal, Lindsay Brown. Carrageenans from the Red Seaweed Sarconema filiforme Attenuate Symptoms of Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Rats. Marine Drugs. 2020; 18 (2):97.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRyan Du Preez; Nicholas Paul; Peter Mouatt; Marwan E. Majzoub; Torsten Thomas; Sunil K. Panchal; Lindsay Brown. 2020. "Carrageenans from the Red Seaweed Sarconema filiforme Attenuate Symptoms of Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Rats." Marine Drugs 18, no. 2: 97.
Melania Cornish; Alan Critchley; Anicia Hurtado; Danilo Largo; Nicholas Paul; Leonel Pereira. Seaweed resources of the world: a 2020 vision. Part 3. Botanica Marina 2020, 63, 1 -3.
AMA StyleMelania Cornish, Alan Critchley, Anicia Hurtado, Danilo Largo, Nicholas Paul, Leonel Pereira. Seaweed resources of the world: a 2020 vision. Part 3. Botanica Marina. 2020; 63 (1):1-3.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMelania Cornish; Alan Critchley; Anicia Hurtado; Danilo Largo; Nicholas Paul; Leonel Pereira. 2020. "Seaweed resources of the world: a 2020 vision. Part 3." Botanica Marina 63, no. 1: 1-3.
Nicholas Paul; Anicia Hurtado; Leonel Pereira; Melania Cornish; Danilo Largo; Alan Critchley. Seaweed resources of the world: a 2020 vision. Part 2. Botanica Marina 2019, 62, 391 -393.
AMA StyleNicholas Paul, Anicia Hurtado, Leonel Pereira, Melania Cornish, Danilo Largo, Alan Critchley. Seaweed resources of the world: a 2020 vision. Part 2. Botanica Marina. 2019; 62 (5):391-393.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicholas Paul; Anicia Hurtado; Leonel Pereira; Melania Cornish; Danilo Largo; Alan Critchley. 2019. "Seaweed resources of the world: a 2020 vision. Part 2." Botanica Marina 62, no. 5: 391-393.
Alan Critchley; Anicia Hurtado; Leonel Pereira; Melania Cornish; Danilo Largo; Nicholas Paul. Seaweed resources of the world: a 2020 vision. Botanica Marina 2019, 62, 1 .
AMA StyleAlan Critchley, Anicia Hurtado, Leonel Pereira, Melania Cornish, Danilo Largo, Nicholas Paul. Seaweed resources of the world: a 2020 vision. Botanica Marina. 2019; 62 (3):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlan Critchley; Anicia Hurtado; Leonel Pereira; Melania Cornish; Danilo Largo; Nicholas Paul. 2019. "Seaweed resources of the world: a 2020 vision." Botanica Marina 62, no. 3: 1.
Conventional water treatment processes use aluminium sulphate (alum) as a coagulant in the production of potable water. While alum is an inexpensive and reliable means of treating water, the process generates waste water containing dissolved Al. This waste water is primarily dealt with via on-site retention. In this study we investigate the cultivation of the freshwater macroalga Oedogonium as a means to sequester dissolved Al from waste water from a conventional water treatment plant. Furthermore, we examine the use of CO2 to manipulate the pH of cultivation as a means of enhancing the sequestration of Al by either increasing the productivity of Oedogonium or increasing the bioavailability of Al in the waste water. The relative bioavailability of Al under conditions of CO2 and no-CO2 provision was contrasted by comparing Al uptake by Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films (DGTs). Oedogonium was able to grow rapidly in the waste water (12 g dry weight m−2 day−1) while consistently sequestering Al. The Oedogonium-treated waste water had a sufficiently low Al concentration that it could be used in unrestricted irrigation in the surrounding region. When CO2 was added to the waste water containing concentrations of Al up to 8 mg L−1, there was a slight increase (~10%) in the rate of sequestration of Al by Oedogonium relative to waste water not receiving CO2. This was due to two concurrent processes. The provision of CO2 increased the productivity of Oedogonium by 15% and the bioavailability of Al by up to 200%, as measured by the DGTs. Despite this strong effect of CO2 on Al bioavailability, the increase in Al sequestration by Oedogonium when CO2 was provided was modest (~10%). Al was sequestered by Oedogonium to concentrations below permissible limits for discharge without the need for the addition CO2. The cultivation of Oedogonium in waste water from conventional treatments plants can simultaneously treat waste water for re-use and provide a biomass source for value-added applications.
