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The EFSA has updated the Guidance on risk assessment of the application of nanoscience and nanotechnologies in the food and feed chain, human and animal health. It covers the application areas within EFSA’s remit, including novel foods, food contact materials, food/feed additives and pesticides. The updated guidance, now Scientific Committee Guidance on nano risk assessment (SC Guidance on Nano-RA), has taken account of relevant scientific studies that provide insights to physico-chemical properties, exposure assessment and hazard characterisation of nanomaterials and areas of applicability. Together with the accompanying Guidance on Technical requirements for regulated food and feed product applications to establish the presence of small particles including nanoparticles (Guidance on Particle-TR), the SC Guidance on Nano-RA specifically elaborates on physico-chemical characterisation, key parameters that should be measured, methods and techniques that can be used for characterisation of nanomaterials and their determination in complex matrices. The SC Guidance on Nano-RA also details aspects relating to exposure assessment and hazard identification and characterisation. In particular, nanospecific considerations relating to in vitro/in vivo toxicological studies are discussed and a tiered framework for toxicological testing is outlined. Furthermore, in vitro degradation, toxicokinetics, genotoxicity, local and systemic toxicity as well as general issues relating to testing of nanomaterials are described. Depending on the initial tier results, additional studies may be needed to investigate reproductive and developmental toxicity, chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity, immunotoxicity and allergenicity, neurotoxicity, effects on gut microbiome and endocrine activity. The possible use of read-across to fill data gaps as well as the potential use of integrated testing strategies and the knowledge of modes or mechanisms of action are also discussed. The Guidance proposes approaches to risk characterisation and uncertainty analysis.
EFSA Scientific Committee; Simon More; Vasileios Bampidis; Diane Benford; Claude Bragard; Thorhallur Halldorsson; Antonio Hernández‐Jerez; Susanne Hougaard Bennekou; Kostas Koutsoumanis; Claude Lambré; Kyriaki Machera; Hanspeter Naegeli; Søren Nielsen; Josef Schlatter; Dieter Schrenk; Vittorio Silano (Deceased); Dominique Turck; Maged Younes; Jacqueline Castenmiller; Qasim Chaudhry; Francesco Cubadda; Roland Franz; David Gott; Jan Mast; Alicja Mortensen; Agnes G. Oomen; Stefan Weigel; Eric Barthelemy; Ana Rincon; José Tarazona; Reinhilde Schoonjans. Guidance on risk assessment of nanomaterials to be applied in the food and feed chain: human and animal health. EFSA Journal 2021, 19, e06768 .
AMA StyleEFSA Scientific Committee, Simon More, Vasileios Bampidis, Diane Benford, Claude Bragard, Thorhallur Halldorsson, Antonio Hernández‐Jerez, Susanne Hougaard Bennekou, Kostas Koutsoumanis, Claude Lambré, Kyriaki Machera, Hanspeter Naegeli, Søren Nielsen, Josef Schlatter, Dieter Schrenk, Vittorio Silano (Deceased), Dominique Turck, Maged Younes, Jacqueline Castenmiller, Qasim Chaudhry, Francesco Cubadda, Roland Franz, David Gott, Jan Mast, Alicja Mortensen, Agnes G. Oomen, Stefan Weigel, Eric Barthelemy, Ana Rincon, José Tarazona, Reinhilde Schoonjans. Guidance on risk assessment of nanomaterials to be applied in the food and feed chain: human and animal health. EFSA Journal. 2021; 19 (8):e06768.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEFSA Scientific Committee; Simon More; Vasileios Bampidis; Diane Benford; Claude Bragard; Thorhallur Halldorsson; Antonio Hernández‐Jerez; Susanne Hougaard Bennekou; Kostas Koutsoumanis; Claude Lambré; Kyriaki Machera; Hanspeter Naegeli; Søren Nielsen; Josef Schlatter; Dieter Schrenk; Vittorio Silano (Deceased); Dominique Turck; Maged Younes; Jacqueline Castenmiller; Qasim Chaudhry; Francesco Cubadda; Roland Franz; David Gott; Jan Mast; Alicja Mortensen; Agnes G. Oomen; Stefan Weigel; Eric Barthelemy; Ana Rincon; José Tarazona; Reinhilde Schoonjans. 2021. "Guidance on risk assessment of nanomaterials to be applied in the food and feed chain: human and animal health." EFSA Journal 19, no. 8: e06768.
Following a mandate from the European Commission, EFSA has developed a Guidance on Technical Requirements (Guidance on Particle-TR), defining the criteria for assessing the presence of a fraction of small particles, and setting out information requirements for applications in the regulated food and feed product areas (e.g. novel food, food/feed additives, food contact materials and pesticides). These requirements apply to particles requiring specific assessment at the nanoscale in conventional materials that do not meet the definition of engineered nanomaterial as set out in the Novel Food Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The guidance outlines appraisal criteria grouped in three sections, to confirm whether or not the conventional risk assessment should be complemented with nanospecific considerations. The first group addresses solubility and dissolution rate as key physicochemical properties to assess whether consumers will be exposed to particles. The second group establishes the information requirements for assessing whether the conventional material contains a fraction or consists of small particles, and its characterisation. The third group describes the information to be presented for existing safety studies to demonstrate that the fraction of small particles, including particles at the nanoscale, has been properly evaluated. In addition, in order to guide the appraisal of existing safety studies, recommendations for closing the data gaps while minimising the need for conducting new animal studies are provided. This Guidance on Particle-TR complements the Guidance on risk assessment of nanomaterials to be applied in the food and feed chain, human and animal health updated by the EFSA Scientific Committee as co-published with this Guidance. Applicants are advised to consult both guidance documents before conducting new studies.
EFSA Scientific Committee; Simon More; Vasileios Bampidis; Diane Benford; Claude Bragard; Thorhallur Halldorsson; Antonio Hernández‐Jerez; Susanne Hougaard Bennekou; Kostas Koutsoumanis; Claude Lambré; Kyriaki Machera; Hanspeter Naegeli; Søren Nielsen; Josef Schlatter; Dieter Schrenk; Vittorio Silano (Deceased); Dominique Turck; Maged Younes; Jacqueline Castenmiller; Qasim Chaudhry; Francesco Cubadda; Roland Franz; David Gott; Jan Mast; Alicja Mortensen; Agnes G. Oomen; Stefan Weigel; Eric Barthelemy; Ana Rincon; Jose Tarazona; Reinhilde Schoonjans. Guidance on technical requirements for regulated food and feed product applications to establish the presence of small particles including nanoparticles. EFSA Journal 2021, 19, e06769 .
