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Edward Barbier
Colorado State University

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Short Biography

Edward B. Barbier is a University Distinguished Professor in the Department of Economics, Colorado State University and a Senior Scholar in the School of Global Environmental Sustainability. His main expertise is environmental and resource economics as well as international environmental policy. He has consulted for a variety of national, international and non-governmental agencies, including many UN organizations, the World Bank and the OECD. He has authored over 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, written or edited 25 books, and published in popular journals. Barbier is a Fellow of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists and is a highly cited scholar on global environmental and sustainability issues. Professor Barbier's latest books is The Water Paradox: Overcoming the Global Crisis in Water Management. Yale University Press, New Haven and London.

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Chapter
Published: 29 July 2021 in Economics of the SDGs
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This chapter relates the current SDGs to their forerunner, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the systems approach to sustainability. We illustrate how each of the 17 SDGs can be characterized as a goal primarily attributed to the environmental, economic, or social system, as suggested by the basic principles of sustainability science. The systems approach is often captured in a Venn diagram, which depicts sustainable development as the intersection of the goals attributed to these three interlinked systems. One important insight is that attempting to maximize the goals for just one system may not achieve sustainability, because the impacts on the other systems are ignored. Analyzing such interactions is the foundation of our economic approach to assessing progress towards the SDGs.

ACS Style

Edward B. Barbier; Joanne C. Burgess. The SDGs and the Systems Approach to Sustainability. Economics of the SDGs 2021, 15 -37.

AMA Style

Edward B. Barbier, Joanne C. Burgess. The SDGs and the Systems Approach to Sustainability. Economics of the SDGs. 2021; ():15-37.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Edward B. Barbier; Joanne C. Burgess. 2021. "The SDGs and the Systems Approach to Sustainability." Economics of the SDGs , no. : 15-37.

Chapter
Published: 29 July 2021 in Economics of the SDGs
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Using a representative indicator for each goal, this chapter conducts a quantitative assessment of current progress over 2000 to 2018 for each of the 17 SDGs. This assessment is applied to all countries of the world, to low-income countries, and our nine selected countries. Based on our measure of quantitative change, we then assess whether the representative indicator for each of the 17 SDGs has been improving or declining since 2000. This chapter also discusses other approaches that have been developed for assessing progress in attaining the SDGs. We compare how the findings of these approaches compare to our results, and highlight similarity and differences in our methods of assessing progress.

ACS Style

Edward B. Barbier; Joanne C. Burgess. Trends in Key SDG Indicators. Economics of the SDGs 2021, 55 -84.

AMA Style

Edward B. Barbier, Joanne C. Burgess. Trends in Key SDG Indicators. Economics of the SDGs. 2021; ():55-84.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Edward B. Barbier; Joanne C. Burgess. 2021. "Trends in Key SDG Indicators." Economics of the SDGs , no. : 55-84.

Chapter
Published: 29 July 2021 in Economics of the SDGs
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The aim of the SDGs is to provide guidance to countries in attaining key economic, environmental, and social benchmarks that are considered essential to sustainable development. In this chapter, we address an important question: is progress towards the SDGs sufficient to ensure sustainability? Addressing the continuing environmental costs of global development will require greater climate action, biodiversity conservation, and other policies to counter the rising threats of global environmental risks. Policies should also focus on the specific sustainability challenges faced by poor economies, and on encouraging good governance and institutional effectiveness. Finally, specific policies should be targeted at closing the growing wealth gap between rich and poor, and what type of steps could be taken to make development more sustainable and inclusive.

ACS Style

Edward B. Barbier; Joanne C. Burgess. Are the SDGs Sufficient? Economics of the SDGs 2021, 175 -198.

AMA Style

Edward B. Barbier, Joanne C. Burgess. Are the SDGs Sufficient? Economics of the SDGs. 2021; ():175-198.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Edward B. Barbier; Joanne C. Burgess. 2021. "Are the SDGs Sufficient?" Economics of the SDGs , no. : 175-198.