David A. Roberts; Laura Shiels; Julian Tickle; Rocky De Nys; Nicholas A. Paul. Bioremediation of Aluminium from the Waste Water of a Conventional Water Treatment Plant Using the Freshwater Macroalga Oedogonium. Water 2018, 10, 626 .
AMA StyleDavid A. Roberts, Laura Shiels, Julian Tickle, Rocky De Nys, Nicholas A. Paul. Bioremediation of Aluminium from the Waste Water of a Conventional Water Treatment Plant Using the Freshwater Macroalga Oedogonium. Water. 2018; 10 (5):626.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid A. Roberts; Laura Shiels; Julian Tickle; Rocky De Nys; Nicholas A. Paul. 2018. "Bioremediation of Aluminium from the Waste Water of a Conventional Water Treatment Plant Using the Freshwater Macroalga Oedogonium." Water 10, no. 5: 626.
The chemical and biological properties of carotenoids in the freshwater alga Oedogonium intermedium were investigated in this study. Carotenoids were extracted from the alga by dichloromethane and purified by saponification. The carotenoid content was determined both spectrometrically and by HPLC, the carotenoids identified by HPLC-PDA-APCI-IT-TOF-MS and the extracts analysed for several health-related bioactivities. The crude and saponified extracts contained 3,411.2±20.7 and 2,929.6±5.9µg carotenoids/g dry algal biomass, respectively. Seven major carotenoids were identified, namely neoxanthin, 9'-cis-neoxanthin, loroxanthin, violaxanthin, lutein, α-carotene and β-carotene, which were present in similar amounts in the alga. Both the crude and saponified carotenoid extracts exhibited significant antioxidant activities as well as potent inhibitory effects against several metabolically important enzymes including α-amylase, α-glucosidase, pancreatic lipase and hyaluronidase, but they were poor inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). Oedogonium could be an important new source of carotenoids, specifically loroxanthin, which is lacking in terrestrial plants.
Na Wang; Yuki Manabe; Tatsuya Sugawara; Nicholas A. Paul; Jian Zhao. Identification and biological activities of carotenoids from the freshwater alga Oedogonium intermedium. Food Chemistry 2018, 242, 247 -255.
AMA StyleNa Wang, Yuki Manabe, Tatsuya Sugawara, Nicholas A. Paul, Jian Zhao. Identification and biological activities of carotenoids from the freshwater alga Oedogonium intermedium. Food Chemistry. 2018; 242 ():247-255.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNa Wang; Yuki Manabe; Tatsuya Sugawara; Nicholas A. Paul; Jian Zhao. 2018. "Identification and biological activities of carotenoids from the freshwater alga Oedogonium intermedium." Food Chemistry 242, no. : 247-255.
The red seaweed, Kappaphycus alvarezii, was evaluated for its potential to prevent signs of metabolic syndrome through use as a whole food supplement. Major biochemical components of dried Kappaphycus are carrageenan (soluble fiber ~34.6%) and salt (predominantly potassium (K) 20%) with a low overall energy content for whole seaweed. Eight to nine week old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups and fed for 8 weeks on a corn starch diet, a high-carbohydrate, high-fat (H) diet, alone or supplemented with a 5% (w/w) dried and milled Kappaphycus blended into the base diet. H-fed rats showed symptoms of metabolic syndrome including increased body weight, total fat mass, systolic blood pressure, left ventricular collagen deposition, plasma triglycerides, and plasma non-esterified fatty acids along with fatty liver. Relative to these obese rats, Kappaphycus-treated rats showed normalized body weight and adiposity, lower systolic blood pressure, improved heart and liver structure, and lower plasma lipids, even in presence of H diet. Kappaphycus modulated the balance between Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in the gut, which could serve as the potential mechanism for improved metabolic variables; this was accompanied by no damage to the gut structure. Thus, whole Kappaphycus improved cardiovascular, liver, and metabolic parameters in obese rats.