AMA StyleEFSA Scientific Committee, Simon More, Vasileios Bampidis, Diane Benford, Claude Bragard, Thorhallur Halldorsson, Antonio Hernández‐Jerez, Susanne Hougaard Bennekou, Kostas Koutsoumanis, Claude Lambré, Kyriaki Machera, Hanspeter Naegeli, Søren Nielsen, Josef Schlatter, Dieter Schrenk, Vittorio Silano (Deceased), Dominique Turck, Maged Younes, Jacqueline Castenmiller, Qasim Chaudhry, Francesco Cubadda, Roland Franz, David Gott, Jan Mast, Alicja Mortensen, Agnes G. Oomen, Stefan Weigel, Eric Barthelemy, Ana Rincon, Jose Tarazona, Reinhilde Schoonjans. Guidance on technical requirements for regulated food and feed product applications to establish the presence of small particles including nanoparticles. EFSA Journal. 2021; 19 (8):e06769.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEFSA Scientific Committee; Simon More; Vasileios Bampidis; Diane Benford; Claude Bragard; Thorhallur Halldorsson; Antonio Hernández‐Jerez; Susanne Hougaard Bennekou; Kostas Koutsoumanis; Claude Lambré; Kyriaki Machera; Hanspeter Naegeli; Søren Nielsen; Josef Schlatter; Dieter Schrenk; Vittorio Silano (Deceased); Dominique Turck; Maged Younes; Jacqueline Castenmiller; Qasim Chaudhry; Francesco Cubadda; Roland Franz; David Gott; Jan Mast; Alicja Mortensen; Agnes G. Oomen; Stefan Weigel; Eric Barthelemy; Ana Rincon; Jose Tarazona; Reinhilde Schoonjans. 2021. "Guidance on technical requirements for regulated food and feed product applications to establish the presence of small particles including nanoparticles." EFSA Journal 19, no. 8: e06769.
There appear to be growing concerns among experts, NGOs, and members of the public about the welfare of companion dogs. With farm and laboratory animals, legislative initiatives have long been considered valuable tools in the management of welfare whereas the use of legislation to protect companion animal welfare has received less attention. We aim to rectify this by comparing legislation with an impact on the welfare of companion dogs in eleven Western jurisdictions. The comparison also provides a basis for further consideration of regulatory initiatives. We identify the rules applying in the jurisdictions and classify them in accordance with the following categories: breeding of dogs with risks to the health of the offspring, reproductive limitations, sales, surgical interventions, day-to-day handling, and killing. We demonstrate that, overall, there is significant variation across the jurisdictions. However, the degree of variation depends on the specific category. Whereas most countries, with the USA being a notable exception, regulate sales of dogs and ban surgical interventions, there is considerable variation in the regulation of day-to-day handling and the killing of dogs. Furthermore, different jurisdictions employ different regulatory tools to ensure the desired level of welfare for companion dogs. Overall, there appears to be real potential for dialogue and mutual inspiration.
Søren Andersen; Iben Meyer; Björn Forkman; Søren Nielsen; Peter Sandøe. Regulating Companion Dog Welfare: A Comparative Study of Legal Frameworks in Western Countries. Animals 2021, 11, 1660 .
AMA StyleSøren Andersen, Iben Meyer, Björn Forkman, Søren Nielsen, Peter Sandøe. Regulating Companion Dog Welfare: A Comparative Study of Legal Frameworks in Western Countries. Animals. 2021; 11 (6):1660.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSøren Andersen; Iben Meyer; Björn Forkman; Søren Nielsen; Peter Sandøe. 2021. "Regulating Companion Dog Welfare: A Comparative Study of Legal Frameworks in Western Countries." Animals 11, no. 6: 1660.
Street dogs are common in southern and eastern parts of Europe. They are often adopted by people living in North European countries, including Denmark. However, these dogs may experience difficulties adjusting to their new life as companion animals, and this may in turn lead to behavioural problems and complications for owners. The objective of this study was therefore to investigate whether former street (FS) dogs display a higher degree of behavioural problems than dogs reared in Denmark (RD). Two questionnaires were developed. One was distributed to Danish dog owners and resulted in 3020 useful answers. FS dogs were found to display 9 of the 45 listed behaviours more often than RD dogs. All of these behaviours were related to fear, aggression and stress. The second questionnaire was distributed to Danish veterinarians working in small animal practices and resulted in 173 useful answers. The most commonly reported behavioural problems were fear of humans, stress and problems when the dog was left at home alone. The extent of the behavioural problems reported by the veterinarians was much greater than that reported by the dog owners which, at least partly, may be due to fear-induced reactions of the dogs when handled at the veterinary clinic.
Natascha Munkeboe; Amalie Lohse-Lind; Peter Sandøe; Björn Forkman; Søren Nielsen. Comparing Behavioural Problems in Imported Street Dogs and Domestically Reared Danish Dogs—The Views of Dog Owners and Veterinarians. Animals 2021, 11, 1436 .
AMA StyleNatascha Munkeboe, Amalie Lohse-Lind, Peter Sandøe, Björn Forkman, Søren Nielsen. Comparing Behavioural Problems in Imported Street Dogs and Domestically Reared Danish Dogs—The Views of Dog Owners and Veterinarians. Animals. 2021; 11 (5):1436.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNatascha Munkeboe; Amalie Lohse-Lind; Peter Sandøe; Björn Forkman; Søren Nielsen. 2021. "Comparing Behavioural Problems in Imported Street Dogs and Domestically Reared Danish Dogs—The Views of Dog Owners and Veterinarians." Animals 11, no. 5: 1436.
Claw horn disruption lesions are a common cause of lameness in dairy cattle. It is commonly agreed that they develop due to excessive pressure from the distal phalanx on the horn-producing tissue in the sole. The distal phalanx is supported by the suspensory apparatus, a large proportion of which is made up of connective tissue. It has been hypothesized that increased laxity of the connective tissue due to hormonal changes around calving may lead to decreased support of the distal phalanx, resulting in a sinking of the bone and increased pressure on the horn-producing tissue. In this longitudinal study, our first objective was to determine whether the thickness of the soft tissue related to the claw sole (the combined depth of the digital cushion and corium; soft-tissue thickness, STT) in the weight-bearing hind claws of live heifers changed around calving (the period from approximately 3 wk before calving to 2 wk after calving). Our second objective was to evaluate the relationship between the body condition score (BCS) of recruited heifers and the STT estimates we obtained. We measured STT (defined as the distance between the distal phalanx and the sole horn) in the apex and the posterior part of the sole of the hind claws of 34 Holstein heifers 4 times over 3 to 4 wk around calving. We determined STT by ultrasonographic measurements through the sole horn on weight-bearing claws. The overall mean STT at site 1 was 3.3 mm [minimum-maximum (min-max): 1.8 to 5.2 mm], and the mean at site 2 was 3.7 mm (min-max: 2.2 to 5.8). The overall mean STT was thickest in the first examination before calving [site 1: 3.4 mm (min-max: 1.9 to 4.7); site 2: 4.1 mm (min-max: 2.7 to 5.8)] and thinnest at site 1 in the second examination after calving (3.2 mm, min-max: 1.8 to 5.2) and at site 2 at the first examination after calving (3.5 mm, min-max: 2.2 to 5.0). We observed an average reduction in STT of -0.2 mm (min-max: 0.8 to -0.9 mm) at site 1 during the study period, but we did not observe this reduction in all animals. At site 2, we found an average reduction in STT of -0.6 mm (min-max: 0.8 to -1.3 mm) from 10 d before calving to 5 d after calving, corresponding to a decrease of approximately 15% (min-max: 0 to 31%). We suggest that this reduction was caused by a rotation of the distal phalanx toward the posterior part of the sole horn in the weeks around calving. During the same period, heifer BCS decreased between 0.25 and 0.5 increments in the BCS scale, but we found no correlation between BCS and STT. However, the heifers experienced many changes related to management, feeding, and time budget during the study period, and the rotation of the distal phalanx and reduction of the STT might be explained not only by calving but also by other factors that affect heifers and their claws during the transition period.