Chapter
Published: 29 July 2021 in Economics of the SDGs
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This concluding chapter summarizes the key themes of the book, and discusses key areas of future research in assessing progress towards the SDGs. In a post-pandemic world, we will need policies that accelerate attainment of the 17 SDGs as well as the rising threats of global environmental risks and the growing wealth gap between rich and poor.

ACS Style

Edward B. Barbier; Joanne C. Burgess. Conclusion. Economics of the SDGs 2021, 199 -204.

AMA Style

Edward B. Barbier, Joanne C. Burgess. Conclusion. Economics of the SDGs. 2021; ():199-204.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Edward B. Barbier; Joanne C. Burgess. 2021. "Conclusion." Economics of the SDGs , no. : 199-204.

Chapter
Published: 29 July 2021 in Economics of the SDGs
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This introductory chapter describes briefly the UN 2030 Agenda and 17 Sustainable Development Goals and provides an overview of the book. The chapter also elaborates on the novel and unique contribution of the book to the sustainability literature, and explains how an economic approach to “putting the sustainable development goals into practice” is important to assessing progress towards the SDGs and sustainability generally.

ACS Style

Edward B. Barbier; Joanne C. Burgess. Introduction to the SDGs. Economics of the SDGs 2021, 3 -13.

AMA Style

Edward B. Barbier, Joanne C. Burgess. Introduction to the SDGs. Economics of the SDGs. 2021; ():3-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Edward B. Barbier; Joanne C. Burgess. 2021. "Introduction to the SDGs." Economics of the SDGs , no. : 3-13.

Chapter
Published: 29 July 2021 in Economics of the SDGs
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This chapter explores further the policy implications of our analyses conducted in previous chapters. The discussion highlights the areas of progress needed to achieve the SDGs and also points to key policies and investments needed to attain the overall objective of sustainable development. The need for such policies is especially critical in a post-pandemic world. We focus, in particular, on the different strategies required for major economies, such as the Group of 20 (G20), as opposed to poorer countries. We also discuss how the strategies necessary to address two long-term global trends that are posing major challenges to attaining sustainable development, rising global environmental risks, and wealth inequality.

ACS Style

Edward B. Barbier; Joanne C. Burgess. Policy Implications. Economics of the SDGs 2021, 143 -174.

AMA Style

Edward B. Barbier, Joanne C. Burgess. Policy Implications. Economics of the SDGs. 2021; ():143-174.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Edward B. Barbier; Joanne C. Burgess. 2021. "Policy Implications." Economics of the SDGs , no. : 143-174.

Chapter
Published: 29 July 2021 in Economics of the SDGs
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This chapter discusses our selection of key indicators for assessing progress towards each SDG and its associated target. We begin by discussing the relationship between SDGs, targets, and indicators. We then explain the criteria for choosing our representative indicators for assessing progress towards each SDG, and our representative selection of countries to apply our analysis. As the UN Agenda 2030 is global in focus, we apply our analysis to all countries of the world, and we conduct a separate analysis for low-income countries. Finally, we also select three representative economics each from all low-income, lower middle-income, and upper middle-income economies.

ACS Style

Edward B. Barbier; Joanne C. Burgess. Key Indicators for the SDGs. Economics of the SDGs 2021, 41 -54.

AMA Style

Edward B. Barbier, Joanne C. Burgess. Key Indicators for the SDGs. Economics of the SDGs. 2021; ():41-54.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Edward B. Barbier; Joanne C. Burgess. 2021. "Key Indicators for the SDGs." Economics of the SDGs , no. : 41-54.

Chapter
Published: 29 July 2021 in Economics of the SDGs
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This chapter applies our theoretical framework to assess progress in attaining the 17 SDGs since 2000, using a representative indicator for each goal. We use No Poverty (SDG 1) as our benchmark indicator, and we estimate the per capita welfare change of reductions since 2000 in poverty rates net of any gains or losses in attaining each of the remaining 16 goals. We conduct this analysis for the world, for low-income countries, and for nine selected countries. Although the world has attained improvement towards sustainability since 2000, low-income economies and some individual countries have not. Progress towards environmental goals has generally been less successful compared to net gains towards economic and social goals.