Stephen Wanyonyi; Ryan Du Preez; Lindsay Brown; Nicholas A. Paul; Sunil K. Panchal. Kappaphycus alvarezii as a Food Supplement Prevents Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Rats. Nutrients 2017, 9, 1261 .
AMA StyleStephen Wanyonyi, Ryan Du Preez, Lindsay Brown, Nicholas A. Paul, Sunil K. Panchal. Kappaphycus alvarezii as a Food Supplement Prevents Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Rats. Nutrients. 2017; 9 (11):1261.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStephen Wanyonyi; Ryan Du Preez; Lindsay Brown; Nicholas A. Paul; Sunil K. Panchal. 2017. "Kappaphycus alvarezii as a Food Supplement Prevents Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Rats." Nutrients 9, no. 11: 1261.
In this study we test a novel approach to closing the anthropogenic nutrient cycle, by using the freshwater macroalga, Oedogonium intermedium, to recover dissolved nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) from municipal wastewater. We then convert this cultivated algae into two types of soil ameliorant; compost and biochar. To produce compost, algae was combined with sugarcane bagasse and left to mature for 10 weeks, and to produce biochar, algae was processed through slow pyrolysis at 450 °C. The mature compost had a total N and P content of 2.5% and 0.6%, which was 2- to 4-times lower than the algal biochar, which had a total N and P content of 5.5% and 2.5% respectively. Composting stabilized the N and P recovered from wastewater, with 80% of the initial N and >99% of the initial P retained in the mature compost. In contrast, only 29% of the initial N and 62% of the initial P was retained in the biochar. When the mature compost was added to a low fertility soil it significantly increased the production of sweet corn (Zea mays). Treatments receiving 50 and 100% compost produced 4-9 times more corn biomass than when synthetic fertilizer alone was added to the low fertility soil. When biochar was applied in conjunction with compost there was an additional 15% increase in corn productivity, most likely due to the ability of the biochar to bind labile N and P and prevent its loss from the soil. This study demonstrates a unique model for recovering N and P from municipal wastewater and recycling these nutrients into the agricultural industry. This could be an ideal model for regional areas where agriculture and water treatment facilities are co-located and could ultimately reduce the reliance of agriculture on finite mineral sources of P.
Andrew J. Cole; Nicholas Paul; Rocky de Nys; David A. Roberts. Good for sewage treatment and good for agriculture: Algal based compost and biochar. Journal of Environmental Management 2017, 200, 105 -113.
AMA StyleAndrew J. Cole, Nicholas Paul, Rocky de Nys, David A. Roberts. Good for sewage treatment and good for agriculture: Algal based compost and biochar. Journal of Environmental Management. 2017; 200 ():105-113.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrew J. Cole; Nicholas Paul; Rocky de Nys; David A. Roberts. 2017. "Good for sewage treatment and good for agriculture: Algal based compost and biochar." Journal of Environmental Management 200, no. : 105-113.
In this study, biochar is produced from biosolids with and without alum at a range of temperatures and simulated oxidative aging of the biochars is conducted to quantify the long-term leaching of P and metals. While biosolids containing alum had negligible amounts of plant-available P, after pyrolysis >90% of the P became immediately available for plant growth. When biosolids with no alum were converted into biochar there was a small increase in the availability of P but a larger pool was available after oxidation. Both of the biosolids leached significant amounts of metals after oxidation. In contrast, the biochars had a very low available metal content and this did not increase with oxidation, demonstrating a stable metal content. Pyrolysis is an effective waste management strategy for biosolids that can simultaneously reduce the leaching of metals and increase the efficiency of recycling of P for beneficial re-use.