K. Bach; S.S. Nielsen; N. Capion. Changes in the soft-tissue thickness of the claw sole in Holstein heifers around calving. Journal of Dairy Science 2021, 104, 4837 -4846.
AMA StyleK. Bach, S.S. Nielsen, N. Capion. Changes in the soft-tissue thickness of the claw sole in Holstein heifers around calving. Journal of Dairy Science. 2021; 104 (4):4837-4846.
Chicago/Turabian StyleK. Bach; S.S. Nielsen; N. Capion. 2021. "Changes in the soft-tissue thickness of the claw sole in Holstein heifers around calving." Journal of Dairy Science 104, no. 4: 4837-4846.
Purpose To compare cataract characteristics and complications related to cataracts and phacoemulsification in the Siberian Husky (Huskies) versus other canine breeds (non‐Huskies). Animals A total of 50 Huskies (92 eyes) and 96 non‐Huskies (182 eyes) were evaluated. Methods Medical records of Huskies (at four university veterinary hospitals, 2008–2018) and non‐Huskies (Colorado State University, 2017–2018) diagnosed with cataracts were reviewed. Age of dog, cataract stage at presentation, and pre‐ and post‐operative complications were recorded and analyzed. Results Mean (±standard deviation) age at presentation was significantly lower in Huskies (3.5 ± 3.3 years) compared to non‐Huskies (9.5 ± 2.9 years) (p < .0001). Huskies more commonly presented with hereditary cataracts than non‐Huskies (84% versus 52%) and a significantly higher percentage of non‐Huskies presented with diabetic cataracts than Huskies (48% versus 16%; p = .0001). Cataract stage at presentation did not differ between Huskies and non‐Huskies. Phacoemulsification was performed in 40% (20 out of 50 dogs, 39 out of 92 eyes) of Huskies and 42% (40 out of 96 dogs, 74 out of 182 eyes) of non‐Huskies. Pre‐operative and post‐operative retinal detachment were more common in Huskies than non‐Huskies (13% versus 2% and 10% versus 1%, respectively) but the difference was not significant. Other post‐operative complications occurred with similar frequency in both groups (p ≥ .17). Conclusions Huskies evaluated for cataracts were younger and less likely to present with diabetic cataracts than other canine breeds and, although not statistically significant, had a clinically important increased risk of retinal detachment pre‐ and post‐phacoemulsification.
Lisa K. Uhl; Michala De Linde Henriksen; Søren Saxmose Nielsen; Anne J. Gemensky‐Metzler; Lionel Sebbag; Jeffrey M. Todd. Cataracts and phacoemulsification in the Siberian Husky: A retrospective and multicentric study (2008–2018). Veterinary Ophthalmology 2021, 24, 252 -264.
AMA StyleLisa K. Uhl, Michala De Linde Henriksen, Søren Saxmose Nielsen, Anne J. Gemensky‐Metzler, Lionel Sebbag, Jeffrey M. Todd. Cataracts and phacoemulsification in the Siberian Husky: A retrospective and multicentric study (2008–2018). Veterinary Ophthalmology. 2021; 24 (3):252-264.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLisa K. Uhl; Michala De Linde Henriksen; Søren Saxmose Nielsen; Anne J. Gemensky‐Metzler; Lionel Sebbag; Jeffrey M. Todd. 2021. "Cataracts and phacoemulsification in the Siberian Husky: A retrospective and multicentric study (2008–2018)." Veterinary Ophthalmology 24, no. 3: 252-264.
This Statement presents a proposal for harmonising the establishment of Health‐Based Guidance Values (HBGVs) for regulated products that are also nutrients. This is a recurrent issue for food additives and pesticides, and may occasionally occur for other regulated products. The Statement describes the specific considerations that should be followed for establishing the HBGVs during the assessment of a regulated product that is also a nutrient. It also addresses the elements to be considered in the intake assessment; and proposes a decision tree for ensuring a harmonised process for the risk characterisation of regulated products that are also nutrients. The Scientific Committee recommends the involvement of the relevant EFSA Panels and units, in order to ensure an integrated and harmonised approach for the hazard and risk characterisation of regulated products that are also nutrients, considering the intake from all relevant sources.
EFSA Scientific Committee; Simon More; Vasileios Bampidis; Diane Benford; Claude Bragard; Thorhallur Halldorsson; Susanne Hougaard Bennekou; Kostas Koutsoumanis; Kyriaki Machera; Hanspeter Naegeli; Søren Nielsen; Josef Schlatter; Dieter Schrenk; Vittorio Silano; Dominique Turck; Maged Younes; Peter Aggett; Jacqueline Castenmiller; Alessandra Giarola; Agnès de Sesmaisons‐Lecarré; José Tarazona; Hans Verhagen; Antonio Hernández‐Jerez. Statement on the derivation of Health‐Based Guidance Values (HBGVs) for regulated products that are also nutrients. EFSA Journal 2021, 19, e06479 .
AMA StyleEFSA Scientific Committee, Simon More, Vasileios Bampidis, Diane Benford, Claude Bragard, Thorhallur Halldorsson, Susanne Hougaard Bennekou, Kostas Koutsoumanis, Kyriaki Machera, Hanspeter Naegeli, Søren Nielsen, Josef Schlatter, Dieter Schrenk, Vittorio Silano, Dominique Turck, Maged Younes, Peter Aggett, Jacqueline Castenmiller, Alessandra Giarola, Agnès de Sesmaisons‐Lecarré, José Tarazona, Hans Verhagen, Antonio Hernández‐Jerez. Statement on the derivation of Health‐Based Guidance Values (HBGVs) for regulated products that are also nutrients. EFSA Journal. 2021; 19 (3):e06479.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEFSA Scientific Committee; Simon More; Vasileios Bampidis; Diane Benford; Claude Bragard; Thorhallur Halldorsson; Susanne Hougaard Bennekou; Kostas Koutsoumanis; Kyriaki Machera; Hanspeter Naegeli; Søren Nielsen; Josef Schlatter; Dieter Schrenk; Vittorio Silano; Dominique Turck; Maged Younes; Peter Aggett; Jacqueline Castenmiller; Alessandra Giarola; Agnès de Sesmaisons‐Lecarré; José Tarazona; Hans Verhagen; Antonio Hernández‐Jerez. 2021. "Statement on the derivation of Health‐Based Guidance Values (HBGVs) for regulated products that are also nutrients." EFSA Journal 19, no. 3: e06479.
Carsten Kirkeby; Daniel Schwarz; Matt Denwood; Michael Farre; Søren S. Nielsen; Maya Gussmann; Nils Toft; Tariq Halasa. Dynamics of somatic cell count (SCC) and differential SCC during and following intramammary infections. Journal of Dairy Science 2021, 104, 3427 -3438.