ACS Style

Edward B. Barbier; Joanne C. Burgess. Applying the Analytical Framework. Economics of the SDGs 2021, 103 -122.

AMA Style

Edward B. Barbier, Joanne C. Burgess. Applying the Analytical Framework. Economics of the SDGs. 2021; ():103-122.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Edward B. Barbier; Joanne C. Burgess. 2021. "Applying the Analytical Framework." Economics of the SDGs , no. : 103-122.

Chapter
Published: 29 July 2021 in Economics of the SDGs
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This chapter explains our economic method for assessing whether or not success towards implementing all 17 SDGs is being achieved. We show that it is possible to measure the welfare effects of an increase in one SDG that takes into account any interactions with any other SDG. The welfare analysis that we develop in this chapter can then be applied to the quantitative assessment of the net changes in SDG indicators since 2000. The main text summarizes the key elements of our analytical approach and methods in a non-technical and accessible manner. The details of our economic modelling approach are placed in an appendix of the chapter, for the interested reader.

ACS Style

Edward B. Barbier; Joanne C. Burgess. An Analytical Framework for Assessing Progress. Economics of the SDGs 2021, 85 -101.

AMA Style

Edward B. Barbier, Joanne C. Burgess. An Analytical Framework for Assessing Progress. Economics of the SDGs. 2021; ():85-101.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Edward B. Barbier; Joanne C. Burgess. 2021. "An Analytical Framework for Assessing Progress." Economics of the SDGs , no. : 85-101.

Chapter
Published: 29 July 2021 in Economics of the SDGs
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This chapter explores how we can enhance and better employ our welfare analysis of the 17 SDGs to account for any environmental impacts, institutional effectiveness, and inclusivity of progress towards sustainability. We apply this analysis to the world, low-income countries, and our nine representative countries. Our results suggest that progress towards sustainability is correlated with reducing the environmental costs of current development, making it more compatible with improving institutional quality, and ensuring that any progress is more inclusive.

ACS Style

Edward B. Barbier; Joanne C. Burgess. Enhancing the SDGs. Economics of the SDGs 2021, 123 -140.

AMA Style

Edward B. Barbier, Joanne C. Burgess. Enhancing the SDGs. Economics of the SDGs. 2021; ():123-140.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Edward B. Barbier; Joanne C. Burgess. 2021. "Enhancing the SDGs." Economics of the SDGs , no. : 123-140.

Article
Published: 29 May 2021 in Environmental and Resource Economics
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In outlining how “valuing the environment as input” could be applied to a number of contexts in low and middle-income countries, Karl-Göran Mäler laid the foundation for many additional applications of the production function approach as reported (Mäler in Valuing environmental benefits in developing countries. Special Report 29, Michigan State University, pp 11–32. 1991). The following review traces how his contribution has helped spawn a large literature on valuing ecosystem services as applied in low and middle-income countries. We examine a number of case studies illustrating such approaches. We also note growing interest in two important applications in low and middle-income countries: the hydrological function of forested watersheds and the storm protection provided by estuarine and coastal ecosystems. Using the example of storm protection by mangroves, we further explore the role of spatial characteristics in influencing the value attributed to this benefit.

ACS Style

Edward B. Barbier; Angela Cindy Emefa Mensah; Michelan Wilson. Valuing the Environment as Input, Ecosystem Services and Developing Countries. Environmental and Resource Economics 2021, 1 -18.

AMA Style

Edward B. Barbier, Angela Cindy Emefa Mensah, Michelan Wilson. Valuing the Environment as Input, Ecosystem Services and Developing Countries. Environmental and Resource Economics. 2021; ():1-18.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Edward B. Barbier; Angela Cindy Emefa Mensah; Michelan Wilson. 2021. "Valuing the Environment as Input, Ecosystem Services and Developing Countries." Environmental and Resource Economics , no. : 1-18.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2021 in Economies
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We examine the effectiveness of sub-national actions to control a novel disease, such as COVID-19, in the absence of national policy. Evidence shows that countries where sub-national governments have undertaken unilateral social distancing measures to combat the pandemic with little or no coordination have performed less well in controlling the spread of the disease. We explore analytically whether agreement on a common social distancing policy among sub-national governments, i.e., states or provinces, can lead to a better outcome than if each state or province pursues its own social distancing policy in isolation. A key feature of our model is that it accounts for the inter-jurisdictional spillover effects of each sub-national jurisdiction’s policy choice with respect to social distancing. Our results show that, in the absence of a national mandatory agreement, a sub-national agreement with sufficient coordination of social distancing policy among states yields a more effective and efficient control of a pandemic compared to states choosing policy unilaterally. These findings strongly support calls for greater cooperation among and assistance for sub-national governments to improve the effectiveness of their social distancing efforts in controlling the pandemic.