David A. Roberts; Andrew J. Cole; Anna Whelan; Rocky de Nys; Nicholas Paul. Slow pyrolysis enhances the recovery and reuse of phosphorus and reduces metal leaching from biosolids. Waste Management 2017, 64, 133 -139.
AMA StyleDavid A. Roberts, Andrew J. Cole, Anna Whelan, Rocky de Nys, Nicholas Paul. Slow pyrolysis enhances the recovery and reuse of phosphorus and reduces metal leaching from biosolids. Waste Management. 2017; 64 ():133-139.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid A. Roberts; Andrew J. Cole; Anna Whelan; Rocky de Nys; Nicholas Paul. 2017. "Slow pyrolysis enhances the recovery and reuse of phosphorus and reduces metal leaching from biosolids." Waste Management 64, no. : 133-139.
Industrial ecology is focused on recognising the inherent value in waste streams and developing techniques that can efficiently recover this value. Freshwater macroalgae can become a foundation of this concept as they can be cultured in a range of waste streams where they can effectively remove excess nutrients, metals and metalloids, providing both a bioremediation service and a biomass resource. The cultured algal biomass can then be used as a product in animal feeds, biochar, biosorbents or as a feedstock biomass for the production of bioenergy. Freshwater macroalgae provide a unique opportunity to transform a range of industries through the utilisation of wastewater to produce biomass that can be converted into valuable bioproducts. © 2016
Rebecca J. Lawton; Andrew J. Cole; David A. Roberts; Nicholas A. Paul; Rocky de Nys. The industrial ecology of freshwater macroalgae for biomass applications. Algal Research 2017, 24, 486 -491.
AMA StyleRebecca J. Lawton, Andrew J. Cole, David A. Roberts, Nicholas A. Paul, Rocky de Nys. The industrial ecology of freshwater macroalgae for biomass applications. Algal Research. 2017; 24 ():486-491.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRebecca J. Lawton; Andrew J. Cole; David A. Roberts; Nicholas A. Paul; Rocky de Nys. 2017. "The industrial ecology of freshwater macroalgae for biomass applications." Algal Research 24, no. : 486-491.
Rebecca J Lawton; Nicholas A Paul; Dustin J. Marshall; Keyne Monro. Limited evolutionary responses to harvesting regime in the intensive production of algae. Journal of Applied Phycology 2017, 29, 1449 -1459.
AMA StyleRebecca J Lawton, Nicholas A Paul, Dustin J. Marshall, Keyne Monro. Limited evolutionary responses to harvesting regime in the intensive production of algae. Journal of Applied Phycology. 2017; 29 (3):1449-1459.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRebecca J Lawton; Nicholas A Paul; Dustin J. Marshall; Keyne Monro. 2017. "Limited evolutionary responses to harvesting regime in the intensive production of algae." Journal of Applied Phycology 29, no. 3: 1449-1459.
The red algal genus Asparagopsis (Bonnemaisoniaceae) is a significant resource for bioactive natural products. However, prior to domestication for commercial production, we need to understand the potential variation in growth and concentration of natural products between isolates of Asparagopsis and, beyond that, how these traits are affected by environmental conditions. Ten isolates of Asparagopsis taxiformis were collected from tropical and warm-temperate regions in Queensland, Australia, and identified by molecular barcoding of the mitochondrial intergenic spacer (cox2–3 spacer). The isolates were cultured at three temperatures ranging from the minimum of the warm-temperate region to the maximum of the tropical region. Growth rates and the concentration of natural products varied between the region of origin, between isolates within region and between temperatures. Growth differed by up to 50% between isolates, whereas the concentration of natural products differed more than tenfold. Growth rates were highest at the minimum temperature of 20.2°C, irrespective of region of origin, and were lowest at the maximum temperature of 28.1°C. Natural products were threefold higher in tropical isolates, and this variation was not correlated to growth. Consequently, targeting isolates with high concentrations of natural products should be the primary strategy for the domestication of Asparagopsis for biotechnology applications.