AMA StyleCarsten Kirkeby, Daniel Schwarz, Matt Denwood, Michael Farre, Søren S. Nielsen, Maya Gussmann, Nils Toft, Tariq Halasa. Dynamics of somatic cell count (SCC) and differential SCC during and following intramammary infections. Journal of Dairy Science. 2021; 104 (3):3427-3438.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarsten Kirkeby; Daniel Schwarz; Matt Denwood; Michael Farre; Søren S. Nielsen; Maya Gussmann; Nils Toft; Tariq Halasa. 2021. "Dynamics of somatic cell count (SCC) and differential SCC during and following intramammary infections." Journal of Dairy Science 104, no. 3: 3427-3438.
SARS-CoV-2 infection is the cause of COVID-19 in humans. In April 2020, SARS-CoV-2 infection in farmed mink (Neovision vision) occurred in the Netherlands. The first outbreaks in Denmark were detected in June 2020 in three farms. A steep increase in the number of infected farms occurred from September and onwards. Here, we describe prevalence data collected from 215 infected mink farms to characterize spread and impact of disease in infected farms. In one third of the farms, no clinical signs were observed. In farms with clinical signs, decreased feed intake, increased mortality and respiratory symptoms were most frequently observed, during a limited time period (median of 11 days). In 65% and 69% of farms, virus and sero-conversion, respectively, were detected in 100% of sampled animals at the first sampling. SARS-CoV-2 was detected, at low levels, in air samples collected close to the mink, on mink fur, on flies, on the foot of a seagull, and in gutter water, but not in feed. Some dogs and cats from infected farms tested positive for the virus. Chickens, rabbits, and horses sampled on a few farms, and wildlife sampled in the vicinity of the infected farms did not test positive for SARS-CoV-2. Thus, mink are highly susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2, but routes of transmission between farms, other than by direct human contact, are unclear.
Anette Boklund; Anne Sofie Hammer; Michelle Lauge Quaade; Thomas Bruun Rasmussen; Louise Lohse; Bertel Strandbygaard; Charlotte Sværke Jørgensen; Ann Sofie Olesen; Freja Broe Hjerpe; Heidi Huus Petersen; Tim Kåre Jensen; Sten Mortensen; Francisco F. Calvo-Artavia; Stine Kjær Lefèvre; Søren Saxmose Nielsen; Tariq Halasa; Graham J. Belsham; Anette Bøtner. SARS-CoV-2 in Danish Mink Farms: Course of the Epidemic and a Descriptive Analysis of the Outbreaks in 2020. Animals 2021, 11, 164 .
AMA StyleAnette Boklund, Anne Sofie Hammer, Michelle Lauge Quaade, Thomas Bruun Rasmussen, Louise Lohse, Bertel Strandbygaard, Charlotte Sværke Jørgensen, Ann Sofie Olesen, Freja Broe Hjerpe, Heidi Huus Petersen, Tim Kåre Jensen, Sten Mortensen, Francisco F. Calvo-Artavia, Stine Kjær Lefèvre, Søren Saxmose Nielsen, Tariq Halasa, Graham J. Belsham, Anette Bøtner. SARS-CoV-2 in Danish Mink Farms: Course of the Epidemic and a Descriptive Analysis of the Outbreaks in 2020. Animals. 2021; 11 (1):164.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnette Boklund; Anne Sofie Hammer; Michelle Lauge Quaade; Thomas Bruun Rasmussen; Louise Lohse; Bertel Strandbygaard; Charlotte Sværke Jørgensen; Ann Sofie Olesen; Freja Broe Hjerpe; Heidi Huus Petersen; Tim Kåre Jensen; Sten Mortensen; Francisco F. Calvo-Artavia; Stine Kjær Lefèvre; Søren Saxmose Nielsen; Tariq Halasa; Graham J. Belsham; Anette Bøtner. 2021. "SARS-CoV-2 in Danish Mink Farms: Course of the Epidemic and a Descriptive Analysis of the Outbreaks in 2020." Animals 11, no. 1: 164.
Non-perforating abomasal lesions occur with a high prevalence in slaughtered dairy cattle. Ante mortem diagnosis is a challenge, but the presence of occult blood in feces is suggested as a diagnostic criterion. The lower detection limit of Hemo-Fec® (Med-Kjemi, Asker, Norway) and Hemoccult II® SENSA® (Beckman Coulter, Brea, California, USA) for fecal occult blood were estimated. The Hemo-Fec® and Hemoccult II® SENSA® could detect 1–2 mL and 2–4.5 mL of blood in 1000 g of feces, respectively. Therefore, the Hemo-Fec® test was selected to access hemoglobin degradation in the rumen to establish if blood from outside the gastrointestinal tract could result in false-positive tests and an observational study to estimate the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. Rumen microbiota did not degrade hemoglobin in a 1% blood concentration in vitro during 48 h of fermentation. The Hemo-Fec® test was only able to detect cattle with ≥4 acute lesions (diagnostic sensitivity: 0.40 [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.32–0.48] and ≥4 chronic lesions (sensitivity: 0.44 [95% CI: 0.35–0.52]). The Hemo-Fec® test had no diagnostic potential to detect superficial erosions or scar tissue in abomasa. Furthermore, the specificity was 0.71 [95% CI: 0.68–0.75%], and a positive test is thus not equivalent with abomasal lesions in cattle.
Sara Lee Munch; Søren Saxmose Nielsen; Mogens Agerbo Krogh; Nynne Capion. Evaluation of Two Fecal Occult Blood Tests for Detecting Non-perforating Abomasal Lesions in Cattle. Animals 2020, 10, 2356 .
AMA StyleSara Lee Munch, Søren Saxmose Nielsen, Mogens Agerbo Krogh, Nynne Capion. Evaluation of Two Fecal Occult Blood Tests for Detecting Non-perforating Abomasal Lesions in Cattle. Animals. 2020; 10 (12):2356.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSara Lee Munch; Søren Saxmose Nielsen; Mogens Agerbo Krogh; Nynne Capion. 2020. "Evaluation of Two Fecal Occult Blood Tests for Detecting Non-perforating Abomasal Lesions in Cattle." Animals 10, no. 12: 2356.
Conor G. McAloon; Luke O'grady; Bruno Botaro; Simon J. More; Michael Doherty; Paul Whyte; Søren Saxmose Nielsen; Lorna Citer; Kevin Kenny; David Graham; Martin Green. Individual and herd-level milk ELISA test status for Johne's disease in Ireland after correcting for non-disease-associated variables. Journal of Dairy Science 2020, 103, 9345 -9354.
AMA StyleConor G. McAloon, Luke O'grady, Bruno Botaro, Simon J. More, Michael Doherty, Paul Whyte, Søren Saxmose Nielsen, Lorna Citer, Kevin Kenny, David Graham, Martin Green. Individual and herd-level milk ELISA test status for Johne's disease in Ireland after correcting for non-disease-associated variables. Journal of Dairy Science. 2020; 103 (10):9345-9354.