ACS Style

Terrence Iverson; Edward Barbier. National and Sub-National Social Distancing Responses to COVID-19. Economies 2021, 9, 69 .

AMA Style

Terrence Iverson, Edward Barbier. National and Sub-National Social Distancing Responses to COVID-19. Economies. 2021; 9 (2):69.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Terrence Iverson; Edward Barbier. 2021. "National and Sub-National Social Distancing Responses to COVID-19." Economies 9, no. 2: 69.

Author correction
Published: 16 April 2021 in Nature
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A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03271-2.

ACS Style

Carlos M. Duarte; Susana Agusti; Edward Barbier; Gregory L. Britten; Juan Carlos Castilla; Jean-Pierre Gattuso; Robinson W. Fulweiler; Terry P. Hughes; Nancy Knowlton; Catherine E. Lovelock; Heike K. Lotze; Milica Predragovic; Elvira Poloczanska; Callum Roberts; Boris Worm. Author Correction: Rebuilding marine life. Nature 2021, 593, E1 -E2.

AMA Style

Carlos M. Duarte, Susana Agusti, Edward Barbier, Gregory L. Britten, Juan Carlos Castilla, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Robinson W. Fulweiler, Terry P. Hughes, Nancy Knowlton, Catherine E. Lovelock, Heike K. Lotze, Milica Predragovic, Elvira Poloczanska, Callum Roberts, Boris Worm. Author Correction: Rebuilding marine life. Nature. 2021; 593 (7857):E1-E2.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos M. Duarte; Susana Agusti; Edward Barbier; Gregory L. Britten; Juan Carlos Castilla; Jean-Pierre Gattuso; Robinson W. Fulweiler; Terry P. Hughes; Nancy Knowlton; Catherine E. Lovelock; Heike K. Lotze; Milica Predragovic; Elvira Poloczanska; Callum Roberts; Boris Worm. 2021. "Author Correction: Rebuilding marine life." Nature 593, no. 7857: E1-E2.

Journal article
Published: 13 April 2021 in Journal of Environmental Economics and Management
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Evidence suggests that emerging infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, originate from wildlife species, and that land-use change is an important pathway for pathogen transmission to humans. We first focus on zoonotic disease spillover and the rate at which primary human cases appear, demonstrating that a potential outbreak is directly related to the area of wildlife habitat. We then develop a model of the costs and benefits of land conversion that includes the effect of habitat size on the risk of disease outbreak. Our model and numerical simulations show that incorporating this risk requires more wildlife habitat conservation in the long run, and how much more should be conserved will depend on the initial habitat size. If the area is too small, then no conversion should take place. Any policy to control habitat loss, such as a tax imposed on the rents from converted land, should also vary with habitat area.

ACS Style

Edward B. Barbier. Habitat loss and the risk of disease outbreak. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 2021, 108, 102451 .

AMA Style

Edward B. Barbier. Habitat loss and the risk of disease outbreak. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. 2021; 108 ():102451.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Edward B. Barbier. 2021. "Habitat loss and the risk of disease outbreak." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 108, no. : 102451.