Leonardo Mata; Rebecca Lawton; Marie Magnusson; Nikos Andreakis; Rocky de Nys; Nicholas A. Paul. Within-species and temperature-related variation in the growth and natural products of the red alga Asparagopsis taxiformis. Journal of Applied Phycology 2016, 29, 1437 -1447.
AMA StyleLeonardo Mata, Rebecca Lawton, Marie Magnusson, Nikos Andreakis, Rocky de Nys, Nicholas A. Paul. Within-species and temperature-related variation in the growth and natural products of the red alga Asparagopsis taxiformis. Journal of Applied Phycology. 2016; 29 (3):1437-1447.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeonardo Mata; Rebecca Lawton; Marie Magnusson; Nikos Andreakis; Rocky de Nys; Nicholas A. Paul. 2016. "Within-species and temperature-related variation in the growth and natural products of the red alga Asparagopsis taxiformis." Journal of Applied Phycology 29, no. 3: 1437-1447.
Municipal wastewater treatment plants discharge large quantities of treated water that, in many regions, is not productively used and is instead released directly into the environment. In this study we examine the use of freshwater macroalgae as an in-line tertiary treatment process for existing municipal treatment plants. We examine the suitability of using the treated discharge water from a 29,000 m3.day− 1 municipal wastewater treatment plant as the sole source of water and nutrients for the intensive cultivation of the freshwater macroalga Oedogonium intermedium. A monoculture of algae was initially cultivated for a 3 month period in which water quality and biomass productivity were quantified and the composition of the biomass characterized. These cultures were then maintained for a further 9 months to determine the average monthly biomass productivity, and seasonal variation, over a 12 month period. The cultivation of Oedogonium significantly improved the quality of the discharged water with a 36% reduction in total nitrogen and a 65% reduction in total phosphorous. The average monthly biomass productivity of Oedogonium ranged between a minimum of 8.9 g DW·m− 2·day− 1 in June (austral winter – dry season) and a maximum of 15.8 g DW·m− 2·day− 1 in January (austral summer – wet season) with an average annual rate of 12.5 g DW·m− 2·day− 1. The biomass produced was of a high quality with a total protein content of 23 g·100 g− 1 and a total lipid content of 10 g·100 g− 1. Both the protein (10 g·100 g− 1 of essential amino acids) and lipid (4.5 g·100 g− 1 of polyunsaturated fatty acids) provide product opportunities for animal nutrition. This study demonstrates that the production of algae integrated with the operation of conventional wastewater treatment can complement and add value to existing processes by recovering residual nutrients and metals and, at the same time, create a high-quality biomass resource for product development. © 2016 Elsevier B.V
Andrew J. Cole; Nicolas Neveux; Anna Whelan; Jeff Morton; Mark Vis; Rocky de Nys; Nicholas Paul. Adding value to the treatment of municipal wastewater through the intensive production of freshwater macroalgae. Algal Research 2016, 20, 100 -109.
AMA StyleAndrew J. Cole, Nicolas Neveux, Anna Whelan, Jeff Morton, Mark Vis, Rocky de Nys, Nicholas Paul. Adding value to the treatment of municipal wastewater through the intensive production of freshwater macroalgae. Algal Research. 2016; 20 ():100-109.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrew J. Cole; Nicolas Neveux; Anna Whelan; Jeff Morton; Mark Vis; Rocky de Nys; Nicholas Paul. 2016. "Adding value to the treatment of municipal wastewater through the intensive production of freshwater macroalgae." Algal Research 20, no. : 100-109.