Chicago/Turabian StyleConor G. McAloon; Luke O'grady; Bruno Botaro; Simon J. More; Michael Doherty; Paul Whyte; Søren Saxmose Nielsen; Lorna Citer; Kevin Kenny; David Graham; Martin Green. 2020. "Individual and herd-level milk ELISA test status for Johne's disease in Ireland after correcting for non-disease-associated variables." Journal of Dairy Science 103, no. 10: 9345-9354.
EFSA Scientific Committee; Simon More; Vasileos Bambidis; Diane Benford; Claude Bragard; Antonio Hernandez‐Jerez; Susanne Hougaard Bennekou; Kostas Koutsoumanis; Kyriaki Machera; Hanspeter Naegeli; Soren Saxmose Nielsen; Josef R Schlatter; Dieter Schrenk; Vittorio Silano; Dominique Turck; Maged Younes; Tony Fletcher; Matthias Greiner; Evangelia Ntzani; Neil Pearce; Marco Vinceti; Laura Ciccolallo; Marios Georgiadis; Andrea Gervelmeyer; Thorhallur I Halldorsson. Draft for internal testing Scientific Committee guidance on appraising and integrating evidence from epidemiological studies for use in EFSA's scientific assessments. EFSA Journal 2020, 18, 1 .
AMA StyleEFSA Scientific Committee, Simon More, Vasileos Bambidis, Diane Benford, Claude Bragard, Antonio Hernandez‐Jerez, Susanne Hougaard Bennekou, Kostas Koutsoumanis, Kyriaki Machera, Hanspeter Naegeli, Soren Saxmose Nielsen, Josef R Schlatter, Dieter Schrenk, Vittorio Silano, Dominique Turck, Maged Younes, Tony Fletcher, Matthias Greiner, Evangelia Ntzani, Neil Pearce, Marco Vinceti, Laura Ciccolallo, Marios Georgiadis, Andrea Gervelmeyer, Thorhallur I Halldorsson. Draft for internal testing Scientific Committee guidance on appraising and integrating evidence from epidemiological studies for use in EFSA's scientific assessments. EFSA Journal. 2020; 18 (8):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEFSA Scientific Committee; Simon More; Vasileos Bambidis; Diane Benford; Claude Bragard; Antonio Hernandez‐Jerez; Susanne Hougaard Bennekou; Kostas Koutsoumanis; Kyriaki Machera; Hanspeter Naegeli; Soren Saxmose Nielsen; Josef R Schlatter; Dieter Schrenk; Vittorio Silano; Dominique Turck; Maged Younes; Tony Fletcher; Matthias Greiner; Evangelia Ntzani; Neil Pearce; Marco Vinceti; Laura Ciccolallo; Marios Georgiadis; Andrea Gervelmeyer; Thorhallur I Halldorsson. 2020. "Draft for internal testing Scientific Committee guidance on appraising and integrating evidence from epidemiological studies for use in EFSA's scientific assessments." EFSA Journal 18, no. 8: 1.
Pigs at different stages of the production cycle may have to be killed on‐farm for purposes other than slaughter (where slaughter is defined as killing for human consumption) either individually (e.g. severely injured pigs) or on a large scale (e.g. unproductive animals or for disease control reasons). This opinion assessed the risks associated with the on‐farm killing of pigs and included two phases: 1) handling and moving of pigs and 2) killing methods (including restraint). The killing methods were subdivided into four categories: electrical methods, mechanical methods, gas mixture methods and lethal injection. Four welfare consequences to which pigs can be exposed to during on‐farm killing were identified: pain, fear, impeded movement and respiratory distress. Welfare consequences and relevant animal‐based measures were described. In total, 28 hazards were associated with the welfare consequences; majority of the hazards (24) are related to Phase 2 (killing). The main hazards are associated with lack of staff skills and training, and poor‐designed and constructed facilities. Staff was identified as an origin of all hazards, either due to lack of skills needed to perform appropriate killing or due to fatigue. Corrective measures were identified for 25 hazards. Outcome tables linking hazards, welfare consequences, animal‐based measures, hazard origins, preventive and corrective measures were developed and mitigation measures proposed.
EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW); Søren Nielsen; Julio Alvarez; Dominique Joseph Bicout; Paolo Calistri; Klaus Depner; Julian Ashley Drewe; Bruno Garin‐Bastuji; Jose Luis Gonzales Rojas; Christian Gortázar Schmidt; Virginie Michel; Miguel Ángel Miranda Chueca; Helen Clare Roberts; Liisa Helena Sihvonen; Hans Spoolder; Karl Stahl; Arvo Viltrop; Christoph Winckler; Denise Candiani; Chiara Fabris; Yves Van Der Stede; Antonio Velarde. Welfare of pigs during killing for purposes other than slaughter. EFSA Journal 2020, 18, e06195 .
AMA StyleEFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW), Søren Nielsen, Julio Alvarez, Dominique Joseph Bicout, Paolo Calistri, Klaus Depner, Julian Ashley Drewe, Bruno Garin‐Bastuji, Jose Luis Gonzales Rojas, Christian Gortázar Schmidt, Virginie Michel, Miguel Ángel Miranda Chueca, Helen Clare Roberts, Liisa Helena Sihvonen, Hans Spoolder, Karl Stahl, Arvo Viltrop, Christoph Winckler, Denise Candiani, Chiara Fabris, Yves Van Der Stede, Antonio Velarde. Welfare of pigs during killing for purposes other than slaughter. EFSA Journal. 2020; 18 (7):e06195.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW); Søren Nielsen; Julio Alvarez; Dominique Joseph Bicout; Paolo Calistri; Klaus Depner; Julian Ashley Drewe; Bruno Garin‐Bastuji; Jose Luis Gonzales Rojas; Christian Gortázar Schmidt; Virginie Michel; Miguel Ángel Miranda Chueca; Helen Clare Roberts; Liisa Helena Sihvonen; Hans Spoolder; Karl Stahl; Arvo Viltrop; Christoph Winckler; Denise Candiani; Chiara Fabris; Yves Van Der Stede; Antonio Velarde. 2020. "Welfare of pigs during killing for purposes other than slaughter." EFSA Journal 18, no. 7: e06195.
Every year, dogs and cats are relinquished to animal shelters by their owners in large numbers. Reasons for relinquishment of dogs and cats to a large Danish shelter from 1996 to 2017 were obtained and characterised. The reasons were available for 86% of the owner-relinquished animals, including 3204 dog relinquishments (90%) and 2755 cat relinquishments (82%). They were allocated to 59 categories, which were further merged into four owner-related and three animal-related reasons. The most commonly reported of these seven reasons for relinquishment of dogs were owner health (29%), animal behavioural problems (23%), housing issues (21%) and lack of time (14%). For cats, the figures were: owner health (32%), housing issues (26%), and animal behavioural problems (25%). No systematic changes in these patterns were found over time. The number of relinquished cats was roughly stable, whereas the number of relinquished dogs decreased on average by 3% per annum. Owner issues were the primary reason for relinquishment in both species, but nearly one-quarter of the animals were relinquished as a result of behavioural problems. As the latter are often connected with the owner in some way, the results emphasise the importance of a focus on owners when addressing pet relinquishment challenges.