Journal article
Published: 19 January 2021 in Sustainability
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Many of the environment and natural resources that constitute key “safe operating spaces”, as designated by planetary boundaries, are being exploited by a handful of large firms with considerable market share. In this paper, we discuss how the environment and natural resources that occur within a safe operating space can be treated as an exploitable finite stock. We use an optimal depletion model to show how the extraction of these exhaustible assets can be managed optimally, and allow for adjustment in price paths due to technological innovation and environmental externalities. Given the growing market concentration and monopoly power in the key economic sectors that exploit the environment and resources that constitute many safe operating spaces, we then explore how monopoly conditions can alter the extraction and price path of the environmental assets over time compared to that under competitive market conditions. We show that the monopoly may be compatible with more sustainable use, by extending the life of the exploitable, depletable stock, at the expense of firms capturing excessive resource rents from exploitation. This tradeoff means that any policies implemented to tax the excessive monopoly rents need to be designed without compromising the sustainable use of the environment. The tax revenue raised can be channeled into protecting or regenerating natural assets that are essential for global environmental sustainability. If investment in regeneration efforts is sufficiently substantial, or if the wider social and environmental values associated with the exhaustible assets are taken into account, then the safe operating space may be conserved indefinitely. Such policy challenges will become increasingly important as dominant firms exert market power over the planet’s remaining environment and resources that constitute key “safe operating spaces”, as designated by planetary boundaries.

ACS Style

Edward Barbier; Joanne Burgess. Sustainable Use of the Environment, Planetary Boundaries and Market Power. Sustainability 2021, 13, 949 .

AMA Style

Edward Barbier, Joanne Burgess. Sustainable Use of the Environment, Planetary Boundaries and Market Power. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (2):949.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Edward Barbier; Joanne Burgess. 2021. "Sustainable Use of the Environment, Planetary Boundaries and Market Power." Sustainability 13, no. 2: 949.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2021 in Review of Environmental Economics and Policy
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Since the 1950s, as environmental challenges have evolved, so too have economic views on natural resource scarcity. This article discusses three distinct phases in this evolution. From the 1950s to the 1970s, the “resource depletion era,” the environment was viewed mainly as a source of key natural resources and a sink for waste, and thus the focus of economics was on whether there are physical “limits” on the availability of resources as economies expand and populations grow. From the 1970s to the end of the twentieth century, the “environmental public goods era,” attention shifted to the state of the environment and processes of environmental degradation, such as climate change, deforestation, watershed degradation, desertification, and acid rain, that result in the loss of global and local environmental public goods and their important nonmarket values. From 2000 to the present, the “ecological scarcity era,” there has been growing concern about the state of the world’s ecosystems and earth system processes, and thus the focus has shifted back to possible limits to economic and population expansion, although the emphasis now is on potential “planetary boundary” constraints on human activity.

ACS Style

Edward B. Barbier. The Evolution of Economic Views on Natural Resource Scarcity. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 2021, 15, 24 -44.

AMA Style

Edward B. Barbier. The Evolution of Economic Views on Natural Resource Scarcity. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy. 2021; 15 (1):24-44.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Edward B. Barbier. 2021. "The Evolution of Economic Views on Natural Resource Scarcity." Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 15, no. 1: 24-44.

Original article
Published: 19 December 2020 in Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics
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Over past decades, low and middle‐income countries have experienced considerable expansion of agricultural land, yet this effect on growth has not been examined The following paper shows that the Solow‐Swan growth model can be extended to the case whereby arable land is expanding, as originally suggested by Solow (1956). This extension indicates that land expansion boosts growth, and this effect increases with the relative share of land in income. An empirical analysis over 1990–2018 for 138 low and middle‐income countries supports this finding. The growth impact of land expansion over 1990–2018 varied significantly across the sample of countries depending on how much income was derived from land. This result explains why countries dependent on agriculture have engaged in extensive land expansion: it boosts overall growth. However, these growth benefits must be weighed against the considerable environmental costs of converting forests and other natural habitat to more agricultural land, such as increased carbon emissions, loss of ecosystem services and biodiversity, risk of disease, and impacts on local livelihoods.

ACS Style

Edward B. Barbier. Land expansion and growth in low‐ and middle‐income countries*. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 2020, 65, 23 -36.

AMA Style

Edward B. Barbier. Land expansion and growth in low‐ and middle‐income countries*. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics. 2020; 65 (1):23-36.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Edward B. Barbier. 2020. "Land expansion and growth in low‐ and middle‐income countries*." Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 65, no. 1: 23-36.