We compared protocols to isolate and concentrate protein from the green seaweed Ulva ohnoi. We quantified the effect of three factors on protein and essential amino acid yields and concentrations in protein isolates and residuals in a factorial experimental design. The three factors were starting material (as dry and milled or fresh and pulped), aqueous solvent-to-biomass ratio (20:1 or 5:1 v/w) and the incubation time in the aqueous solvent (incubated for 16 h at 30 °C or incubated for <1 min at ambient temperature). The protein isolation protocols increased the concentration of protein, total essential amino acids, methionine and lysine ~3 to 5-fold compared to whole U. ohnoi and were considerably more effective than the different protein concentrating combinations, which only increased protein and amino acid concentrations by 30–40 % in the residual biomass. The use of fresh and pulped biomass as the starting material, an incubation time of <1 min at ambient temperature and a low aqueous solution volume resulted in the highest protein isolate yield of 22 % of the protein found in seaweed. This study demonstrated that proteins from U. ohnoi were most effectively isolated by adopting protocols for terrestrial leaves compared to the protocols employed for seed crops as traditionally applied to seaweeds.
Alex R. Angell; Nicholas Paul; Rocky de Nys. A comparison of protocols for isolating and concentrating protein from the green seaweed Ulva ohnoi. Journal of Applied Phycology 2016, 29, 1011 -1026.
AMA StyleAlex R. Angell, Nicholas Paul, Rocky de Nys. A comparison of protocols for isolating and concentrating protein from the green seaweed Ulva ohnoi. Journal of Applied Phycology. 2016; 29 (2):1011-1026.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlex R. Angell; Nicholas Paul; Rocky de Nys. 2016. "A comparison of protocols for isolating and concentrating protein from the green seaweed Ulva ohnoi." Journal of Applied Phycology 29, no. 2: 1011-1026.
Seaweeds are often cited as alternative protein sources for livestock due to their global distribution, nutritional profile and independence from terrestrial agricultural resources. Here, we critically appraise the literature and quantitatively assess seaweeds as a protein source in livestock feeds by assembling a database of amino acid data for 121 seaweed species and comparing the quality and concentration of protein to ‘traditional’ protein sources (soybean meal and fishmeal) and then benchmarking the seaweeds against the amino acid requirements of mono-gastric livestock (chicken, swine and fish). The quality of protein (% of essential amino acids in total amino acids) of many seaweeds is similar to, if not better than, traditional protein sources. However, seaweeds without exception have substantially lower concentrations of total essential amino acids, methionine and lysine (on a whole biomass basis, % dw) than traditional protein sources. Correspondingly, seaweeds contain an insufficient concentration of protein, and specifically insufficient essential amino acids, to meet the requirements of most mono-gastric livestock in the whole seaweed form. Consequently, the concentration or extraction of protein from seaweeds will be the most important goal in their development as an alternative source of protein for mono-gastric livestock.
Alex R. Angell; Simon F. Angell; Rocky de Nys; Nicholas Paul. Seaweed as a protein source for mono-gastric livestock. Trends in Food Science & Technology 2016, 54, 74 -84.
AMA StyleAlex R. Angell, Simon F. Angell, Rocky de Nys, Nicholas Paul. Seaweed as a protein source for mono-gastric livestock. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2016; 54 ():74-84.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlex R. Angell; Simon F. Angell; Rocky de Nys; Nicholas Paul. 2016. "Seaweed as a protein source for mono-gastric livestock." Trends in Food Science & Technology 54, no. : 74-84.