Janne B. H. Jensen; Peter Sandøe; Søren Saxmose Nielsen. Owner-Related Reasons Matter more than Behavioural Problems—A Study of Why Owners Relinquished Dogs and Cats to a Danish Animal Shelter from 1996 to 2017. Animals 2020, 10, 1 .
AMA StyleJanne B. H. Jensen, Peter Sandøe, Søren Saxmose Nielsen. Owner-Related Reasons Matter more than Behavioural Problems—A Study of Why Owners Relinquished Dogs and Cats to a Danish Animal Shelter from 1996 to 2017. Animals. 2020; 10 (6):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJanne B. H. Jensen; Peter Sandøe; Søren Saxmose Nielsen. 2020. "Owner-Related Reasons Matter more than Behavioural Problems—A Study of Why Owners Relinquished Dogs and Cats to a Danish Animal Shelter from 1996 to 2017." Animals 10, no. 6: 1.
The killing of pigs for human consumption (slaughtering) can take place in a slaughterhouse or on farm. The processes of slaughtering that were assessed for welfare, from the arrival of pigs until their death, were grouped into three main phases: pre‐stunning (including arrival, unloading from the truck, lairage, handling and moving of pigs); stunning (including restraint); and bleeding. Stunning methods were grouped into three categories: electrical, controlled atmosphere and mechanical. Twelve welfare consequences the pigs can be exposed to during slaughter were identified: heat stress, cold stress, fatigue, prolonged thirst, prolonged hunger, impeded movement, restriction of movements, resting problem, negative social behaviour, pain, fear and respiratory distress. Welfare consequences and relevant animal‐based measures were described. In total, 30 welfare hazards that could occur during slaughter were identified and characterised, most of them related to stunning and bleeding. Staff were identified as the origin of 29 hazards, which were attributed to the lack of appropriate skill sets needed to perform tasks or to fatigue. Corrective and preventive measures for these hazards were assessed: measures to correct hazards were identified, and management was shown to have a crucial role in prevention. Outcome tables linking hazards, welfare consequences, animal‐based measures, origins and preventive and corrective measures were developed for each process. Mitigation measures to minimise welfare consequences are proposed.
EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW); Søren Nielsen; Julio Alvarez; Dominique Joseph Bicout; Paolo Calistri; Klaus Depner; Julian Ashley Drewe; Bruno Garin‐Bastuji; Jose Luis Gonzales Rojas; Christian Gortázar Schmidt; Virginie Michel; Miguel Ángel Miranda Chueca; Helen Clare Roberts; Liisa Helena Sihvonen; Hans Spoolder; Karl Stahl; Arvo Viltrop; Christoph Winckler; Denise Candiani; Chiara Fabris; Yves Van Der Stede; Antonio Velarde. Welfare of pigs at slaughter. EFSA Journal 2020, 18, e06148 .
AMA StyleEFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW), Søren Nielsen, Julio Alvarez, Dominique Joseph Bicout, Paolo Calistri, Klaus Depner, Julian Ashley Drewe, Bruno Garin‐Bastuji, Jose Luis Gonzales Rojas, Christian Gortázar Schmidt, Virginie Michel, Miguel Ángel Miranda Chueca, Helen Clare Roberts, Liisa Helena Sihvonen, Hans Spoolder, Karl Stahl, Arvo Viltrop, Christoph Winckler, Denise Candiani, Chiara Fabris, Yves Van Der Stede, Antonio Velarde. Welfare of pigs at slaughter. EFSA Journal. 2020; 18 (6):e06148.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW); Søren Nielsen; Julio Alvarez; Dominique Joseph Bicout; Paolo Calistri; Klaus Depner; Julian Ashley Drewe; Bruno Garin‐Bastuji; Jose Luis Gonzales Rojas; Christian Gortázar Schmidt; Virginie Michel; Miguel Ángel Miranda Chueca; Helen Clare Roberts; Liisa Helena Sihvonen; Hans Spoolder; Karl Stahl; Arvo Viltrop; Christoph Winckler; Denise Candiani; Chiara Fabris; Yves Van Der Stede; Antonio Velarde. 2020. "Welfare of pigs at slaughter." EFSA Journal 18, no. 6: e06148.
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a vector‐borne disease transmitted by different mosquito species, especially Aedes and Culex genus, to animals and humans. In November 2018, RVF re‐emerged in Mayotte (France) after 11 years. Up to the end of October 2019, 126 outbreaks in animals and 143 human cases were reported. RVF mortality was 0.01%, and the number of abortions reported in polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐positive ruminants was fivefold greater than the previous 7 years. Milk loss production in 2019 compared to 2015–2018 was estimated to be 18%, corresponding to an economic loss of around €191,000 in all of Mayotte. The tropical climate in Mayotte provides conditions for the presence of mosquitoes during the whole year, and illegal introductions of animals represent a continuous risk of (re)introduction of RVF. The probability of RVF virus (RVFV) persisting in Mayotte for 5 or more years was estimated to be < 10% but could be much lower if vertical transmission in vectors does not occur. Persistence of RVF by vertical transmission in Mayotte and Réunion appears to be of minor relevance compared to other pathways of re‐introduction (i.e. animal movement). However, there is a high uncertainty since there is limited information about the vertical transmission of some of the major species of vectors of RVFV in Mayotte and Réunion. The only identified pathways for the risk of spread of RVF from Mayotte to other countries were by infected vectors transported in airplanes or by wind currents. For the former, the risk of introduction of RVF to continental France was estimated to 4 × 10−6 epidemic per year 1 in 1400 years (median value; 95% CI: 2 × 10−8; 0.0007), and 0.001 epidemic per year to Réunion (95% CI: 4 × 10−6; 0.16). For the latter pathway, mosquitoes dispersing on the wind from Mayotte between January and April 2019 could have reached the Comoros Islands, Madagascar, Mozambique and, possibly, Tanzania. However, these countries are already endemic for RVF, and an incursion of RVFV‐infected mosquitoes would have negligible impact.
EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW); Søren Nielsen; Julio Alvarez; Dominique Joseph Bicout; Paolo Calistri; Klaus Depner; Julian Ashley Drewe; Bruno Garin‐Bastuji; José Luis Gonzales Rojas; Christian Gortázar Schmidt; Virginie Michel; Miguel Ángel Miranda Chueca; Helen Clare Roberts; Liisa Helena Sihvonen; Karl Stahl; Antonio Velarde; Arvo Trop; Christoph Winckler; Catherine Cetre‐Sossah; Veronique Chevalier; Clazien De Vos; Simon Gubbins; Sotiria‐Eleni Antoniou; Alessandro Broglia; Sofie Dhollander; Yves Van Der Stede. Rift Valley Fever: risk of persistence, spread and impact in Mayotte (France). EFSA Journal 2020, 18, e06093 .