Review article
Published: 18 December 2020 in Frontiers in Climate
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The rapid loss of estuarine and coastal ecosystems (ECEs) in recent years has raised concerns over their role in protecting coastal communities from storms that damage property, cause deaths, and inflict injuries. This paper reviews valuation studies of the protective service of ECEs in terms of reducing flood damages. Although the number of studies have grown significantly, there is still a need for a greater range of studies in more locations and for a wider variety of ecosystems. This review also examines, from an economic perspective, the issues and challenges surrounding estimating the protective benefits of ECEs, as exemplified by some of the recent valuation studies. Recent developments in valuation methods are summarized and critically reviewed. Important challenges remain in valuing coastal ecosystems as a defense against flood damages. The review discusses two of them, such as how protective benefits are subject to spatial variability and dependent on connectivity across “seascapes.” These challenges, along with analyzing the multiple benefits of estuarine and coastal ecosystems, are important areas of future research priority.

ACS Style

Edward B. Barbier. Estuarine and Coastal Ecosystems as Defense Against Flood Damages: An Economic Perspective. Frontiers in Climate 2020, 2, 1 .

AMA Style

Edward B. Barbier. Estuarine and Coastal Ecosystems as Defense Against Flood Damages: An Economic Perspective. Frontiers in Climate. 2020; 2 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Edward B. Barbier. 2020. "Estuarine and Coastal Ecosystems as Defense Against Flood Damages: An Economic Perspective." Frontiers in Climate 2, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 16 July 2020 in Energies
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Although national commitments to the Paris Climate Accord have waned, carbon mitigation by sub-national entities is on the rise globally. We examine the effectiveness of sub-national jurisdictions (e.g., states, provinces, cities) in collectively enacting greenhouse gas abatement strategies. We develop a simple model to explore the conditions under which an agreement among sub-national jurisdictions within a country may lead to substantial carbon abatement relative to a national policy determined through majority rule. We find that, in the absence of a functional national policy response, a coordinated sub-national agreement can generate meaningful abatement. This could form an important stopgap measure in the absence of better alternatives.

ACS Style

Terrence Iverson; Joanne Burgess; Edward Barbier. Are Sub-National Agreements for Carbon Abatement Effective? Energies 2020, 13, 3675 .

AMA Style

Terrence Iverson, Joanne Burgess, Edward Barbier. Are Sub-National Agreements for Carbon Abatement Effective? Energies. 2020; 13 (14):3675.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Terrence Iverson; Joanne Burgess; Edward Barbier. 2020. "Are Sub-National Agreements for Carbon Abatement Effective?" Energies 13, no. 14: 3675.

Discussion
Published: 10 July 2020 in World Development
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Developing countries are highly vulnerable to the COVID-19 pandemic, in part due to the lack of international support for ensuring progress towards the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Yet the mounting financial burden faced by all countries means that additional support is unlikely to be forthcoming in the near future. It is critical that developing countries find innovative policy mechanisms to achieve sustainability and development aims in a cost-effective manner. This requires identifying affordable policies that can yield immediate progress towards several SDGs together and aligns economic incentives for longer term sustainable development. We identify three policies that meet these criteria: a fossil fuel subsidy swap to fund clean energy investments and dissemination of renewable energy in rural areas; reallocating irrigation subsidies to improve water supply, sanitation and wastewater infrastructure; and a tropical carbon tax, which is a levy on fossil fuels that funds natural climate solutions. Such innovative and cost-effective policy mechanisms do not require substantial external support, and they foster greater progress towards achieving the SDGs in poorer economies.

ACS Style

Edward B. Barbier; Joanne C. Burgess. Sustainability and development after COVID-19. World Development 2020, 135, 105082 -105082.

AMA Style

Edward B. Barbier, Joanne C. Burgess. Sustainability and development after COVID-19. World Development. 2020; 135 ():105082-105082.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Edward B. Barbier; Joanne C. Burgess. 2020. "Sustainability and development after COVID-19." World Development 135, no. : 105082-105082.