This paper examines the use of organic co-solvent (n-heptane, toluene and anisole, up to 10 wt.%) in the hydrothermal liquefaction of macroalgal biomass as a means of achieving in situ fractionation of the biocrude product according to polarity. The filamentous freshwater macroalga Oedogonium was grown under nutrient-depleted conditions to achieve a low nitrogen content, 1.1 wt.% N. Its hydrothermal liquefaction in a continuous pilot plant reactor (300-350 °C, 3-5 min and 2-5 wt.% loadings) yielded up to 25 wt.% (dry ash-free basis, daf) extractable biocrude. More severe conditions led to biocrudes in higher yields, with reduced oxygen and slightly increased nitrogen contents, and with lower viscosity. The presence of co-solvents had little effect on the total biocrude yield but gave rise to in situ separation of the biocrude into distinct fractions associated with the organic phase (designated solvent oil) and the aqueous phase (designated DCM oil). The amount of solvent oil produced exceeded the amount that could be extracted at room temperature, by that solvent, from the product mixture obtained in the absence of co-solvent. The relative proportions and properties of the solvent and DCM fractions varied with the polarity of the co-solvent. Anisole co-solvent dissolved nearly all the biocrude and the resulting viscous oil was similar to that obtained without co-solvent. On the other hand, solvent oil produced with n-heptane (~. 7.4 wt.% daf yield, or ~. 37% of the total biocrude) had significantly reduced levels of nitrogen (1.1 wt.%) and oxygen (12.5 wt.%) and possessed relatively low viscosity. Toluene co-solvent HTL produced a solvent oil with intermediate yield and properties. Co-solvent HTL offers a simple and effective means of fractionating HTL biocrude on the basis of polarity. A non-polar co-solvent such as n-heptane produces an enhanced product fraction more suitable for hydrotreating than the mixed product obtained without co-solvent. © 2016 Elsevier B.V
Yaya He; Xiao Liang; Christopher Jazrawi; Alejandro Montoya; Alexander Yuen; Andrew J. Cole; Nicolas Neveux; Nicholas Paul; Rocky de Nys; Thomas Maschmeyer; Brian S. Haynes. Continuous hydrothermal liquefaction of macroalgae in the presence of organic co-solvents. Algal Research 2016, 17, 185 -195.
AMA StyleYaya He, Xiao Liang, Christopher Jazrawi, Alejandro Montoya, Alexander Yuen, Andrew J. Cole, Nicolas Neveux, Nicholas Paul, Rocky de Nys, Thomas Maschmeyer, Brian S. Haynes. Continuous hydrothermal liquefaction of macroalgae in the presence of organic co-solvents. Algal Research. 2016; 17 ():185-195.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYaya He; Xiao Liang; Christopher Jazrawi; Alejandro Montoya; Alexander Yuen; Andrew J. Cole; Nicolas Neveux; Nicholas Paul; Rocky de Nys; Thomas Maschmeyer; Brian S. Haynes. 2016. "Continuous hydrothermal liquefaction of macroalgae in the presence of organic co-solvents." Algal Research 17, no. : 185-195.
We compared post-harvest processing of two species of Ulva (chlorophyta) using 36 washing time-by-temperature combinations. We quantified the yield of crystallized salt after evaporation of the washing water as a target product and characterized the composition of salts and processed biomass, with the additional aim of improving the composition of the processed biomass for production of fertilizer, feed or fuel. Washing of biomass of Ulva ohnoi and Ulva tepida effectively reduced its mineral content with concomitant production of crystalline salts with Na:K ratios of 1.1–2.2 and a maximum of 19% soluble fiber (ulvan). The maximum yield of salt was 29% of the biomass for U. ohnoi and 36% for U. tepida. Salts from both species have potential for human health applications and functional foods. Washing increased the energy content of the biomass from both species by 20–50% to a maximum of 18 MJ kg− 1 and protein contents by 11–24% to a maximum of 27.4%. The production of seaweed salt is therefore a novel first step in a cascading biorefinery model for the utilization of macroalgal biomass which simultaneously improves the quality of the processed biomass for production of fertilizer, feed or fuel.
Marie Magnusson; Christina Carl; Leonardo Mata; Rocky de Nys; Nicholas Paul. Seaweed salt from Ulva: A novel first step in a cascading biorefinery model. Algal Research 2016, 16, 308 -316.
AMA StyleMarie Magnusson, Christina Carl, Leonardo Mata, Rocky de Nys, Nicholas Paul. Seaweed salt from Ulva: A novel first step in a cascading biorefinery model. Algal Research. 2016; 16 ():308-316.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarie Magnusson; Christina Carl; Leonardo Mata; Rocky de Nys; Nicholas Paul. 2016. "Seaweed salt from Ulva: A novel first step in a cascading biorefinery model." Algal Research 16, no. : 308-316.