AMA StyleEFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW), Søren Nielsen, Julio Alvarez, Dominique Joseph Bicout, Paolo Calistri, Klaus Depner, Julian Ashley Drewe, Bruno Garin‐Bastuji, José Luis Gonzales Rojas, Christian Gortázar Schmidt, Virginie Michel, Miguel Ángel Miranda Chueca, Helen Clare Roberts, Liisa Helena Sihvonen, Karl Stahl, Antonio Velarde, Arvo Trop, Christoph Winckler, Catherine Cetre‐Sossah, Veronique Chevalier, Clazien De Vos, Simon Gubbins, Sotiria‐Eleni Antoniou, Alessandro Broglia, Sofie Dhollander, Yves Van Der Stede. Rift Valley Fever: risk of persistence, spread and impact in Mayotte (France). EFSA Journal. 2020; 18 (4):e06093.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW); Søren Nielsen; Julio Alvarez; Dominique Joseph Bicout; Paolo Calistri; Klaus Depner; Julian Ashley Drewe; Bruno Garin‐Bastuji; José Luis Gonzales Rojas; Christian Gortázar Schmidt; Virginie Michel; Miguel Ángel Miranda Chueca; Helen Clare Roberts; Liisa Helena Sihvonen; Karl Stahl; Antonio Velarde; Arvo Trop; Christoph Winckler; Catherine Cetre‐Sossah; Veronique Chevalier; Clazien De Vos; Simon Gubbins; Sotiria‐Eleni Antoniou; Alessandro Broglia; Sofie Dhollander; Yves Van Der Stede. 2020. "Rift Valley Fever: risk of persistence, spread and impact in Mayotte (France)." EFSA Journal 18, no. 4: e06093.
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a vector‐borne disease transmitted by a broad spectrum of mosquito species, especially Aedes and Culex genus, to animals (domestic and wild ruminants and camels) and humans. Rift Valley fever is endemic in sub‐Saharan Africa and in the Arabian Peninsula, with periodic epidemics characterised by 5–15 years of inter‐epizootic periods. In the last two decades, RVF was notified in new African regions (e.g. Sahel), RVF epidemics occurred more frequently and low‐level enzootic virus circulation has been demonstrated in livestock in various areas. Recent outbreaks in a French overseas department and some seropositive cases detected in Turkey, Tunisia and Libya raised the attention of the EU for a possible incursion into neighbouring countries. The movement of live animals is the most important pathway for RVF spread from the African endemic areas to North Africa and the Middle East. The movement of infected animals and infected vectors when shipped by flights, containers or road transport is considered as other plausible pathways of introduction into Europe. The overall risk of introduction of RVF into EU through the movement of infected animals is very low in all the EU regions and in all MSs (less than one epidemic every 500 years), given the strict EU animal import policy. The same level of risk of introduction in all the EU regions was estimated also considering the movement of infected vectors, with the highest level for Belgium, Greece, Malta, the Netherlands (one epidemic every 228–700 years), mainly linked to the number of connections by air and sea transports with African RVF infected countries. Although the EU territory does not seem to be directly exposed to an imminent risk of RVFV introduction, the risk of further spread into countries neighbouring the EU and the risks of possible introduction of infected vectors, suggest that EU authorities need to strengthen their surveillance and response capacities, as well as the collaboration with North African and Middle Eastern countries.
Søren Nielsen; Julio Alvarez; Dominique Joseph Bicout; Paolo Calistri; Klaus Depner; Julian Ashley Drewe; Bruno Garin‐Bastuji; José Luis Gonzales Rojas; Christian Gortázar Schmidt; Virginie Michel; Miguel Ángel Miranda Chueca; Helen Clare Roberts; Liisa Helena Sihvonen; Karl Stahl; Antonio Velarde Calvo; Arvo Viltrop; Christoph Winckler; Bernard Bett; Catherine Cetre‐Sossah; Veronique Chevalier; Clazien Devos; Simon Gubbins; Federica Monaco; Antoniou Sotiria‐Eleni; Alessandro Broglia; José Cortiñas Abrahantes; Sofie Dhollander; Yves Van Der Stede; Gabriele Zancanaro. Rift Valley Fever – epidemiological update and risk of introduction into Europe. EFSA Journal 2020, 18, e06041 .
AMA StyleSøren Nielsen, Julio Alvarez, Dominique Joseph Bicout, Paolo Calistri, Klaus Depner, Julian Ashley Drewe, Bruno Garin‐Bastuji, José Luis Gonzales Rojas, Christian Gortázar Schmidt, Virginie Michel, Miguel Ángel Miranda Chueca, Helen Clare Roberts, Liisa Helena Sihvonen, Karl Stahl, Antonio Velarde Calvo, Arvo Viltrop, Christoph Winckler, Bernard Bett, Catherine Cetre‐Sossah, Veronique Chevalier, Clazien Devos, Simon Gubbins, Federica Monaco, Antoniou Sotiria‐Eleni, Alessandro Broglia, José Cortiñas Abrahantes, Sofie Dhollander, Yves Van Der Stede, Gabriele Zancanaro. Rift Valley Fever – epidemiological update and risk of introduction into Europe. EFSA Journal. 2020; 18 (3):e06041.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSøren Nielsen; Julio Alvarez; Dominique Joseph Bicout; Paolo Calistri; Klaus Depner; Julian Ashley Drewe; Bruno Garin‐Bastuji; José Luis Gonzales Rojas; Christian Gortázar Schmidt; Virginie Michel; Miguel Ángel Miranda Chueca; Helen Clare Roberts; Liisa Helena Sihvonen; Karl Stahl; Antonio Velarde Calvo; Arvo Viltrop; Christoph Winckler; Bernard Bett; Catherine Cetre‐Sossah; Veronique Chevalier; Clazien Devos; Simon Gubbins; Federica Monaco; Antoniou Sotiria‐Eleni; Alessandro Broglia; José Cortiñas Abrahantes; Sofie Dhollander; Yves Van Der Stede; Gabriele Zancanaro. 2020. "Rift Valley Fever – epidemiological update and risk of introduction into Europe." EFSA Journal 18, no. 3: e06041.
Mastitis, often caused by intramammary infection (IMI), is a significant problem in dairy farming globally. Somatic cell count (SCC) is widely used as a parameter for screening IMI in cows that are then treated or culled. We investigated the potential of a new parameter, differential SCC (DSCC), to detect IMI at cow level when SCC is already known. We achieved this using bacterial culture (BC) and PCR to detect 4 categories of pathogens (major, minor, other, and any) in 2 Danish dairy herds. Quarter milk samples were collected from monthly dairy herd improvement samplings over 1 yr and analyzed with BC, whereas cow-level dairy herd improvement samples were analyzed using PCR. Days in milk, parity, and IMI status had a significant effect on DSCC. Using DSCC in addition to SCC significantly improved the indication of IMI compared with using only SCC in the any pathogen category in both herds as well as the minor pathogens category in herd 2 when BC was used for detection. When PCR was used to detect IMI, the use of DSCC in addition to SCC was significant for the other pathogens category in herd 1 and the minor pathogens category in herd 2. Thus, our data revealed that DSCC can add significant information describing IMI status even when SCC is already known; however, this depends on the causative pathogen. Future studies may address how to use DSCC in practice as well as consider the availability of temporal data to potentially gain insight into the course of infection.
C. Kirkeby; N. Toft; D. Schwarz; M. Farre; S.S. Nielsen; L. Zervens; S. Hechinger; T. Halasa. Differential somatic cell count as an additional indicator for intramammary infections in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 2020, 103, 1759 -1775.
AMA StyleC. Kirkeby, N. Toft, D. Schwarz, M. Farre, S.S. Nielsen, L. Zervens, S. Hechinger, T. Halasa. Differential somatic cell count as an additional indicator for intramammary infections in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 2020; 103 (2):1759-1775.
Chicago/Turabian StyleC. Kirkeby; N. Toft; D. Schwarz; M. Farre; S.S. Nielsen; L. Zervens; S. Hechinger; T. Halasa. 2020. "Differential somatic cell count as an additional indicator for intramammary infections in dairy cows." Journal of Dairy Science 103, no. 2: 1759-1775.
The AGRI committee of the European Parliament requested EFSA to assess the welfare of rabbits farmed in different production systems, including organic production, and to update its 2005 scientific opinion about the health and welfare of rabbits kept for meat production. Considering reproducing does, kits and growing rabbits, this scientific opinion focusses on six different housing systems, namely conventional cages, structurally enriched cages, elevated pens, floor pens, outdoor/partially outdoor systems and organic systems. To compare the level of welfare in the different housing systems and rabbit categories, welfare impact scores for 20 welfare consequences identified from the literature were calculated, taking their occurrence, duration and severity into account. Based on the overall welfare impact score (sum of scores for the single welfare consequences), obtained via a 2‐step expert knowledge elicitation process, the welfare of reproducing does is likely (certainty 66–90%) to be lower in conventional cages compared to the five other housing systems. In addition, it is likely to extremely likely (certainty 66–99%) that the welfare of kits is lower in outdoor systems compared to the other systems and that the welfare is higher in elevated pens than in the other systems. Finally, it is likely to extremely likely (certainty 66–99%) that the welfare of growing rabbits is lower in conventional cages compared to the other systems and that the welfare is higher in elevated pens than in the other systems. Ranking of the welfare consequences allowed an analysis of the main welfare consequences within each system and rabbit category. It was concluded that for reproducing does, as well as growing rabbits, welfare consequences related to behavioural restrictions were more prominent in conventional cages, elevated pens and enriched cages, whereas those related to health problems were more important in floor pens, outdoor and organic systems. Housing in organic rabbit farming is diverse, which can result in different welfare consequences, but the overall welfare impact scores suggest that welfare in organic systems is generally good.
EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW); Søren Nielsen; Julio Alvarez; Dominique Joseph Bicout; Paolo Calistri; Klaus Depner; Julian Ashley Drewe; Bruno Garin‐Bastuji; Jose Luis Gonzales Rojas; Christian Gortázar Schmidt; Virginie Michel; Miguel Ángel Miranda Chueca; Helen Clare Roberts; Liisa Helena Sihvonen; Hans Spoolder; Karl Stahl; Antonio Velarde Calvo; Arvo Viltrop; Stephanie Buijs; Sandra Edwards; Denise Candiani; Olaf Mosbach‐Schulz; Yves Van Der Stede; Christoph Winckler. Health and welfare of rabbits farmed in different production systems. EFSA Journal 2020, 18, e05944 .
AMA StyleEFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW), Søren Nielsen, Julio Alvarez, Dominique Joseph Bicout, Paolo Calistri, Klaus Depner, Julian Ashley Drewe, Bruno Garin‐Bastuji, Jose Luis Gonzales Rojas, Christian Gortázar Schmidt, Virginie Michel, Miguel Ángel Miranda Chueca, Helen Clare Roberts, Liisa Helena Sihvonen, Hans Spoolder, Karl Stahl, Antonio Velarde Calvo, Arvo Viltrop, Stephanie Buijs, Sandra Edwards, Denise Candiani, Olaf Mosbach‐Schulz, Yves Van Der Stede, Christoph Winckler. Health and welfare of rabbits farmed in different production systems. EFSA Journal. 2020; 18 (1):e05944.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW); Søren Nielsen; Julio Alvarez; Dominique Joseph Bicout; Paolo Calistri; Klaus Depner; Julian Ashley Drewe; Bruno Garin‐Bastuji; Jose Luis Gonzales Rojas; Christian Gortázar Schmidt; Virginie Michel; Miguel Ángel Miranda Chueca; Helen Clare Roberts; Liisa Helena Sihvonen; Hans Spoolder; Karl Stahl; Antonio Velarde Calvo; Arvo Viltrop; Stephanie Buijs; Sandra Edwards; Denise Candiani; Olaf Mosbach‐Schulz; Yves Van Der Stede; Christoph Winckler. 2020. "Health and welfare of rabbits farmed in different production systems." EFSA Journal 18, no. 1: e05944.
EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW); Søren Nielsen; Julio Alvarez; Dominique Joseph Bicout; Paolo Calistri; Klaus Depner; Julian Ashley Drewe; Bruno Garin‐Bastuji; Jose Luis Gonzales Rojas; Christian Gortázar Schmidt; Virginie Michel; Miguel Ángel Miranda Chueca; Helen Clare Roberts; Liisa Helena Sihvonen; Karl Stahl; Antonio Velarde Calvo; Arvo Viltrop; Christoph Winckler; Denise Candiani; Chiara Fabris; Olaf Mosbach‐Schulz; Yves Van Der Stede; Hans Spoolder. Scientific opinion concerning the killing of rabbits for purposes other than slaughter. EFSA Journal 2020, 18, 1 .
AMA StyleEFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW), Søren Nielsen, Julio Alvarez, Dominique Joseph Bicout, Paolo Calistri, Klaus Depner, Julian Ashley Drewe, Bruno Garin‐Bastuji, Jose Luis Gonzales Rojas, Christian Gortázar Schmidt, Virginie Michel, Miguel Ángel Miranda Chueca, Helen Clare Roberts, Liisa Helena Sihvonen, Karl Stahl, Antonio Velarde Calvo, Arvo Viltrop, Christoph Winckler, Denise Candiani, Chiara Fabris, Olaf Mosbach‐Schulz, Yves Van Der Stede, Hans Spoolder. Scientific opinion concerning the killing of rabbits for purposes other than slaughter. EFSA Journal. 2020; 18 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW); Søren Nielsen; Julio Alvarez; Dominique Joseph Bicout; Paolo Calistri; Klaus Depner; Julian Ashley Drewe; Bruno Garin‐Bastuji; Jose Luis Gonzales Rojas; Christian Gortázar Schmidt; Virginie Michel; Miguel Ángel Miranda Chueca; Helen Clare Roberts; Liisa Helena Sihvonen; Karl Stahl; Antonio Velarde Calvo; Arvo Viltrop; Christoph Winckler; Denise Candiani; Chiara Fabris; Olaf Mosbach‐Schulz; Yves Van Der Stede; Hans Spoolder. 2020. "Scientific opinion concerning the killing of rabbits for purposes other than slaughter." EFSA Journal 18, no. 1: 1.